Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes.
Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. Reproductive health implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so.
Reproductive health
Birth Control
Contraceptives and their types
Various Characteristics of Contraceptive
Natural Method , Surgical Method , Chemical methods explained
Reproductive Health,the topic is mainly about what is an reproductive health and what is aids what are the symptoms of aids and what are its diagnosis. in this presentation you will have census on the growth of population and the growth of aids in the countries.
Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. Reproductive health implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so.
Reproductive health
Birth Control
Contraceptives and their types
Various Characteristics of Contraceptive
Natural Method , Surgical Method , Chemical methods explained
Reproductive Health,the topic is mainly about what is an reproductive health and what is aids what are the symptoms of aids and what are its diagnosis. in this presentation you will have census on the growth of population and the growth of aids in the countries.
Are we not lucky that plants reproduce sexually? The myriads of flowers that we enjoy gazing at, the scents and the perfumes that we swoon over, the rich colours that attract us, are all there as an aid to sexual reproduction. Flowers do not exist only for us to be used for our own selfishness. All flowering plants show sexual reproduction.
in this slide the chapter explanation is according to NCERT Syllabus which would be helping students in every field..
The topic discussed here is about the Reproductive health, Population, Overpopulation, Population Growth curves :Demography, causes of overpopulation, Birth control methods, Family planning, Measures adopted for family planning, Sexually Transmitted diseases
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
Are we not lucky that plants reproduce sexually? The myriads of flowers that we enjoy gazing at, the scents and the perfumes that we swoon over, the rich colours that attract us, are all there as an aid to sexual reproduction. Flowers do not exist only for us to be used for our own selfishness. All flowering plants show sexual reproduction.
in this slide the chapter explanation is according to NCERT Syllabus which would be helping students in every field..
The topic discussed here is about the Reproductive health, Population, Overpopulation, Population Growth curves :Demography, causes of overpopulation, Birth control methods, Family planning, Measures adopted for family planning, Sexually Transmitted diseases
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
Demography introduction, IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHY,COMMON SOURCES & INDICATORS OF DEMOGRAPHY, Demography cycle,Family planning,objectives,Efforts made in the past,individuals and organisations took initiative to propagate the need for birth control,Contraceptive methods,Various birth control methods like Behavioural methods, Natural methods, Chemical methods, Mechanical methods, Hormonal methods, Terminal methods, Post-conceptional methods,Role Pharmacist of family planning.
It includes family planning methods used. It's types and the different method.
Family planning includes various methods:
Contraceptives: Pills, patches, injections, and implants.
Barrier methods: Condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps.
Intrauterine devices (IUDs): Small devices inserted into the uterus.
Sterilization: Permanent methods like tubal ligation or vasectomy.
Natural methods: Tracking menstrual cycles and fertility awareness.
It's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional to choose the most suitable method based on individual health and preferences.
Family: it refers to two or more individuals who depend on one other for emotional , physical and financial support.
Family planning : family planning is the way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge, attitude and responsible decisions by individuals and couple in order to promote health and welfare of family groups and thus contribute effectively to the social development of a country. [WHO,1971].
Purpose: WHO use the range of methods of fertility regulation to help individuals or couples to attain certain objectives:
To avoid unwanted births
To bring out wanted births
produce a change in the number of children born
Regulate the intervals between pregnancies
Help to prevent STDs/ HIV/ AIDS.
To improve the health of the mother and child.
To plan and assure that all the resources are available [time , social ,financial and environment].
Introduction:
C ontraceptive methods are, by definition preventive methods to help women avoid unwanted pregnancies. They include all temporary and permanent methods to prevent pregnancy resulting from coitus or intercourse. The contraceptive methods may be broadly grouped into two classes: spacing methods and terminal methods.
Criteria for ideal contraceptive: It should be safe for you means free from any kind of side effects
It should be reliable
It should be easy to administer and convenient
It should be cost effective
It should be culturally feasible and acceptable. spacing methods:Also known as temporary methods. It help in prevention of pregnancy as long as they are used. These methods can help in bringing and spacing of pregnancy, preventing unwanted children.
It includes hormonal & non hormonal
Non hormonal - natural and barrier methods
Natural - These methods contraception prevent pregnancy without the use of chemical or physical agent[man-made devices].
It includes:
Total sexual abstinence
Periodic abstinence
Temperature method
Coitus interrupts
Lactation amenorrhea method(LAM)
Barrier methods are those which prevents sperm meeting with ovum.
, Types of barrier methods:Physical methods
Condom
Diaphragm
Cervical cap
Vaginal sponge
Chemical method
Foam tablets
Creams, gels
suppositories
Intrauterine device
Lippes loop
Copper-T
Hormonal contraceptives provides the best means of ensuring spacing between one child to
another: oral pills & inj.
Terminal methods: vasectomy & tubectomy
Microbes or microorganisms form a significant component of the biological systems on the earth. They are ubiquitous, present everywhere – in the soil, around us, in water, the air we breathe, and both in and on our body. Also, microbes are present on other animals and plants. They are so tiny, microscopic in nature, varying in shape and size. They can only be seen through the microscope. The different types of microbes are:
Algae
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Virus
Apart from the harmful and Infectious disease-causing pathogens, there are several useful microorganisms which are beneficial to humans in various ways.
