This document describes a multi-tray clarifier system for clarifying liquids containing suspended solids. The system uses multiple compartments and a central feedwell system to evenly distribute incoming feed between compartments. This even distribution allows for simplification of the clarifier design by reducing the number of intermediate compartments needed compared to previous clarifier designs.

1. * GB784643 (A)
Description: GB784643 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Multi-tray clarifier
Description of GB784643 (A)
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up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Multi-tray Clarifier
We, DOOR-OLIVER INCORPORATED, a
Corporation organized under the Laws of the
State of Delaware, United States of America, of Barry Place, Stamford,
Connecticut,
United States of America, do hereby declare the invention for which we
pray that a patent may be granted to us and the method by which it is
to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:--
The present invention relates to the constnctioa and use of multi-tray
clarifiers for clarifying liquids containing suspended solids. The
invention is particularly adapted for use in the clarification of
juices and liquids treated in the manufacture of cane and beet sugar;
however, it may also be useful in many other fields wherein suspended
solids are treated to effect their separation from the suspending

2. liquid.
The principal objects of the present invention are to simplify and
render less expensive the construction and operating cost of multitray
clarifiers employed in such clarification, and to provide improved
methods for effecting such clarification.
Multi-tray clarifiers of the type forming the environment of this
invention are shown and described in many prior publications.
In general, this type of multi-tray clarifier comprises a tank with
generally horizontal superposed trays or partitions dividing the tank
space into an upper flocculation compartment, a lower sedimentation
and thickening compartment and a plurality of intermediate
superimposed clarifying compartments. Rakes secured to a rotating
central vertical shaft are arranged to move sedimentated solids or
"mud" from immediately above the bottom of the different clarifying
compartments to outlets in the bottom walls of such compartments.
We have discovered that if the feed entering the top compartment is
properly distributed throughout the compartments of the clarifier in
proper relationship to the mud or sedimented solids being transferred
from the various compartments, the operation of the multi-tray
clarifier is so much improved that the elimination of many of the
clarifying compartments between the initial feed compartment and the
final thickening compact ment is rendered possible. Thus, making the
overall construction of the clarifier much simpler and less expensive.
Moreover, the elimination of intermediate compartments reduces the
cost of operation and improves upon the efficiency of the clarifier in
general.
The present invention consists in a method of clarifying a liquid
containing suspended solids, which method comprises settling out the
suspended solids in each of two or more clarifying compartments,
withdrawing clarified effluentliquidby overflow from the top of each
compartment and withdrawing settled solids from the bottom of each
compartment by so maintaining the feed of the initial solids
containing liquid to and the discharge of clarified effluent liquid
from the respective compartment that all respective compartments
receive the incoming liquid in substantially equal quantities and at
substantially the same velocity.
The present invention further consists in apparatus comprising a
clarifier comprising at least one basic unit having two compartments
superimposed one upon the other and each fed with liquid to be
clarified from a feed receiving chamber superimposed on the upper
clarifies compartment, characterized by a first feedwell extending
from the feed receiving chamber downwardly into the upper compartment
to terminate at a point intermediate the top and bottom thereof, and
a second open ended feedwell having its upper end placed

3. concentrically within the lower end portion of the first feedwell and
extending from a point above the lower terminus of the first feedwell
to a point intermediate the top and bottom of the lower
compartment, the two feedwells having their
respective cross sectional areas so propor
tioned with respect to each other that the
areas through which feed enters each
compartment are !substantially equal.
With this feed arrangement, the incoming
feed is immediately split at the point of
junction of the two feedwells with part of
the feed being diverted into the lower portion of the upper
compartment at a relatively
low velocity and, after clarification, is discharged from the upper
portion of the upper clarifying compartment. The remaining
feed flows directly down the second feedwell
to be dispersed in the lower portion of the
lower compartment and, after clarification,
is discharged from the upper part of said lower compartment. By
downwardly extend
ing both feedwells a significant depth into
their respective compartments it is insured that the incoming feed
will have a relatively long detention time within the chamber and thus
have a greater opportunity to lose its
suspended solids.
iough, assuming the availability of the raw
feed material supply in the feed-receiving chamber, the throughput
volume of the various compartments will, in actual practice of the
invention be determined by control of the clarified effluent overflow.
It is, never
theless, important that the effective outlet areas of the respective
feedwells should be substantially equal to each other. In that
respect, it will be appreciated that, by appropriate adjustment, the
clarified effluent overflows can be adjusted until equality of
overflow volume (and thus throughput volume) of the various
compartments is achieved.
Despite this equality of throughput volume, however, if the inlet
areas through which the feed actually enters the respective
compartments from the feedwells are not substantially equal there
could arise an inequality of the flow velocity, in the feedwells,
which could seriously interfere with the hydraulic stability and
general effectiveness of the system.
Advantageous use may be made of separate mud boots or mud flow
channels for transferring sedimentated solids or mud from the upper

