The document describes a process for manufacturing hydrogen cyanide by passing low molecular weight hydrocarbons and ammonia through an electric arc. Key points:
- Hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane, butylene, isobutane or isobutylene are used along with 0.5-1.2 moles of ammonia per mole of carbon in the hydrocarbon.
- The mixture is passed through an electric arc generated between electrodes for 0.001-0.00002 seconds to initiate the endothermic reaction.
- The product mixture containing hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen is then rapidly cooled before hydrogen cyanide is separated
A detailed Powerpoint presentation on the steps in the manufacturing of ammonia from its elements, by the Haber process (including the production of the starting materials and manufacturing conditions and applying the principles of chemical equilibrium and kinetics), the uses of ammonia and the impact of the ammonia industry on the environment.
A detailed Powerpoint presentation on the steps in the manufacturing of ammonia from its elements, by the Haber process (including the production of the starting materials and manufacturing conditions and applying the principles of chemical equilibrium and kinetics), the uses of ammonia and the impact of the ammonia industry on the environment.
Manufacturing of ammonia using haber's processrita martin
Ammonia is a colourless pungent smelling gas used mostly in production of fertilizers. It is widely manufactured by Haber process from nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2)
www.brewer-garrett.com
Ohio Energy Services Company, Brewer-Garrett, is one of very few contractors equipped to handle design/build, installation, and service of Industrial Ammonia Refrigeration Systems.
Cut and paste this URL for more info: http://tinyurl.com/42egwbs
Manufacturing of ammonia using haber's processrita martin
Ammonia is a colourless pungent smelling gas used mostly in production of fertilizers. It is widely manufactured by Haber process from nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2)
www.brewer-garrett.com
Ohio Energy Services Company, Brewer-Garrett, is one of very few contractors equipped to handle design/build, installation, and service of Industrial Ammonia Refrigeration Systems.
Cut and paste this URL for more info: http://tinyurl.com/42egwbs
IDCC 1921 Avenant n56 septembre 2016 cotisation afcSociété Tripalio
Un accord relatif à l'allocation de fin de carrière a été signé le 13 septembre 2016 dans la CCN des huissiers de justice.
L'accord a été signé par les organismes patronaux la Chambre Nationale des Huissiers de Justice et l'union nationale des huissiers de justice.
Les syndicats de salariés signataires de l'accord sont la Fédération CSFV-CFTC, la fédération Nationale des Personnels des Sociétés d’études et Prévention C.G.T, le Syndicat national du personnel d'encadrement et assimilés des cabinets d'avocats et activités connexes, la Fédération Employés et Cadres F.O., la Fédération des Services C.F.D.T et l’Union Nationale des Syndicats Autonomes UNSA FESSAD.
L'accord prévoit que la cotisation à l'allocation de fin de carrière est calculée sur la rémunération brute servant de base à la déclaration des traitements et salaires fournis chaque trimestre par l'employeur à la CARCO, en y ajoutant éventuellement la partie de salaire déclarée à une caisse de retraite des cadres.
L'accord fixe le montant de la cotisation, à charge de l'employeur, à compter du 1er juillet 2016, à 1,50% du salaire défini précédemment.
Inbound Marketing: Lead Generation at 60% Lower Cost - HubSpot, Ellie MirmanOnline Marketing Summit
Inbound Marketing: Lead Generation at 60% Lower Cost
You can generate leads and drive sales at a 60% lower cost using inbound marketing. Learn specific tips on using social media, SEO, blogging, lead nurturing, landing pages and analytics together as online marketing strategies for radically better results.
* Ellie Mirman, Inbound Marketing Manager, HubSpot (@ellieeille)
Mulicolinearidade em análise de r. multipla emanuel ramos correia borgesEmanuel Ramos Borges
Na construção de um modelo de regressão linear múltipla devem ser testadas algumas hipóteses do modelo clássico de regressão linear e uma delas é a hipótese de que não existe uma relação exata entre as variáveis explicativas, ou seja, a não existência de multicolinearidade perfeita.
Este estudo aborda de forma prática o problema de multicolinearidade, com um caso prático em software R e Stata.
Licencia de Creative Commons
Leer, Entender y Escribir by Mayra jiselle López Neri is licensed under a Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional License.
Creado a partir de la obra en http://www.uv.mx/personal/lenunez/files/2013/06/LR02_LeerEscribirEntenderMundo.pdf.