In Household Products
Fermentation of milk to prepare yogurt.
Curdling of milk to prepare curd, cheese, and paneer.
Fermentation of dough, which is used for making bread, idli, and dosa.
In Industrial Products
Production alcohol beverages.
Production antibiotics like Penicillin and other chemical substances to kill or hamper the growth of disease-causing microbes.
Few Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules are also produced by these microbes for various human uses.
Sewage is treated in sewage treatment plans(STPs) before disposing of so as to make it less polluting which is naturally carried out by heterotrophic microbes present in the sewage. The treatment is carried out in two stages – Primary treatment, Secondary treatment or biological treatment.
Microorganisms help in the production of many food items, making medicines, keeping the environment clean, in manufacturing and in research. The major groups of microorganism: namely bacteria, archaea, fungi (yeasts and molds), algae, protozoa, and viruses. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen is taken from its molecular form in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other biochemical processes.
Farmers must improve their conventional practices for the care and upbringing of livestock as well as, they must utilize the new technologies for the betterment of quality and productivity. Selection of desirable breeds, proper cleanliness and hygiene of both the animals and the handler, and regular check-up by veterinary doctors are the most important steps. There are several farms and their management technique. A breed is a group of animals related by family and similar in most characters such as overall appearance, features, size, configuration, etc. For example, Red Dane, Jersey, Brown Swiss are foreign breeds of cows and Leghorn is an improved breed of chicken. The development of a new variety of plants with desirable characters from the existing ones is called Plant Breeding. We all might have heard of the Green Revolution that was responsible for our country to not only meet the national requirements in food production but also helped even to export it during the 1970s.
The Green revolution was highly dependent on plant breeding techniques for the development of high-yielding and disease-free varieties in wheat, rice, maise, etc. Dr M.S. Swaminathan is the father of plant breeding in India. The growth or development of plant or animal tissues in the culture medium is called tissue culture. Plant tissue culture is widely used in order to enhance food production. The ability to create an entire plant from any cell or explant is called totipotency.
Molecular genetics is a sub-field of biology that addresses how differences in the structures or expression of DNA molecules manifests as variation among organisms. Molecular genetics often applies an "investigative approach" to determine the structure and/or function of genes in an organism's genome using genetic screens. The field of study is based on the merging of several sub-fields in biology: classical Mendelian inheritance, cellular biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, and biotechnology. Researchers search for mutations in a gene or induce mutations in a gene to link a gene sequence to a specific phenotype. Molecular genetics is a powerful methodology for linking mutations to genetic conditions that may aid the search for treatments/cures for various genetic diseases. For molecular genetics to develop as a discipline, several scientific discoveries were necessary. The discovery of DNA as a means to transfer the genetic code of life from one cell to another and between generations was essential for identifying the molecule responsible for heredity. Molecular genetics arose initially from studies involving genetic transformation in bacteria. In 1944 Avery, McLeod and McCarthy isolated DNA from a virulent strain of S. pneumoniae and using just this DNA were able to convert a harmless strain to virulence. They called the uptake, incorporation and expression of DNA by bacteria “transformation”. This finding suggested that DNA is the genetic material of bacteria. Since its discovery in 1944 genetic transformation has been found to occur in numerous bacterial species including many species that are pathogenic to humans. Bacterial transformation is often induced by conditions of stress, and the function of transformation appears to be repair of genomic damage.
Genetics- Chapter 5 - Principles of inheritance and variation.docxAjay Kumar Gautam
Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. Though heredity had been observed for millennia, Gregor Mendel, Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring over time. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene.
Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. Though heredity had been observed for millennia, Gregor Mendel, Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring over time. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene.
Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance to studying the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance), and within the context of a population. In science and especially in mathematical studies, a variational principle is one that enables a problem to be solved using calculus of variations, which concerns finding functions that optimize the values of quantities that depend on those functions.
It brings to life the fascinating connections between structure and function in the human body and explores the health and disease continuum in detail, including teaching on how medical therapies act to treat or even prevent disease. Human health, defined as the complete state of physical, social, and mental well-being and not merely the absence of illness, disease, or infirmity, is as vital a resource as water, food, or energy.
Simply put, the living world can be described as the world around us. It comprises all living creatures, plants and microorganisms that we cannot see. It has changed over the course of billions of years but the general composition has remained the same. The main components are still organic and inorganic matter. Living things are divided into five kingdoms: animal, plant, fungi, protist and monera. Living things are divided into five kingdoms: animal, plant, fungi, protist and monera. Living things are divided into five kingdoms: animal, plant, fungi, protist and monera.
Reproduction ensures continuity of species generation after generations as the older individuals undergo senescence and die. Flowering plants shows sexual mode of reproduction and bears complex reproductive units as male and female reproductive units along with accessary structures.
Flower is a modified stem which functions as a reproductive organ and produces ova and/or pollen. A typical angiospermic flower consists of four whorls of floral appendages attached on the receptacle: calyx, corolla, androecium (male reproductive organ consisting of stamens) and gynoecium (composed of ovary, style and stigma) .