4. compartment to the lower thickening compartment out of contact with
the downeoming feed supply. This may be accomplished by the use of mud
transfer boots located outside the periphery of the feedwell of the
second compartment in such a manner that the downcoming mud is
transferred directly from the clarifying tray of the upper chamber
into the mud layer of the lower compartment for final thickening. This
prevents the stirring or re-suspension of already settled solids.
A further important feature of ourinven- tion resides in a modified
feed arrangement for use in combination with our basic feed
arrangement, this combination being such that it permits the use of
two or more of our basic units within a single tank, thus saving on
cost of construction and space.
This modification of the invention and the objects to be attained
thereby is embodied in a feed arrangement whereby, prior to entry of
any feed into the first feedwell, the feed is automatically split,
part flowing through a central vertical feed conduit extending
downwardly through both feedwells to and entering the upper feedwell
of a subjacent basic unit, whereas the remainder flows from the feed
receiving chamber through the annulus defined between the first
feedwell and the central feed conduit.
A further feature of this invention is the provision of a common
overflow box specifically designed to enable the operator to observe
and regulate the overflow rates from the various compartments.
This part of the invention comprises an overflow box divided
internally into individual chambers with each of such chambers
receiving effluent from a separate clarifier compartment, a common
outlet serving all such chambers, means for regulating the rate of
discharge from the individual chambers and in turn regulating the feed
rate to the individual clarifier compartments, and means for directly
measuring the discharge rate from each chamber.
Regulation of discharge rate from the individual overflow box chambers
is accomplished by providing a vertically movable overflow weir in the
chamber. Since the chamber has a limited capacity and is directly
connected to a clarifier compartment, it follows that regulation of
discharge from the box chamber also regulates the throughput of the
individual clarifier compartment connected to that chamber.
Measurement of the discharge (and throughput) rates is accomplished by
use of an upright U tube having one end positioned in the box chamber
with the other end outside the chamber. The outside leg of the
U tube is made of any suitable transparent material, such as lucite,
and is graduated to read the depth of overflow from the box chamber or
else scaled to read directly the overflow rate in volume/time unit,
etc.
By our novel combination of features. we accomplish a numb-r of highly

5. desirable objects. In the first place, our deep, relatively large
diameter feedwells insure that the feed liquid enters the tank
compartment proper near the bottom thereof thus provided ing a long
detention time and high detention efficiency to the end that maximum
utilization of the tank area is obtained. A further critical feature
of our large feedwells lies in the fact that the feed enters the tank
well below the upper liquid level but with a very low downward
velocity. This uniform low velocity minimizes the danger of
resuspension of settled solids and, by its uniformity, insures equal
efficiency in all compartments.
In close functional co-operation with our deep feedwell design and
arrangement, is the mud transfer system employed to transfer settled
mud from the upper compartment to the lower compartment. This transfer
system makes use of closed transfer conduits leading from locations in
the bottom of the upper compartment to discharge at a point in the
lower compartment that is below the level of the blanket of settled
solids in the lower compartment. Since the elevation of this mud
discharge into the lower compartment is below the feed inlet point, it
is insured that the mud is not disturbed by incoming feed.
In the treatment of sugar juices to remove suspended solids, two
distinct steps are involved. The first step involves clarifying the
juice by allowing its suspended solids content to settle while the
second step involves final dewatering or thickening of the settled
solids to recover a maximum of juice.
Clarification, step 1, in a basic two compartment unit is carried out
in both compartments because the fresh feed is split and then supplied
to both compartments. Thus the clarifying area of our basic unit is
the sum of the areas of both compartments.
Final thickening, step 2, is carried out only in the bottom portion of
the lower compartment which receives settled solids from both
compartments. Thus the thickening area of our basic unit is measured
by the area of the lower compartment.
In order that the invention may be further operates with a clarifying
area to thickening area ratio of only 2 to 1 whereas prior clarifiers
of this general type required a ratio of 4 or 5 to 1 for proper
operation.
In order that the ivention may be further understood and readily
carried into effect, reference is made to the accompanying draw- ings
which form a material part of this
Specification.
In the drawings, Fig. I is a top plan view of a tank embodying our
invention.
Fig. 2'is a cutaway sectional elevation showing the critical features
of our invention.

6. Fig. 3 is an elevation of the common overflow box adapted for use with
our invention.
Fig. 4 is a cutaway sectional view taken along lines 4-4 of Fig. 3.
In Figs. 1 and 2 there is shown a substantially round upstanding tank
10 having a bottom 11 and a top 12. The tank is divided into four
compartments A, B, C and D by transversely extending trays 13, 14 and
15 having central openings for intercompartment communication.
A feed receiving well 16 is mounted on top 12. Feed is supplied via
tangential feed inlet 17. Well 16 is equipped with sludge rakes 18 as
well as scum skimmer mechanism 19 which removes scum via canal 20.
The motor 41 and drive mechanism 42 are supported on truss section 43
mounted on the tank top.
The tank 10, is equipped with a rotatable center column 40 driven by
motor 41 and gear assembly 42. Secured to column 40 and rotating with
it are rake arms 18 and scum skimmer 19, as well as rake arms 21, 22,
23 and 24 of zones A, B, C and D respectively, and rotating feedwells
25 (connecting zones A 8; B) and 26 (connecting zones C and D).
Zone A is equipped with a feedwell 27 for introducing feed from
chamber 16.
Feed to zone C: is supplied by means of ports 28 in column 40 which
lead to the hollow center of that column and discharge from lower
opening 29 into feedwell 30 of zone C.
The proportioning of the areas of ports 28, fixed feedwells 27 and 30,
and rotating feedwells 25 and 26 with respect to each other and to the
tank diameter is critical to the operation of our process.
In the first place, the feedwell areas must be so proportioned with
respect to each other that, assuming equality of throughput, the
velocity of feed entering each compartment is substantially equal.
And, in the second place, these areas must be correlated with tank
diameter and feed rate to insure that the entering feed velocity to
individual compartments does not exceed 1.5 feet per minute.
A still further critical feature of our invention resides in the depth
of feedwells 25, 26, 27 and 30, it being imperative on the one hand
that they extend well into the liquid in each compartment in order to
insure that the feed is given maximum detention time, while on the
other hand they must terminate sufficiently above the compartment
bottom to prevent redispersion of already settled solids.
For cane juice clarification, we have found that for a clarifying
compartment (A) 5 feet deep, the feedwell should be extended
downwardly 3 feet when the feed rate is less than 1.5 feet per minute.
In a combination clarifying-thickening compartment (1B} 7 feet deep,
the feedwell should also be 3 feet deep at feed rates less than 1.5
feet per minute. In the latter case, the extra tank depth is provided
for carrying out the final thickening of the settled mud.