Puede hallar permisos más allá de los concedidos con esta licencia en https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=es
<a><img src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><br /><span>Leer, Entender y Escribir</span> by <a>Mayra jiselle López Neri</a> is licensed under a <a>Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional License</a>.<br />Creado a partir de la obra en <a>http://www.uv.mx/personal/lenunez/files/2013/06/LR02_LeerEscribirEntenderMundo.pdf</a>.<br />Puede hallar permisos más allá de los concedidos con esta licencia en <a>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=es</a>
The myphotonics project deals with the construction of opto-mechanical components and optical experiment implementation using modular systems such as LEGO®.
The components are low cost and the instructions that originated them are free to use. OpenAdaptonik and myphotonics can work together sharing the same purpose.
Fullerenes Synthesis Using Fabricated Arc Discharge System with Relatively La...iosrjce
Arc discharge technique is still one of the popular techniques for producing fullerenes. This work
describes an arc discharge installation with a chamber size of 140 mm diameter and 500 mm length that is able
to produce fullerenes. Fullerenes solid was extracted from carbon soot collected from the arc discharge system
at various experimental conditions of discharge current and chamber pressure using the solvent extraction
technique. Fullerenes yield of up to 6 to 8 % was extracted from the fabricated discharge system which was
higher when compared to the 3-4 % yield produced by an arc discharge system of 100 mm diameter and 200
mm length. The fabricated discharge system gave the best fullerenes percentage yield of 8 % at arc current of
150 A and 100 Torr of chamber pressure. Increase in inert atmosphere from 100 to 200 Torr on the amount of
carbon soot vapourization but inhibited the percentage fullerenes yield from 8 to 6 %. Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) and Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy analysis carried out on all fullerenes solid
extracted revealed the presence of fullerenes. The fabricated arc discharge system suggests that large chamber
size could promote the formation the synthesis of fullerenes.
Introducing New Government Regulation on Toll Road.pdfAHRP Law Firm
For nearly two decades, Government Regulation Number 15 of 2005 on Toll Roads ("GR No. 15/2005") has served as the cornerstone of toll road legislation. However, with the emergence of various new developments and legal requirements, the Government has enacted Government Regulation Number 23 of 2024 on Toll Roads to replace GR No. 15/2005. This new regulation introduces several provisions impacting toll business entities and toll road users. Find out more out insights about this topic in our Legal Brief publication.
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
Introduction-
The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
PRECEDENT AS A SOURCE OF LAW (SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Precedent, or stare decisis, is a cornerstone of common law systems where past judicial decisions guide future cases, ensuring consistency and predictability in the legal system. Binding precedents from higher courts must be followed by lower courts, while persuasive precedents may influence but are not obligatory. This principle promotes fairness and efficiency, allowing for the evolution of the law as higher courts can overrule outdated decisions. Despite criticisms of rigidity and complexity, precedent ensures similar cases are treated alike, balancing stability with flexibility in judicial decision-making.
RIGHTS OF VICTIM EDITED PRESENTATION(SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Victims of crime have a range of rights designed to ensure their protection, support, and participation in the justice system. These rights include the right to be treated with dignity and respect, the right to be informed about the progress of their case, and the right to be heard during legal proceedings. Victims are entitled to protection from intimidation and harm, access to support services such as counseling and medical care, and the right to restitution from the offender. Additionally, many jurisdictions provide victims with the right to participate in parole hearings and the right to privacy to protect their personal information from public disclosure. These rights aim to acknowledge the impact of crime on victims and to provide them with the necessary resources and involvement in the judicial process.
ASHWINI KUMAR UPADHYAY v/s Union of India.pptxshweeta209
transfer of the P.I.L filed by lawyer Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay in Delhi High Court to Supreme Court.
on the issue of UNIFORM MARRIAGE AGE of men and women.
How to Obtain Permanent Residency in the NetherlandsBridgeWest.eu
You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
How to Obtain Permanent Residency in the Netherlands
780080
1. * GB780080 (A)
Description: GB780080 (A) ? 1957-07-31
Manufacture of hydrogen cyanide
Description of GB780080 (A)
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:
FR1110171 (A)
FR1110171 (A) less
Translate this text into Tooltip
[79][(1)__Select language]
Translate this text into
The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Oct. 18, 1954.
Application made in Germany on Oct. 19, 1953.
Complete Specification Published: July 31, 1957.
780,080 No. 29984/54.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 1(2), F1U(3A:12); 39(3), H(1A:2A:3E1);
and 90, K(4:5).