Table of Contents:
a. Structure
b. Reproductive Structure
c. Androecium
d. Microsporogenesis
e. Gynoecium
f. Megasporogenesis
g. Pollination
h. Fertilization
i. Functions
Explore sexual reproduction in flowering plants notes to learn about the reproductive structure of the flower and the process of pollination.
The reproductive tissues of male and female humans develop similarly in utero until about the seventh week of gestation when a low level of the hormone testosterone is released from the gonads of the developing male. Testosterone causes the primitive gonads to differentiate into male sexual organs. When testosterone is absent, the primitive gonads develop into ovaries. Tissues that produce a penis in males produce a clitoris in females. The tissue that will become the scrotum in a male becomes the labia in a female. Thus the male and female anatomies arise from a divergence in the development of what were once common embryonic structures.
Class XI Breathing and Exchange of gases Breathing MechanismAjay Kumar Gautam
This PowerPoint presentation explains about the breathing mechanism takes place in humans or Mammals.
Breathing is combination of Inspiration and Expiration.
how respiratory system reacts on performing breathing
An aromatic amine is an organic compound consisting of an aromatic ring attached to an amine. It is a broad class of compounds that encompasses anilines, but also many more complex aromatic rings and many amine substituents beyond NH2. Such compounds occur widely.Aromatic Amines
Reactivity of Amines
Reaction of Amines
Basicity of Amines
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
• Reproductive health refers to healthy
reproductive organs with normal functions.
However, it has broader perspective as it involves
well-being in other aspects too.
• According to WHO, reproductive health means
well being in physical, emotional, behavioural
and social aspects of reproduction.
• Therefore, reproductively, a healthy society
comprises of people having physically and
functionally normal reproductive organs and
normal emotional and behavioural interactions
among them in all sex- related aspects.
3. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH- PROBLEMS AND
STRATIGIES
• Over Population
• Awareness about Reproduction
• Sex Education
• Knowledge of growth of Reproductive Organs and STDs
• Birth Control devices and care of mother and child
• Prevention of sex abuse and sex related crimes
• Information about Reproduction related problems
• Research in reproductive health area : CDRI ( Central Drug Research Institute,
Lucknow) – Saheli (Oral Contraceptive)
• Medical Facilities
4. • Family Planning programme was
initiated in 1951 in India.
• These program were popularly named
Reproductive and Child Health Care (
RCH) programmes.
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH- PROBLEMS
AND STRATIGIES
5. AMNIOCENTESIS
• Amniocentesis is a foetal sex and disorder
determination test based on the chromosal pattern
of the embryo’s cell in the amniotic fluid
surrounding the developing embryo.
Procedure: Amniotic fluid contains cells from the skin
of the foetus and other sources. These cells can be
used to determine the sex of the infant, to identify
some abnormalities in the number of chromosomes
and to detect certain biochemicals and enzymatic
abnormalities. If it is established that the child is likely
to suffer from a serious incurable congenital defect,
the mother should get the foetus aborted.
• Misuse of Amniocentesis: It is misused to know the
sex of unborn baby followed by medical
termination of foetus, in case it’s female. (Foeticide)
6. MEASURES TO CONTROL
OVER POPULATION
• Education: People in reproductive age group,
should be educated about the advantage of small
family. Posters showing a happy couple with two
children with a slogan “Hum Do Humare Do”
should be displayed. Many couples even adopted
“One Child Norm”.
• Marriageable Age : Age of Female – 18 Yrs
Age of Male – 21 Yrs
• Incentives
• Family Planning : Birth control measures, which can
prevent Birth rate
7. HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
• Human population growth is measured as the annual
average growth rate which is calculated as follows :
Average annual growth rate (in percent) =
Where, P1 is population size in the previous census;
P2 is population size in the present census; and
N is no. of years between two census.
8. 1. High birth rate but fluctuating
death rate,
2. Declining death rate and
continuing high birth rate,
3. Declining birth rate and death
rate,
4. Low death rate but fluctuating
birth rate
Population growth rate is indicated
by I) The annual average growth
rate
II) The doubling time
HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
9.
10. POPULATION STABILIZATION AND
BIRTH CONTROL
• INDIAN POPULATION:
• Population of India during Independence (1947) – 350
millions
• By May 2000 – 1 Billion i.e, 1000 million
• By May 2011 – 1.21 Billion
• Growth rate depends on birth(fertility) rate,
death(mortality) rate, migration and age sex ratio.
11. • Fertility ( Natality) : Fertility is the ability of the reproductively active individuals
to produce babies. Birth rate is the number of babies produced per thousand
individuals.
• Total Fertility rate ( TFR) – is the average number of children that can be born
to a woman during her lifetime. The total fertility rate varies from region to
region.
• Replacement level (RL) – Is the number of children a couple must produce to
replace themselves so as to maintain the population at Zero Growth level.
• RL is 2.1 in developed countries and 2.7 in developing countries due to a higher
death rate at immature age.
• Mortality: Mortality is the death rate per thousand individuals. Death rate has
fallen in most countries. It is due to improved personal hygiene, sanitation and
modern medicines.