7. To start up, all compartments of the tank are first filled with juice.
During the filling operation valve 50 on by-pass conduit 51 must be
open to allow the escape of air from compartment D lest excessive
pressures rupt ture the compartment structures. After the tank is
full, valve 50 is closed.
Inasmuch as the basic invention resides in only two compartments such
as A and B or
C and D, it follows that in normal operation, a unit comprising
compartments A and B will operate exactly as a unit comprising
compartments C and D so that description of the operation of A and B
suffices also to describe the operation of C and D.
Dirty juice is supplied to the feed receiver 16 and is there split
into two portions, one of which passes directly to compartment C via
the ports 28 and the hollow interior of column 40. The other portion
of the feed solution passes directly into feedwell 27 where, by
virture of the relative areas of feedwell 27 and concentrically
overlapping feedwell 25, it is further split into two equal portions,
one such portion being distributed into compartment A through the
opening between feedwells 27 and 25 while the other portion is
distributed into compartment B via feedwell 25. Due to the
proportioning of the inlet areas to be nearly equal; the feed inlet
velocities are substantially equal to each other.
In compartment A, suspended solids settle to the bottom and are raked
to discharge through mud ducts 55 by rotating rakes 21.
By discharging settled solids through ducts 55 it is insured that they
will be transferred into the thickening portion of compartment
B out of contact with the liquid undergoing clarification. Clarified
liquid is discharged as effluent via discharge conduit 56 into
overflow box 75.
In compartment B, suspended solids settle to the bottom where they are
finally thick- ened along with mud from compartment A.
Effluent discharges via conduit 57 into overflow box 75. The thickened
mud is raked to mud boot or collecting well 58 from whence it is
withdrawn via conduits 59 and 60 by pump 61 to sump 62 and outlet 63.
Compartments C and D operate exactly as A and B with the mud being
transferred via ducts 65 and discharged via center well 66 via conduit
67 into conduit 60 and finally to discharge sump 62 and outlet 63.
Center well 66 is provided with valve 68 for emptying the tank.
Effluent from compartments
C and D discharges via conduits 70 and 71 respectivelv into overflow
box 75 from which all effluent discharges via outlet 76.
When operating a combined system, such as shown in Fig. 1, comprising
two (or more) basic units, then the modified feed splitting
arrangement provided by hollow center column 40 is utilized. In such

8. an arrangement, feed inlet ports 28 are proportioned so that incoming
feed is first divided into t'vo equal portions, one such portion going
to compartments A and B while the other is supplied to compartments C
and D. Further division of the feed portions is accomplished by the
feedwells within the compartments as previously explained.
In Figs. 3 and 4 there are shown the details of the common overflow
box 75 equipped with the cover 80 and a xnnt stack 81, as well as a
common discharge conduit 76.
The overflow box is provided with valve control handles 82. which
operate to raise and lower shaft 83. Shaft 83 in turn raises and
lowers tubular section 84 into and out of compartments 85, which is a
feed receiving compartment accepting feed through inlet conduit 56.
Compartment 85 is defined by the end and back walls of box 75 as well
as by wall 88, wall 90 and shelf 91.
Incoming clarified material overflows over the upper edge of tubular
element 84. then downwardly to pass under fixed baffle 92 which serves
as a quieting baffle. This material then overflows through the slot of
fixed baffle 93, the slot being shown as 94 in dotted lines on Fig. 3.
Material overflowing through slot edge 94 enters into a common
discharge chamber 95 from whence it is discharged via outlet 76.
The depth of flow over the edge of slot 94, and the consequent rate of
overflow from compartment A. is measured by flow measuring means 100
which comprises open conduit sections 101. 102 and graduated
transparent section 103. The transparent conduit section 103 may be
made up of any suitable plastic or glass tubing which is transparent
to the naked eye and is provided with graduations which convert the
depth of overflow into gallons per minute of overflow. Alternatively,
the depth of overflow may be read directly on the graduation of
conduit 103 and then converted by hand. Either practice is within the
scope of this invention.
The rate of overflow will be adjusted by reading on the graduations of
tube 103 the depth and rate of overflow. To attain a lower overflow
rate, tubular section 84 is raised by means of valve handle 8'.
Contersely, if the overflow rate is to be increased then tubular
element 84 is lowered, thus permitting a more rapid overflow over the
upper edge of the element so that the discharge rate from compartment
A through conduit 56 is increased.
The simple combination of directly readable overflow means 100 and
regulating overflow rate means attained by vertical regula- tion out?
element 84 enables the operator to maintain hydraulic stability
uniformlv- throughout the entire system. whether the system be
comprised of 2, 4 or even more units.
To provide a seal between the two basic units (i.e.. between the top
unit A and B and the bottom unit C and D). there is provided a mud

9. seal shield 80 on column 40 or other suitable mud seal.
What we claim is : -
1. A method of clarifying a liquid containing suspended solids, which
method comprises settling out the suspended solids in
* GB784644 (A)
Description: GB784644 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements in trolling spoons for fishing
Description of GB784644 (A)
COMPLET SPECIFICATION Improvements in Trolling Spoons for Fishing
I, MARCEL HONORE SYLVAIN DE MAs, a
French Citizen, of 10 Avenue de la Gare,
Espalion (Aveyron), France, do hereby declare the invention, for which
I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it
is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the
following statement :-
The present invention relates to fishing tackle and has for its object
to provide a new or improved trolling spoon for fishing.
According to the invention, a trolling spoon for fishing comprises a
tubular body, a guiding member within said body, a pin head spindle
passing axially through the body and the guiding member, a swivel
engaging the pin head of the spindle and a hook anchored to the other
end of the spindle, and a distortable yoke member on the spindle, that
serves as an anchorage for a spoon blade or vane between the said
swivel and the adjacent end of the tubular body.
The tubular body may be formed with a longitudinal recess in the end
nearest the hook and with a small coaxial bore for the said spindle in
the end nearest the swivel.
The guiding member is preferably cylin- drical with an axial bore for
the spindle.
A fishing spoon as aioresaid may have a ball mounted on the spindle
between the yoke msmber and the end of the body.
Further, studs or lugs may be formed on the spindle between the ball
and the end of the body for determining the axial play of the hook