International Classification:-CO1b, c, H05b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Manufacture of Hydrogen Cyanide We, KNAPSACK-GRIESHEiM
AicTIENGESELLSCHAFT, a Body Corporate organised under the Laws of
Germany, of Knapsack bei K8ln, Germany, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed to be particularly described
in and by the following statement:-
The present invention relates to' a process for preparing hydrogen
2. cyanide.
It is already known to convert hydrocarbons with ammonia, in the
presence of noble metal catalysts and in the absence of oxygen, into
hydrogen cyanide, while simultaneously obtaining hydrogen. The process
involves, however, technical difficulties as regards the supply of the
heat required for the reaction. Furthermore, the noble metal catalyst
is not easy to handle and rather 20expensive, especially since in the
long run losses in the noble metal occur.
It is further known that hydrogen cyanide can be obtained from
hydrocarbons and ammonia at temperatures of above 1150C.
in the absence of catalysts in a smooth-walled reaction tube with the
application of a rapid current of gas, using more than 1 mol of
ammonia per gram-atom of carbon present in the hydrocarbon. This
process, however, requires the application of large quantities of heat
which must be transferred very rapidly to the starting mixture by
means of very large heat exchanging surfaces, that is to say, very
narrow tubes, in practice. The time of stay of the gas in the reaction
zone, i.e., in the tubes, must be very short, otherwise the hydrogen
cyanide obtained decomposes. The short time of stay assumes that the
starting materials are conducted rapidly through the reaction tubes,
whereby the rapid heating up of the starting mixture is impaired.
According to another known process the heat required for the reaction
is partially or completely obtained by combustion of a part of the
hydrocarbon. This process also [Price 3/ 61 involves great
difficulties as to apparatus.
Great losses in material occur and there is a danger that the hydrogen
cyanide obtained may be partially saponified by the reaction water
accumulating. 50 Furthermore, some processes are known which describe
the preparation of hydrogen cyanide from hydrocarbons, nitrogen and
hydrogen in an electric arc. These processes provide, however, only
very small yields with 55 respect to energy and in many cases very
small yields of material.
The present invention is based on the observation that these
disadvantages in the preparation of hydrogen cyanide can be 60 avoided
by passing low molecular weight aliphatic hydrocarbons containing 1-4
carbon atoms and at most 1 olefinic bond, together with ammonia
through an electric arc, while using 0.5 to 1.2 and preferably about 1
mol 65 of ammonia per gram-atom of carbon present in the hydrocarbon.
There are preferably used, for example, about 2 mols of ammonia per
mol of ethane and about 4 mols of ammonia per mol of butane. The
reaction 70 time i.e., the time that the gas actually is in the
electric arc ranges from 0.001 to 0.00002 second, a reaction time of
about 0.0001 second being most suitable. It is, however, necessary
that the resultant reaction mixture 75 containing larger quantities of
3. hydrogen in addition to hydrogen cyanide is cooled rapidly after it
has left the electric arc.
When larger amounts of hydrocarbon in relation to the ammonia are used
the formation of acteylene increases, whereas larger amounts of
ammonia give rise to an increased formation of nitrogen by
decomposition.
As starting hydrocarbons may be used low molecular weight
straight-chained or 85 branched aliphatic hydrocarbons, either
saturated or containing at most 1 olefinic bond and containing 1-4
carbon atoms; mixtures of these hydrocarbons, for example methane,
ethane, ethylene, propane, propyX 780,080 lene, butane, butylene,
isobutane or isobutylene; furthermore, natural mixtures of
hydrocarbons, such as natural gas, or mixtures of hydrocarbons
obtained in industry, such as 5gases obtained by hydrogenation
processes.
The reaction according to the invention can be carried out in a common
electric arc, for example between carbon electrodes or cooled metal
electrodes. It is of advantage but not necessary to use direct
current. The reaction is carried out at a low potential down to about
20 volts and a ratio of volt: ampere of about 1:10.
The process of the invention offers the advantage that the
difficulties in supplying the heat indispensable for the endothermic
formation of hydrogen cyanide can be avoided and that no expensive
noble metal catalyst which can be handled only with difficulty is
required. The value of the process is further enhanced by the large
quantities of valuable hydrogen obtained.
An apparatus suitable for use in carrying out the process of this
invention is shown diagrammatically by way of Example in the
accompanying drawing.