• Demographers generally use crude birth rate and crude death rate. Crude birth
rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in the middle of a given
year (i.e., on July 07). Crude death rate is the number of deaths per thousand
persons in the middle of a given year (i.e., on July 07). The difference between
number of births and that of deaths is called the rate of natural increase. If birth
HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
12. POPULATION EXPLOSION
• The increase in size and growth of human population
is called population explosion.
• The reason for high population explosion are,
• 1. Decline in death rate.
• 2. Longer life span.
• 3. Decline in maternal mortality rate.
• 4. Decline in infant mortality rate.
13. AGE AND SEX STRUCTURE
Age-sex pyramids between 1975 and
2000 – Developed Countries
Age-sex pyramids between 1975 and
2000 – Developing Countries
15. METHODS OF BIRTH CONTROL
• Contraceptives: These are the devices which prevent
conception or pregnancy without interferring in the reproductive
health of the individuals in any way.
• Characteristics of an ideal contraceptive are :
1. User friendly i.e, comfortable and easy to use.
2. Absence of side effects
3. Reversible i.e, when the user wants to conceive, it should be
easy to interrupted.
4. Completely effective against pregnancy.
5. Cheap in cost
6. Easily available
7. Should not disturb normal sexual desire
16. • These are several methods of
contraception – natural or traditional,
barrier, IUDs, Oral contraceptives,
injectables, implants and surgical methods.
• Couple Protection is the process of
brining eligible couples under family
planning measures. In India, it is over 55%
at present and is voluntary in nature.
• In 2004, there were 60.79 lakh IUD
insertion, 48.74 lakh sterilisations or
surgical interventions, 249.9 lakh condom
users and 87.54 lakh oral pill users.
METHODS OF BIRTH
CONTROL
17. TYPES OF CONTRACEPTIVES
Injectable
Contraceptives &
Implants
Natural
Method
Barrier
Method
Chemical
Method
Intra Uterine
Devices (IUD)
Birth Control Method
Emergency
Contraception
Surgical
Method
Periodic
Abstinence
Withdrawal
Method
Lactational
Amenorrhoea
Tubectomy
Vasectomy
Male & Female
Condoms, Cervical
Cap
Diaphragm
Vault Cap
18. NATURAL METHOD
Safe Period / Periodic Abstinence :
• Natural methods work on the principle ofavoiding chances of ovum and sperms meeting
Periodic abstinence is one such method in which the couples avoid or abstain írom coitus from
day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected. As chances of fertilisation
are very high during this period, it is called the fertile period. Therefore, by abstaining from coítus
during this period, conception could be prevented.
Withdrawal Method / Coitus Interruptus :
Withdrawal or coitus interruptus is another method in which the male partner withdraws his penis
from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination.
Lactational Amenorrhoea :
• Lactational amenorrhoea (absence of menstruatíon) method is based on the fact that ovulation
do not Occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition. Therefore, as long as
the mother breast-feeds the child fully, chances of conception are almost nil. However, this
method has been reported to be effective only upto a maximum period of six months following
parturition.
As no medicines or devices are used in these methods, side effects are almost nil. Chances of
failure, though, of this method are also high.
19. BARRIER METHOD
• Male Condoms,
• Female Condoms
• Cervical Cap
• Diaphragm
• Vault Cap
• In barrier methods, ovum and sperms are
prevented from physically meeting with the help
of barriers. Such methods are available for both
males and females.
• Condoms are barriers made of thin rubber/ latex
sheath that are used to cover the penis in the
male or vagina and cervix in the female, just
before coitus so that the ejaculated semen would
not enter into the female reproductive tract.
• This can prevent conception. ‘Nirodh’ is a
popular brand of condom for the male.
• Use of condoms has increased in recent years due
to its additional benefit of protecting the user
from contracting STls and AIDS.
• Both the male and the female condoms are
disposable, can be self-inserted and thereby gives
privacy to the user.
20.
21. CHEMICAL METHOD
• They are the contraceptives which contain
spermicidal chemicals.
• The chemical contraceptives are available in the
form of creams (Eg, - Delfen), jellies (
perception, volar paste), foam tablets (
Aerosol foam, chlorimin T or Contain).
• They commonly contain lactic acid, boric acid,
citric acid, zinc sulphate and potassium
permanganate.
• The contraceptives are introduced in vagina prior
to sex.
• Sponge is a foam suppository or tablet
containing nonoxynol-9 as spermacide.
• It kills the sperm by disturbing the membrane.
It is moistened before use to activate the
spermicide.
22. INTRA UTERINE DEVICES (IUD)
• These devices are inserted by doctors or expert
nurses in the uterus through vagina.
TYPES:
1. Non-medicated- LIPPES loop
2. Copper releasing IUDs – (Cu7, Cu T, MULTILOAD375)
3. Hormone releasing IUDs – (LNG- 20, PROGESTASERT)
Principle of IUD:
• IUDs INCREASE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF SPERMS WITHIN THE
UTERUS AND THE Cu IONS RELEASED SUPPRESS SPERM
MOTILITY AND THE FERTILIZING CAPACITY OF SPERMS.