10. relative to the body and of the yoke upon the spindle.
The invention will be better understood from the following brief
description of one embodiment thereof with reference to the
diagrammatic drawings accompanying the
Provisional Xecification, wherein
Figure 1 is a vertical sectional view showing a preliminary stage of
the production of the improved trolling spoon,
Figures 2 and 3 are views similar to Figure 1 showing two further
stages in the production of the spoon,
Figure 4 is an elevation corresponding to
Figure 3, showing the spoon complete with hook and ready for use, and
Figure 5 is a view showing the trolling spoon in fishing position.
The improved trolling spoon of the invention comprises a tubular body
1 provided with a coaxial recess 2 from which extends an axial bore
2a, the recess being adapted to receive a cylindrical guiding member 3
having an axial bore 3a. Through the tube 1 and the guiding member 3
is slidably and axially engaged a spindle 4 the upper end of which has
a pin head that carries a swivel 5.
Intermediate the swivel 5 and the upper end of the tube 1 the spindle
4 carries a distort- able yoke member 6 made of wire and serving as an
anchorage for a spoon blade or vane member 7. Between the upper end of
the tube 1 and the yoke member 6 a ball 8 is located upon the spindle
4.
For mounting the spoon as above described upon a multi-point hook 9
for use, the swivel 5 is first engaged upon the head of the spindle 4,
the distortable yoke member 6 and the ball 8 are threaded on the
spindle, and the spindle is passed through the bores of the body 1 and
the guiding member 3, as shown in Figure 1. The yoke member 6 is then
closed as shown in Figure 2, which causes the spindle 4 to project
from the lower end of the tube 1 (constituting as above stated the
body of the spoon), thereby permitting the lower end of the spindle 4
to be used for forming a loop 4 (Figure 3) upon which the eye of the
hook 9 can be secured in the usual manner. The distortable yoke member
6 is then re-opened, thereby raising the spindle 4 and pulling the
hook 9 upwardly until its eye enters the end of the recess 2 in the
tubular body 1. A pair of studs or lugs 10 are then formed on the
spindle 4 between the upper end of the body 1 of the spoon and the
ball 8, the purpose of such studs 10 being to adjust the axial play of
the hook 9 and yoke member 6.
The inner guiding member 3 checks the motion of the spindle 4 when the
spoon is in operative position during fishing (see Figure 5) owing to
a braking action which gives more efEciency to the swivel 5 and
prevents the spoon from efiEecting a coiling movement about its axis.
As will be seen from Figures 4 and 5, when the spoon is in fully

11. prepared position, the ball S engages the two studs 10.
Minor constructional details may be varied without departing from the
invention as defined in the appended claims.
What I claim is :-
1. A trolling spoon for use in fishing comprising a tubular body, a
guiding member within said body, a pin head spindle passing axially
through the body and the guiding member, a swivel engaging the pin
head of the spindle and a hook anchored to the other end of the
spindle, and a distortable yoke member on the spindle that serves as.
an anchorage for a spoon blade or vane between the said swivel and the
adjacent end of the tubular body.
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB784645 (A)
Description: GB784645 (A) ? 1957-10-16
A hydraulic press
Description of GB784645 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: March 25, 1955.
784 a 645 No 8756155.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 69 ( 2), Q( 1 XM 6 A 1 D:8:13 A:X); 83 (
4), A( 1 K 2 A 1 B:2 F 10).
International Classification:-B 23 k, B 30 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
A Hydraulic Press We, CKD CESKA LIPA, NARODNI PODNIK, a Czechoslovak
National Corporation, of Cesk H Lipa, Czechoslovakia, and Mi IAN
VLTAVSKY, a Czechoslovak Citizen, of 315 Street Eebruhroviho

12. vitazstva, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, do hereby declare the invention
for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method
by which it is to be performed to be particularly described l O in and
by the following statement:-
The invention relates to hydraulic presses, and more particularly,
though not exclusively, to those used for resistance welding and for
moulding of synthetic plastic materials.
Presses of this kind have to fulfil special requirements In the case
of welding for instance, the movement of the press piston is stopped
when the latter contacts the workpieces to be welded Now, while the
piston exerts pressure, electric current is caused to pass through the
workpieces, and when the latter are heated to such an extent that they
become plastic where they contact one another, they abruptly yield to
some extent under the pressure exerted by the press piston so that it
is necessary for the piston to continue at this instant its working
stroke in order to maintain the pressure which is just now
particularly required for the comnpletion of the welding process
Unfortunately, pressure liquid cannot be supplied by the pump so
quickly into the working space of the cylinder mainly because the oil
in the supply pipes is stationary, at this instant and must be
accelerated which requires time in view of the substantial friction in
the narrow supply pipes for the working liquid.
Similar conditions subsist with moulding presses Also in this case,
after the press piston has been stopped, when the movable tool
connected to the piston has engaged the powder in the fixed tool, an
additional stroke of the piston is required when as a result of the
heating the mass becomes plastic.
lPrice 316 l R( 2:10); and 87 ( 2), Various proposals have been put
forward in the past to obtain quickly this additional pressure when
the work yields after the initial pressure and heat have been applied.
The known devices, however, are rather 50 complicated and they make
use as a rule of spring means which have to be adjusted differently
for each particular job, such manipulations are tedious and difficult
to perform and therefore undesirable 55 It is the object of the
present invention to design a hydraulic press in such a manner that
the small additional piston stroke required after the preliminary
application of pressure and heat, is readily and effectively 60
obtained at the right instant and with simple means To this end, a
hydraulic press is characterised according to the invention in that a
gas-loaded hydraulic accumulator is provided which is in communication
with the 65 working space of the press cylinder, and that a
spring-loaded valve is provided in the connection between the
accumulator and the said working space, which valve is caused to open
when the pressure in the working space 70 of the press cylinder