A mixture of about equimolecular quantities of ammonia and low
molecular weight hydrocarbons is passed through an electric arc
produced by two electrodes 1 and 2 at such a rate that the mixture is
exposed to the action of the arc for a period within the range from
0.001 to 0.00002 second. The electrode 1, which serves as cathode when
direct current is applied, has a borehole 4 through which the gas
mixture enters a walled-up iron case 3 cooled with water. The cooling
water is supplied through pipe 9 and led off through delivery pipe 10.
The two carbon electrodes are installed in the iron case 3 in such a
manner that no gas can escape. The reaction gases consisting of
hydrogen cyanide vapour, hydrogen and nonreacted gases are cooled down
to atmospheric temperature as quickly as possible in tube 5
constructed as a water cooler, tube 12 serving as supply pipe and tube
11 serving as delivery pipe for the cooling water. The gases are then
freed from any fine soot formed in a filter 6 provided with fillers or
4. glass wool, and the hydrogen cyanide is separated from the hydrogen in
washing tower 7 by dissolving out with water. The hydrogen cyanide may
also be separated in the form of sodium cyanide by washing it with
sodium hydroxide solution. The washing liquid is advantageously
circulated by means of pump 8. It enters the washing tower 7, which is
charged with fillers, at 13 and leaves it at 14, and 60flows through
siphon 15 towards pump 8.
From supply vessel 16, a small amount of washing liquid continually
flows by way of siphon 17 into the washing tower 7. The amount of
washing liquid to be used is 65measured by a measuring device not
shown in the drawing and the regulating cock 18.
Par Fpassut with the introduction of the washing liquid from supply
vessel 16 into the washing tower 7, the cyanide or hydrogen cyanide
solution flows off at 19 and passes 70 through siphon 20. The hydrogen
formed in the course of the reaction leaves the washing tower by way
of conduit 22 fitted with a valve 21.
The following Exampnles are given for the 75 purpose of illustrating
the invention:
EXAMPLE 1.
A mixture of 200 normal litres of ammonia and 202 normal litres of
methane (normal litre meaning a litre at 0OC. under a pressure 80 of
760 millimetres of mercury), is passed, per hour, between the two
carbon electrodes 1 and 2 connected with a direct current source.
The mixture is passed at such a rate that it is exposed to the action
of the arc for not 85 more than about 0.0001 second. The potential
between the carbon electrodes is 32 volts.
The current strength amounts to 254 amperes.
Electrode 1 serving as cathode has a borehole 4, of a diameter of 8
millimetres, and 90 a diameter of 11 millimetres through which
reaction gases are introduced.
With an electrical output of 8-9 kWh an arc of about 4 millimetres is
produced. The reaction mixture bounds against the whitehot anode and
reacts there. The reaction gases are worked up as illustrated in the
accompanying drawing. In addition to large quantities of hydrogen,
about 245 grams of hydrogen cyanide are obtained per hour, 100 which
corresponds to an extent of conversion of more than 99 per cent,
calculated upon the ammonia.
EXAMPLE 2.
An apparatus is used which differs from 105 that described in Example
1 only in that the iron case 3 is fitted with three electrodes
arranged with respect to one another at an angle of 120 and supplied
with three-phase current. The potential amounts to 62 volts 110 and
the current strength to 250 amperes.
Through one of the electrodes which has a borehole of a diameter of
5. about 8 mm and a diameter of 25 mm similar to that of electrode 1
shown in the drawing a mixture of 115 1100 normal litres of ammonia
and 365 normal litres of propylene is introduced per hour into the
electric arc at such a rate that the reaction mixture is exposed to
the action of the electric arc for not more than 0.0001 120 second.
Since propylene contains 3 carbon atoms, the molecular proportions of
ammonia and propylene in the reaction mixture are 3:1. After having
passed the electric arc, the reaction mixture consisting of hydrogen
cyanide vapour, hydrogen, ammonia, nitrogen, small amounts of
acetylene, and soot, is worked up as described above. 742 Grams of
hydrogen cyanide and 18.8 grams of soot are obtained, the latter
having been 130 780,080 formed by partial decomposition of the
propylene. The yield of hydrogen cyanide amounts to about 55 per cent,
calculated upon the ammonia used. From the hydrogen cyanide solution
about 365 grams of ammonia are recovered, which corresponds to 43 per
cent of the ammonia used, and returned into the reaction apparatus so
that the total yield of material amounts to about 98 per cent.
calculated upon the ammonia.
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* Last updated: 08.04.2015
* Worldwide Database
* 5.8.23.4; 93p