• The hormone releasing IUDs make the uterus
unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the
sperms.
• IUDs are ideal contraceptives for the females who want
to delay pregnancy or space children.
23. • They are in the form of tablets, hence called pills.
• Hormonal pills act in following ways :
1. Inhibition of ovulation
2. Inhibition of motility and secretory activity of
oviducts (Fallopian Tube).
3. Changing in cervical mucus impairing it’s ability to
allow the passage and transport of sperm.
4. Alteration in uterine endometrium to make it
unsuitable for Implantation.
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES (ORAL PILLS)
24. TYPES OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
• Mini-pills :
• They contain progestin only (with no
oestrogen).
• Saheli contains non-steroidal preparation
called centchroman which is taken once in a
week after an initial intake of twice a week dose
for 3 months.
• It has high contraceptive value and a very little
side effects .
• “Saheli” contraceptive pill has been developed
at CENTRAL DRUG RESEARCH INSTITUTE, LUCKNOW
25. Contraceptives Pills:
• They are most commonly used oral contraceptives pills.
• They contain synthetic progesterone and estrogen to
check ovulation.
• Pill Mala D and Mala N are commonly used combined
Contraceptives pill
• They are taken daily without break.
• Oral contraceptives pills increases the risk of intravascular
clotting.
• Therefore, they are not recommended for women with a
history of disorder of blood clotting, Cerebral blood
vessel damage, hypertension, liver malfunction, heart
disease or cancer of the breast or reproductive system.
TYPES OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
26. MALE PILLS
• Glossypol - Made from cotton seeds.
• This pill prevent spermatogenesis.
• Now it has been banned because it cause
permanent azoospermia (Preventing
spermatogenesis).
• Only Progesterone hormone can be used in
male oral pills.
• In July 2000 China made Progesterone pills for
male (First time in World).
27. INJECTABLE CONTRACEPTIVES AND
IMPLANTS
• Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen can
also be used by females as injections or implants under the
skin. Their mode of action is similar to that of pills and
their effective periods are much longer. Administration of
progestogens or progestogen-estrogern combinations or
IUDs within 72 hours of coitus have been found to be very
efective as emergency contraceptives as they could be
used to avoid possible pregnancy due to rape or casual
unprotected intercourse.
28. MORNING AFTER PILLS
(EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVE)
• Implantation can also checked by so called
morning after pills also known as emergency
contraceptive.
• These pills can prevent pregnany if taken
within 72 hours of Coitus (Copulation).
• Eg: I-pill, pill-72 and unwanted 72
• Most effective in first 24 hours.
• Side effects : Irregular Menstruation,
vomitting, breakthrough bleeding through
uterus etc.
• Very efective, as they could be used to avoid
possible pregnancy due to rape or casual
unprotected intercourse.
29. SURGICAL METHOD OF
CONTRACEPTION
• Surgical methods, also called sterilization , are generally advised
for the male/female partner as a terminal method to prevent
any more pregnancy.
• Surgical intervention blocks gamete transport and thereby
prevent conception. SURGICAL
METHOD
TUBECTOMY VASECTOMY
• Sterilisation procedure in the male is
called “Vasectomy”.
• In vasectomy, a small part of the vas
deferens is removed or tied up through a
small incision on the scrotum.
• Sterilisation procedure in the female is
called “Tubectomy”.
• In tubectomy, A small part of the
fallopian tube is removed or tied up
through a small incision in the abdomen
or through vagina.
33. INDUCED ABORTION
• Abortion refers to the premature expulsion of the conception
products from the uterus, usually before 20th week of
pregnancy.
• An abortion may be spontaneous (naturally occurring),
sometimes called miscarriage or induced (intentionally
performed).
• When birth control methods are not used or fail to prevent an
unwanted pregnancy, induced abortion may be performed.
• Induced abortions may involve vaccum aspiration (suction),
infusion of a saline solution, or surgical evacuation (scraping).
• Certain drugs, most notably the French drug RU-486, can
induce, so called nonsurgical abortion, RU-486(mifepristone)
is an antiprogestin ; it blocks the action of Progesterone.
34. MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY
(MTP)
• It is voluntary or intentional abortion, induced and performed to end pregnancy before the
completion of full term.
• Nearly 20% of the total pregnancies get aborted , The number of MTPs is 40-50 million/year.
• Therefore MTPs have a significant role in containment of population though they are not performed
for this purpose.
• They are mainly meant for removing unsustainable pregnancies.
• Many countries do not have a law about MTPs because the latter involve emotional, ethical,
religious and social issues.
• In India, there is a proper act, Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971.
• It is mainly meant for preventing unnatural maternal deaths due to unsafe abortions, (8.9% of the
total maternal deaths), Act was amended in 2002.
• Under this act, termination of pregnancy can be done upto 20 weeks.
• If the pregnancy is likely to produce a congenitally malformed child, is a result of rape or
Contraceptive failure or is likely to harm the mother.
35. • MTP is safe if it’s performed upto 12 weeks (first trimester)
of pregnancy.
• Misoprostol (prostaglandins) along with mifepristone
(antiprogestin) is an effective combination.