13. exceeds a certain predetermined magnitude The spring of the valve will
be preferably so dimensioned that it allows the valve to open when the
pressure in the working space of the press cylinder 75 exceeds a
certain predetermined magnitude.
The spring of the valve will be preferably so dimensioned that it
allows the valve to open when the pressure in the working space of the
press cylinder is about 80 % of the maxi 80 mum operational pressure.
Thus during the working stroke, and particularly at the end thereof
when the piston first contacts the work and is stopped in its
movement, the pressure will increase in the 85 working space of the
press cylinder, the valve will be caused to open, and pressure liquid
will enter the accumulator compressing the gas which the accumulator
contains.
During this period the said valve remains 9 G BNSDOCID: <GB_ 784645
A-l-, 784,645 open and the pressure in the accumulator and in the
working space of the press cylinder will increase up to thc same
height.
When now the work yields, the accumulator provides instantaneously the
additional amount of liquid under pressure as a result of the
expansion of the compressed gas within the accumulator.
In order to make the resistance to the flow of liquid from the
accumulator into the working space of the cylinder as small as
possible, it is advantageous to arrange the accumulator directly on
the top of the press cylinder, and even to make the press cylinder and
the accumulator of one piece, so that the working space of the
cylinder and the interior space of the accumulator are separated only
by a wall and are connected by an aperture which is controlled by the
said valve In this case the valve stem may pass in a liquid-tight
manner through an opening of a casing which is in communication with
the surrounding air and in which the spring is housed which acts upon
the the said stem to keep the valve body in the closed position and
allow the valve to open when the pressure acting upon the valve body
exceeds a certain limit as explained hereinbefore.
The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to
the accompanying drawing which shows by way of example an embodiment
of the invention.
The hydraulic press shown has a cylinder 1 in which a piston 2 is
arranged to carry out a reciprocating movement The working space 5 of
the cylinder as well as the return space 9 thereof are each connected
through a pipe to ports of a control slide valve 7, which in turn is
connected to the delivery pipe of a pump 8 which withdraws the working
liquid from a reservoir 14, and to a discharge pipe 10 which opens
into the reservoir 14 The slide valve 7 comprises a sliding valve body
12 which has the required recesses and channels for the distribution

14. of the working liquid and which is connected by means of an actuating
rod to an actuating lever 11 which may be operated by hand or
automatically There rs provided a branch pipe 13 which starts from the
pipe which connects the working space 5 of the press cylinder with the
control valve 7 and which opens into the press cylinder at a point
which is below the piston when the piston is in its upper end position
A nonreturn valve is disposed within this branch pipe 13 allowing
liquid to flow only in a direction towards the control valve 7.
A gas-loaded hydraulic accumulator 6 is provided directly on the top
of the press cylinder, divided from this cylinder only by a wall 17
This wall has an opening which forms a seat for a valve cone 3 mounted
on a stem 18 which passes through a gland into a housing 19 This
housing is in cornmunication with the surrounding air and accommodates
a spring 4 which acts upon the valve stem 18 and urges the valve cone
3 into its closed position The force exerted by the spring 4 upon the
valve cone is adjus 70 table by means of a screw device 16 The spring
4 will be so dimensioned and adjusted that it allows the valve cone 3
to open when the pressure within the working space of the cylinder
exceeds about 8 O' of the maximum 75 operational pressure in the
working space 5 of the press cylinder.
The gas-loaded hydraulic accumulator 6 is partly filled with gas, e g,
air or nitrogen.
and for introducing the gas filling the accu 80 mulator is provided
with a supply pipe adapted to be closed by a valve 15.
The described arrangement operates as follows: To start the working
stroke of the press 8 piston 2, the operating lever 11 is moved
downwards to bring the valve body 12 into its upper end position as
shown Now the working space 5 is in communication Xith the supply pipe
of the pump so that liquid 90 under pressure is supplied to the space
5.
whilst the return space 9 of the cylinder, i e, the space below the
piston head, is in comnmunication through the axial channel of the
valve body 12 with the discharge pipe 10 95 The piston will now move
downwards When it contacts the work and its movement is stopped
thereby, the pressure in the working space 5 will quickly rise and,
overcoming the action of the spring 4 it will open 1)0 the valve 3 and
the liquid now supplied by the pump will enter the accumulator 6 so
that the pressure within the accumulator will soon be the same as the
pressure within the working space of the cylinder, and in both 1)05
spaces the pressure will rise to the maximum pressure which the pump 8
is capable of producing This pressure increase takes place while, in
the case of welding for instance, the workpieces to be welded are 110
heated to the welding temperature When then the contact faces along
which the two workpieces are to be welded are hot enough and become

15. plastic, liquid under the high pressure is now available in the
accumulator 115 to enter quickly the working space of the press piston
and to effect the additional stroke which the press piston is now
required to carry out As a result of the direct connection of the
accumulator 6 with the work 120 ing space 5 of the press cylinder,
practically no friction will delay the action, and the piston will be
forced instantaneously to perform the final short working stroke to
complete the welding process 125 For the return of the piston 2, the
operating lever 11 is moved into its upper position causing the valve
body 12 to move into its lower end position Now the return space of
the press cylinder 1 is connected to the 130 BNSDOCID <G 784645 AJ I_
784,645 delivery end of the pump, liquid under pressure will enter
into the space 9, and the piston will be caused to rise At the same
time the working space 5 of the press cylinder is connected to the
discharge pipe 10, and after the pressure in the working space 5 has
decreased by about 20 % the valve cone will contact the valve seat and
the connection between the accumulator and the press cylinder is shut
off, so that a pressure of about % of the maximum working pressure
will remain in the accumulator.
When the press piston reaches its upper end position its lower edge
opens the port of the branch pipe 13 so that the liquid under pressure
is free to escape past the non-return valve into the discharge pipe
10, and the return movement of the piston is stopped automatically in
this way.
Thus, it will be appreciated that the full pressure which the piston
is capable to exert is readily available at the instant when the final
pressure has to be applied Another essential advantage of the
described arrangement is this: At the instant of the first contact
between the press piston and the work, the full welding or moulding
pressure is actually not required; on the contrary, it is desirable
that the piston exerts a moderate pressure when contacting only after
the work is ready to undergo a plastic deformation the full pressure
is required This operational requirement is fulfilled by the described
arrangement When the piston contacts the 3; 5 work and the pressure
begins to rise within the working space of the press cylinder, the
pressure increase will be retarded at about % of the maximum pressure
until the accumulator becomes loaded Thus the piston will contact the
work with a lower pressure, and only thereafter will the pressure rise
to the maximum available magnitude.
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* GB784646 (A)
Description: GB784646 (A)
No title available
Description of GB784646 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: April 12, 1955.
784,646 No 10433/55.
Cornplete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 43, Ll.
International Classification:-A 44 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in and relating to a Wrist Band for Watches I, RENE
SCHMITT, of 2, Rue de 1 'Encyclopedie, Geneva, Switzerland, of Swiss
Nationality, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a
patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
My invention relates to a wrist band for watches, of the kind
comprising two rigid arcuate arms adapted to be hingedly mounted at
opposite ends of a watch case.
According to my invention, said wrist band comprises two rigid arcuate
arms, pivotally secured to attachment means including two intermediate
pieces pivotally secured each to the free end of the corresponding
arcuate arm, and a blade carried by each intermediate piece and
adapted to extend underneath the watch case to be carried by the wrist
band, one of the blades being provided with transverse openings for
frictional engagement by the other blade, a U-shaped part carried by
each intermediate piece near the point at which the latter is
pivotally connected to the corresponding arcuate arm and means carried
at the outer ends of the arms of each U-shaped part and constructed to
be securable alternatively either to a lugsupported cross-bar or to

17. bearing sockets which is or are provided on the watch case.
I have illustrated by way of example in accompanying drawings two
embodiments of a wrist band for a watch according to my invention
together with a modification thereof.
In said drawings:Fig 1 is a plan view of a first embodiment of a watch
case provided with lug-supported cross-bars for holding said wrist
band.
Fig 2 is an elevational view of the same embodiment.
Fig 3 is again a pl An view of the same embodiment of a wrist band
associated with a watch case provided with bearing sockets for
attachment of the wrist band.
Fig 4 is a view of a detail as seen from lPrice 3/6 l underneath.
Figs 5 and 6 are partial plan views of a further embodiment of the
wrist band to which is secured a watch case provided with a
lug-supported cross-bar in the case of Fig 5 50 and with bearing
sockets in the case of Fig 6.
Fig 7 is a view from below of a detail of said embodiment.
Fig 8 is an elevational view of said detail.
In the embodiment illustrated in Figs 1 to 55 4, the wrist band
includes two rigid arcuate arms 1 pivotally secured each at 2 to an
intermediate piece 3; to one of said intermediate pieces 3, that shown
on the left-hand side of Fig 2, is rigidly secured through welding for
69 instance a resilient blade 4 adapted to engage the underside of the
watch case and within which are provided transverse openings 5, 5 ', "
as shown in Fig 4, whereas the other intermediate member 3 carries a
non 65 perforated resilient blade 6 engaging said transverse openings.
By reason of this arrangement, the two blades 4 and 6 may slide with
reference to each other, which allows adjusting the dis 7 G tance
between the two intermediate pieces 3 in accordance with the size of
the watch case to be secured to the wrist band; furthermore, and by
reason of the resilience of said blades, the wrist band may be
deformed when it is 75 desired to secure it to the watch Lastly, the
friction exerted by the two co-operating blades prevents any untimely
shifting between the two blades with reference to each other.
To each intermediate piece 3 is rigidly 8 C' secured through welding
for instance, a Ushaped member 7, the outer ends of which are each
rigid with a part spherical member 8 provided with a transverse notch
9 These part spherical members 8 engage through 85their notches 9 the
bars 10 carried by pairs of lugs 20 at each side of the watch case 12,
and the outer faces of the part spherical members 8 are gripped
between the lugs.
In Fig 3, the wrist band is shown as 9 g 784,646 mounted on a watch 12
provided with bearing sockets on opposite sides of fixed hinge members
13 rigid with the watch case By reason of the slight resilience of the