• Vacuum aspiration and surgical procedures are adopted
thereafter.
• Second trimester abortions are risky.
• It has resulted in large scale female foeticide and
complications due to unsafe abortions in the hands of
untrained person.
• To prevent such mis-happenings, the government has
enacted a law , Pre – natal diagnostic techniques
(Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994 with
amendments in 2003.
MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY
(MTP)
36. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
• The general term sexually transmitted disease (STD) is applied to any of the large
group of diseases that can be spread by sexual contact.
• The group traditionally specified as veneral diseases (VD).
• These disease may be contracted by other ways also.
• STDs are also called RTI ( Reproductive Tract Infections).
• Except for Hepatitis-B, genital herpes and HIV infections, other STDs are completely
curable if detected early and treated properly.
• Early symptoms include itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swellings etc in the
genital region.
• Later complications include Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), abortions, still births,
ectopic pregnancies, Infertility or even cancer of the reproductive tract.
• Though all the person are vulnerable to these infections, but these incidences are
high among persons in the age group of 15-24 years.
37. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
DISEASES (STD)
CHLAMYDIA – Chlamydia trachomatis
GONORRHOEA – Neisseria gonorrhoea
SYPHILIS – Treponema pallidum
GENITAL HERPES – Type II herpes
simplex virus (HSV-2)
CHANCROID – Haemophilus ducrei
GENITAL WARTS – Human Papilloma
Virus (HPV)
AIDS – Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV)
TRICHOMONIASIS – Trichomoniasis
vaginalis
38. • Causitive agent : Chlamydia trachomatis
• Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the unusual bacterium which cannot reproduce outside the body
cells; it “cloaks” itseif inside the cells to divide.
• In males, urethritis is the principal result. Symptoms of urethritis,
• Thick discharge
• Burning on urination
• Painful Urination
• Without treatment, the Epididymis may also become inflamed, leading to sterility.
• In females, the most common site of infection is the cervix, resulting in cervicitis and production of a thick mucus and
pus discharge.
• Pelvic soreness
• Lower back pain
• Abdominal Pain
• Uterine tubes may be inflmammed, which increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy and sterility due to formation of scar
tissue in the tubes.
• Chalmydia may be passed from mother to infant during childbirth, infecting the eyes.
• Treatment consist of administration of Tetracycline or Doxycycline
Males
Females
CHLAMYDIA
40. GONORRHOEA
• Gonorrhoea or “clap” is an infectious sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
• Discharge from infected mucous membranes is the source of transmission of the bacteria during sexual contact or during
passsge of a new born through the birth canal.
• The site of infection relates to the type of sexual contact occuring in the mouth and throat after oral- genital contact, vagina and
penis after genital contact or rectum after recto - genital contact.
• inflammation of the Urethra with pus
• painful urination
• Inflammation of prostate gland and epididymis.
• Infection in vagina
• Discharge of pus
• In females, the infection and consequent inflmammation can proceed from the vagina into the Uterus, uterine tubes, and pelvic
cavity.
• Peritonitis or inflmammation of the Peritoneum, is a life threatening disorder. If the bacteria are transmitted to the eyes of
newborn in the birth canal, blindness can result.
• Administration of 1% silver nitrate solution in the infant’s eyes prevents infections.
• Penicillin and Tetracycline was choice of treatment of gonnorroea in adults.
• Ceftriaxone is the antibiotic that most effectively attacks the majority of Gonorrhoeae bacteria.
Males
Females
42. SYPHILIS
• Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema
pallidum.
• It is transmited through sexual contact or exchange of blood or through the placenta to
a fetus.
• The disease progresses through several stages. During the primary stage, the chief
symptom is painless open sore called a chancre, at the point of contact. The chancre
heals within 1-5 weeks.
• From 6 to 24 weeks later, symptoms such as skin rash, fever and aches in the joints in
the secondary stage.These symptoms also eventually disappear (in about 4-12 weeks)
and the disease ceases to be infectious, but a blood test for the presence of the
bacteriagenerally remains positive.
• During this “symptomless” period called the latent stage, which may last up to 20 years,
the bacteria may invadebody organs. When signs of organ degeneration appear, the
43. • If the organs of the nervous system become involved, the tertiary stage is called
neurosyphilis. Neurosyphilis may take different forms, depending on the tissue
involved.
• Cerebellar damage is manifested by uncoordinated movements in activities such
as writing. As the motor areas become extensively damaged, victims may be
unable to control urine and bowel movements. Eventually, they may become
bedridden, unable even to feed themselves.
• Damage to the cerebral cortex produces memory loss and personality changes that
range from iritability to hallucinations. AIDS and other disorders that compromise
the immune system may speed the progression of neurosyphilis, possibly by
impairing macrophages and antibody production.
• Syphilis can be treated with antibiotics (penicillin) during the primary, secondary
and latent periods. Certain forms of neurosyphilis may also be successfully treated,
but the prognosis for others is very poor.