18. arms of the Ushaped parts 7, the spherical members 8 engage partly
inside the recessed sockets in the hinge members 13 and are held fast
therein.
In the modification illustrated in Figs 5 to 8, the U-shaped part
carrying the part spherical members 8 is constituted by two arms 14
pivotally secured together at 15.
The pivotal axis is constituted by the stem 16 a of screw 16 (Fig 8)
screwed into an intermediate member 17 to which the corresponding
arcuate arm of the wrist band which is not illustrated is pivotally
secured at 18 The spacing between the part spherical members may be
modified in keeping with the thickness of the socketed hinge members
provided on the watch case or with the length of the bars carried by
the lugs 20 The arrangement of the blades 4 and 6 is the same as in
the preceding case and need not therefore be described again.
The part spherical members 8 are provided each, as in the case of the
first embodiment disclosed, with a transverse notch 9 adapted
alternatively to engage the transverse bar 10 carried by the lugs on
the watch case The portions of the part spherical members 8 which abut
against the lugs 20 of the watch shown in Fig 1 are shaped to provide
the appropriate seating.
It should be remarked that clearances 19 are formed in each
intermediate piece 17 to allow the arms 14 of the U-shaped part to
extend therein with some play while said clearances are slightly less
deep than the thickness of the arms so that the screw 16 may reliably
lock said arms in position.
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* GB784647 (A)
Description: GB784647 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements relating to railway signalling apparatus

19. Description of GB784647 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
l:', ' Date of Application and filing Complete 489 Specification:
April 27, 1955.
(X 9 l Application made in Switzerland on April 29, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at acceptanoe:-Class 105, A 14 B 3.
International Classification:-B 611.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements relating to Railway Signalling Apparatus We, SOCIETE
TECHNIQUE POU Ri L'INDUSTRIE NOUVELLX S A "STIN," a Swiss Company, of
2, Rue de Jura, Vevey, Switzerland, do hereby declare the invention,
for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method
by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement:This invention relates to railway signalling
apparatus for indicating the passage of a train past a given point on
the track.
A large number of devices have already been proposed for the
transmission of signals between a train and the track, more
particularly of the kiiid based on inductive action The disadvantages
of all of these known systems lie in the dangers of interference
caused by the metallic and particularly the iron and steel parts of
the carriages It is difficult to overcome this interference without
either the equipment on the train and on the track becoming too large,
or the distance between the transmitter on the train and the receiver
on the track requiring to be made so small as to make it difficult to
maintain the maximum fixed dimensions of the carriages.
These difficulties are particularly serious in so-called end-of-train
signalling means, in which the aim is to provide the end carriage of a
train with a self-contained piece of equipment which does not require
any external power source and which acts in conjunction with the track
equipment when the train travels over it Since the train equipment, i
e, the end-of-train signalling means, must be mounted in an identical
position in relation to the wheels in every possible type of carriage,
the minimum spacing between the signalling means and the track
equipment is of the order of twenty inches Even if the signalling
means are located below the buffers, there must be a minimum spacing
of lPrice 3/6 l 7849647 No 12110/155.
approximately twelve inches It has been this relatively large distance
between the train equipment and the track equipment that has usually
been the downfall of the systems proposed hitherto There are 50
usually metallic parts of the carriage structure which pass nearer to

20. the track equipment than the train equipment does.
If, as has already been proposed on various occasions, only the
reactive component of 55 the train-induced signal is employed, the
liability to interference is very great, because any fluctuations in
the oscillator (for example, variations in potential) might have
exactly the same effect as that caused 60 by the train.
According to the invention, end-of-train signalling apparatus
comprises a selfcontained unit on the train which acts inductively in
conjunction with stationary 65 coil equipment on the track, and the
track equipment comprises an electrical oscillator of a single
frequency at a remote location connected through leads to a
transmitter coil assembly adjacent the track, 70 together with a
receiver coil assembly also adjacent the track and connected to a
detector device at the remote location, both the transmitter and
receiver coil assemblies being tuned to the frequency of the 75
oscillator and being so spaced apart or so disposed geometrically in
relation to one another that there is negligible direct transmission
of energy from one to the other, and the train unit comprises means 80
for inductively coupling the transmitter and receiver coil assemblies
when the train passes by them, the train unit also being tuned to the
frequency of the oscillator.
The train equipment preferably consists 85 of two coils, one of which,
as the train passes, enters into mutual action with the transmitter
coil assembly and the other with the receiver coil assembly The two
train coils are electrically connected 90 ) 784,647 through a
capacitor to form a resonant circuit tuned to the frequency of the
oscillator The two train coils and hence also the transmitter and
receiver coil assemblies of the track equipment, may be separated by a
distance which is considerably greater than the total air gap of the
magnetic system, that is to say the sum of the two air gaps.
All of the inter-acting coils, both of the track equipment and of the
equipment on the train, preferably have ferromagnetic cores to
increase the magnetic induction, these cores preferably being made of
iron oxides (ferrites) of the kind developed during the past few years
The cores may ha-e the form of rods or tubes approximately twenty
inches long and a few square inches in cross-section.
To allow a signal consisting of a reasonable number of cycles with
trains of normal maximum speed, the frequency of the oscillations
employed should be at least kilocycles per second if full advantage is
to be taken of the circuits employing ferrite-cored coils.
Oscillator and receiver may be arranged either on the same side or on
opposite sides of the track.
Three examples of signalling arranigements embodying the invention
will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in