SYPHILIS
44. • Caused By – Treponema pallidum
SYPHILIS
1° Stage (Heals in 1-5 weeks)
• Painless Chancre
2° Stage (lasts upto 4-12 weeks)
• Skin Rashes
• Headache & Fever
• Ache in Joints
Latent Stage (Lasts upto 20 year)
• Symptom less Period
Tertiary Stage
• Degeneration of organs
starts appearing
2° Tertiary Stage
• Cerebellar Damage
• Unable to control Urine
46. CHANCROID
• Chancroid is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the short gram -ve
bacillus Haemophilus ducrei.
• The incubation period is 3-5.days.
• The initial lesion at the site of inoculation breaks down to form a painful,
ulcer with a necrotic base. With lymph node involvement, fever and chills
may occur.
• Women may have no external signs of infections.
• Chancroid must be differentiated from other genital ulcers.
• The chancre of syphilis, by contrast, is clean and painless, with a hard base.
• A single dose of either azithromycin or ceftriaxone given
intramuscularly is effective.
47. GENITAL HERPES
• Type Il herpes simplex virus(HSV-2) causes genital
infections, such as painful genital blisters on the prepuce,
glans penis and penile shaft in males and on the vulva or
sometimes high up in the vagina in females.
• The blisters disappear and reappear in most patients, but the
virus itself remains in the body. A related virus, Type I
herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), causes cold sores on the
mouth and lips. Infected persons ypIcaily experience
recurrences of symptoms several times a year.
• Treatment of the symptoms involves pain killer medication,
saline compresses, sexual abstinence for the duration of the
eruption, and use of oral drug called Acyclovir (Zovirax).
• This drug interferes with viral DNA replication but not with
host cell DNA replication.
• Acyclovir speeds the healing and sometimes reduces the
pain of initial genital herpes infections.
48. GENITAL WARTS
• Warts are infectious disease caused by viruses.
• Sexual transmission of genital warts is common
and is caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
• Patients with a history of genital warts may be
at increased risk for cervical, vaginal, anal, vulval
and penile cancers.
• Treatment consist of cryotherapy with liquid
nitrogen, electriocautery, excision, laser surgery
and topical application of podophyllin in
tincture of benzoin.
• Alpha – interferon is also used to treat genital
warts.
• PAP smear is done as screening test for cervical
cancer.
49. ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
(AIDS)
• AIDS is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
• HIV can get transmitted through blood and also by sexual contact
between males and females through vaginal, oral or anal
intercourse.
• Male homosexuals transmit HIV to thier partner by anal or oral
intercourse.
• HIV enters body cell by CD4 Receptor- mediated endocytosis
involving T4 cells. With time, the number of T4 cells, mainly
helper T cells, declines due to death of infected cells.
• The result is progressive collapse of the immune system and the
person becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections (invasion
of normally harmless micro-organisms that now proliferate widely
because of the defective immune system).
• The first and still most commonly used drug to treat AIDS is AZT
(azidothymidine) or, Retrovir(Other drugs are DDI
(Dedeoxyinosine), DDC (dedeoxycytidine) and D4T (stavudine) or
50. TRICHOMONIASIS
• The microorganism Trichomonas vaginalis, a
flagellated protozoan, causes Trichomoniasis.
• An inflmammation of the mucous membrane of
the vagina in female and urethra in males where
it is common inhabitant.
• If the normal acidity of the vagina is disrupted,
the protozoan may overgrow the normal
microbial population and cause Trichomoniasis.
• Symptom include: yellow vaginal discharge with
a particularly offensive odour and severe vaginal
itch.
• The drug of choice is metronidazole.
51. SOME COMMON TECHNIQUES FOR
INDENTIFICATION OF STD
Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
Causitive Agent Detection Techniques
CHLAMYDIA Chlamydia trachomatis
Clinical, Gram-staining of
discharge, antigen detection,
nucleic acid hybridisation
GONORRHOEA Neisseria gonorrhoea
Gram-staining of discharge,
culture
TRICHOMONIASIS Trichomoniasis vaginalis
Microscopic examination,
culture
GENITAL HERPES
Type II herpes simplex
(HSV-2)
Clinical, antigen test, PCR
SYPHILIS Treponema pallidum
Antibody detection, e.g.,
VDRL
( Venereal Disease Research
Laboratory)
CHANCROID Haemophilus ducrei Clinical, culture
GENITAL WARTS
Human Papilloma Virus
(HPV)
Clinical, antibody detection,
culture, DNA hybridisation
52. INFERTILITY
• Infertility is the failure to conceive even after 1- 2 years of regular,
unprotected sex.
• The term is not synonymous with sterility; which means complete
inability to produce offspring.
• Infertility can best be defined, as relative sterility.
• It is of two types – Primary and secondary.
• Primary infertility is the infertility found in patients who have
never conceived.
• Secondary infertility is found in patients who have previously
conceived.
• Infertility can be caused by defects found in males or females ..
53. • Semen of a fertile male is 2.5 to 5 ml per ejaculation with a sperm count of
over 200-300 million, mostly motile, having proper fructose content and
fluidity which is deposited high in the vagina.
• Any defect in sperm count, sperm, structure, sperm motility of seminal fluid
leads to infertility.
• Low sperm count is called oligospermia.