21. which:Fig 1 shows diagrammatically in seetion the disposition of the
train unit and the receiver and transmitter of the track equipment in
one arrangement; Fig 2 shows a modified arrangement of the different
coils; and Fig 3 shows another modified form with the transmitter and
receiver on the same side of the track.
Referring first to Fig 1, in which the transmitter and receiver are
shown located on different sides of the track, approximately ten feet
apart, W indicates the back of a railway carriage or truck, which is
moving perpendicular to the plane of the paper The end-of-train
signalling equipment, indicated broadly by the letters SZ, is mounted
on the buffers, or on the buffer supports and comprises a member H
which supports the coils L 2 and L 3 at its two ends V 1 and V 2 are
the electrical connections between coils L 2 and L 3, conductor VI
including a capacitor C 2 The supporting member H is preferably
constructed in the form of a tube, enclosing the coils L 2 and L 3,
the connections Vi and V 2 and the capacitor C 2 The tube H may either
be made of insulating material throughout or, if it is of mretal, then
in order to avoid losses, the coils L 2 and L 3 must be mounted in
cylinders of hard paper or other insulating material within the ends
of the metallic tube.
Fig 1 illustrates the particular moment at which the end of the
carriage or truck, and accordingly the apparatus on the train
equipment is just passing the track 70 equipment The latter comprises
the transmitter S with the coil Li 1 and the receiver E with the coil
L 4 At the instant illustrated in the drawing the transmitting and
receiving coils and also the coils of 75 the train equipment lie along
a common axis, so that there is a maximum transmission of energy The
alternating magnetic field in the transmittiing coil L 1 is generated
by an oscillator IT of a known 80 kind, for example a valve oscillator
having a fixed frequency of approximately 10 kilocycles The
alternating potential generated by the oscillator G; is fed to the
coil L 1 through an output transformer (not 85 shown) and a tuning
capacitor C 11 The provision of an output transformer enables the
oscillator itself to be located in a station building or in a signal
box at a considerable distance from the transmit 90 ter S if necessary
The output of the oscillator need only-amount to a few watt 4.
The receiver on the opposite side of the track comprises, in similar
manner to the transrmitter, a cylindrical coil L 4 and a 95 tuning
capacitor C 3 A rectifier G 1, for example, a germanium diode, couples
the coil L 4 to a relay R Any response signal produced by this relay
is transmitted to the station or signal box apparatus by 10 ( separate
leads (not shownv, or by the same leads which connect the oscillator
(G to the transmitter S.
The ferromagnetie cores of the coils L 1-4 should have the smallest

22. possible 10.
losses and the greatest possible permeabilitv at the frequency used,
in ordler to transmit sufficeient energ? from the transmitter S to the
receiver E over an air gap of twice twelve to twenty inches Since 1 i(
the lengths of the transmitting and receiving coils are roughly twelve
inches in the arrangement in Fig 1, in wlhich the transmitter and
receiver are approximately ten feet, i e, 10 di-pole lengths apart the
11 l signal transmitted between the two is entirely negligible, when
the train equipment is not present to establish a closer eoupling
Thus, in this case, it is the spatial separation of transmitter and
receiver 12 ( that prevents the direct transmission of energy from
transmitter to receiver The useful sianal produced by the presence of
the train equipment is at least 10 100 times the direetl transmitted
signal 12, The only effect of the presence df met;illie parts of the
train is to redu, e slightly by their screening ef'e,-t the already
neeligible direct signal between transmiitter and receiver Even if
rods or tubes of ferro 13 ( 784,647 magnetic material should happen to
lie transversely, so as to link the transmitter and the receiver as
they pass, the direct coupling will remain negligible In fact, even if
a bar of ferrite were so placed on the train, the energy transmitted
by it from transmitter to receiver would still remain extremely small.
The frequency used could be anything between a and 50 kilocycles per
second.
The upper limit is governed by the eddy (tlrrent losses in the ferrite
cores, which reduce the quality factor of the resonant circuit The
lower limit is governed by the fact that within the time during which
the train equipment is passing between the stationary coils there must
be built up a sufficient voltage in the resonant circuit of the train
equipment and of the receiver to actuate the relay R, and this voltage
must be substantially greater than the directly transmitted signal In
this connection it is to be noted that the rate of growth of the
signal increases in a manner proportional to the quality factor of the
circuits.
Taking the maximum speed or the train as roughly one hundred feet per
second, all building-up of the signal must take plaee in approximately
a fiftieth of a second.
In order to increase the period of interaction between the transmitter
and the receiver the dimensions of all the coils may be increased A
greatly preferred way of achieving the same result is to multiply the
period of interaction by providing along the track two or more
transmitting coils and receiving coils each pair spaced from the next
by a distance equal to approximately twice the length of a coil All
the transmitting coils are connected in series and are excited in the
same phase, and the receiving coils are also connected in series.

23. The construction of the train equipment remains unaltered.
The coil arrangement shown in Fig 1 can be replaced equally well by
the arrangement shown diagramnmatically in Fig 2 In this arrangement
the axes of all the coils are parallel at the instant of maximum
coupling, and lie in a common plane perpendicular to the direction of
travel, the axis of each coil being vertical.
In the two arrangements illustrated in Figs 1 and 2 the transmitter
and the receiver are situated at such a distance apart that the direct
transmission of energy may be ignored A second way of preventing the
direct transmission of energy is illustrated in Fig 3, in which the
transmitter and receiver are situated on the same side of the track As
shown by the drawing, they are, for example, disposed relative to one
another in what may be termed a Tform relationship so that there is no
appreciable direct flux linkage between them It is only upon the
passage of the end-of-train signalling means, the coils of which are
also disposed in a T-shaped relationship, that a coupling is produced
between the track coils sufficient to provide 70 a signal.
As in the arrangement of the end-oftrain signalling means according to
Fig 1 those shown in Figs 2 and 3 also employ a rectifier feeding a
relay for detection of 75 the signal, although they are not shown in
the drawings.
The element illustrated diagpanimatically in Fig 1 as an
electromagnetic relay R may also be replaced by a magnetic ampli 80
tier, the power supply for which is taken from the transmission
circuit S, and the amplified and rectified output signal of which is
transmitted to the station or signal box by way of an independent line
85 or along the supply leads for the transmitter At the frequency of
the oscillator the response of a magnetic amplifier is sufficiently
rapid for the present purposes.
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