• Absence of sperm is known as azoospermia.
• Low sperm motility is called asthenozoospermia.
• Defective sperm morphology is termed as teratozoospermia.
INFERTILITY IN MALES
54. 1. Cryptorchidism or failure of testes to descend into scrotum.
2. Absence or blockage of Vasa efferentia.
3. Hyperthermia or higher scrotal temperature due to varicocele (varicose veins), hydrocele or filariasis,
tight undergarment, thermal undergarment or working in hot environment cause oligospermia or
depressed spermatogenesis.
4. Infections like mumps after puberty (orchitis or inflammation of testes), bronchiectasis (chronic dilation
of bronchioles), infection of seminal vesicles or prostate result in oligospermia. Infections of Chlamydia
trachomatis also cause oligospermia.
5. Alcoholism inhibits spermatogenesis.
6. Klinefelter’s Syndrome.
7. Gonadotropin Deficiency.
8. Cytotoxic drugs, radiations, antidepressants and anticonvulsant drugs suppress Spermatogenesis.
9. Low fructose content, high prostaglandin content, high viscosity and low volume of ejaculate lead to
male infertility.
INFERTILITY IN MALES
55. A fertile woman is the one who regularly ovulates once every cycle, passes the egg
down the reproductive tract which develops conditions for smooth passage of
sperms and implantation of fertilised egg.
The various causes of infertility in females are as follows :
INFERTILITY IN FEMALES
1. Anovulation(nonovulation)and oligoovulation(deficient
ovulation) are caused by deficient functioning of
hypothalamo-pituitary complex or secondarily by thyroid
and adrenal dysfunction.
2. Defect in cervix like congenital elongation, occlusion of
cervix by a polyp, cervicitis, scanty or excessive Cervical
mucus and presence of antisperm antibodies
3. The ovum is not liberated but remains trapped inside the
follicle due to hyperprolactinaemia.
4. Defective vaginal growth
5. Noncanalisation of Uterus
1. 6. Defective uterine endometrium due to reduced or
excessive secretory activity.
2. Congenital malformation of uterus.
3. Fibroid uterus.
4. Inadequate growth and functioning of corpus luteum
resulting in reduced progesterone secretion and deficient
secretory changes in endometrium. It is called luteal
phase defect. It inhibits implantation.
5. Fallopian tube may fail to pick up ovum, have impaired
motility, loss of cilia and blocked lumen. The defects may
be caused by infection or endometriosis.
57. ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES
(ART)
• More than two decades ago, in an experimental procedure called In
vitro fertilization(IVF), doctors joined a woman’s egg and a man’s
sperm in a glass dish in a laboratory.For the first time,
fertilisationhappened outside a woman’s body. Nine months later, the
first test-tube baby was born.
• 1st Test tube baby borned in England, 25/07/1978 Louis Joy
Brown
• 1st Test tube baby borned in India, 03/10/1978 – Durga a.k.a
Kanupriya Agarwal
• Today, Assisted ReproductiveTechnology(ART) refers not only to IVF
but also to several variations tailoredto patient’s
uniqueconditions.These procedures are usually paired with more
conventional therapies, such as fertility drugs, to increase success
rates. Almost one out of every three cycles of ART results in the birth
of a baby.
• But ART procedures are invasive and expensive. Though no long-term
health effects have been linked to chldren born using ART procedures,
58. MAIN ART TECHNIQUES
• In vitro fertilization (IVF): This is one of the most
commonly used procedures. Eggs are combined with
patner’s sperm in a dish in a laboratory. Once
fertilization has occurred, the resulting embryos
develop for 3 to 5 days before being placed in uterus.
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): One of the
partner’s sperms is placed inside the egg with a
microscopic needle, rather than many sperms
positioned close to the outside of the egg as in IVF in
a dish in a lab. Once fertilization occurs, the resulting
embryo is placed in uterus.
• Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) : Transfer of
an ovum collected from a donor into the
fallopiantube (GIFT) of another female who cannot
produce one, but can provide suitable environment
for fertilisation and further development.
• Donor egg or embryo : If one is unable to
conceive using her own eggs, an egg donated by
another womanis mixed with partner’s sperms and
the resulting embryo Is implanted in the uterus.
This procedure can also be done with a donated
embryo or sperm.
• Artificial Insemination(AI) : If the infertility of
male is either due to inability of male partner to
achieve an erection of penis to inseminate the
female or due to very low sperm count in the
semen, it is corrected by Al.
• In AI The semen collected either from the husband
or a healthy donor is artificially introduced either
into the vagina or into the uterus (IU –intrauterine
insemination) of the female.
59. • Surrogacy or use of a gestational carrier: Another woman
carries embryo or a donor embro to term.
• Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT): In test-tube baby
programme, ova from the wife/donor (female) and sperms from
the husband/donor (male) are collected and are induced to form
zygote under simulated conditions in the laboratory.The zygote
or early embryo (with upto 8 blastomeres)could then be
transferred intothefallopian tube(ZIFT) andembryos
withmorethan8 blastomeresinto the uterus 4. (IUT-Intra-Uterine
Transfer)to complete its further development.
MAIN ART TECHNIQUES