This document describes a patent for a novel looped pile fabric and method of making it. The fabric is woven flat on a simple loom with heat-shrinkable yarns running in one direction and other yarns crossing perpendicularly. Soft lofty yarns are floated over the crossing yarns to form piles. When heat-treated, the shrinkable yarns contract, drawing the pile yarns together to form dense upright loops on the surface. The opposite side can then be coated to anchor the piles. This allows inexpensive production of looped pile fabrics on simple looms.
This document discusses the comber machine and the combing process. It begins with background information on the student submitting the document and the course details. It then provides 3 key points on the purpose of combing fibers. It proceeds to describe the major components of the comber machine and outlines the 10 step combing cycle. It concludes by noting that combing is used to separate out short fibers and upgrade medium staple fibers, producing higher quality combed yarn and fabric.
The document provides an overview of looms and loom mechanisms. It discusses the basic components and functions of a loom, including the heald shaft, sley or lay, shuttle, shuttle box, picker, and reed. It describes how these components work together to form fabric by interlacing the warp and weft threads. The passage of materials through a typical loom is also illustrated in a diagram.
This document provides information about dimensional stability and geometry in weft knit fabric. It was presented by 7 students from the Textile department of Bangladesh University of Business & Technology. The key points discussed include how knitted fabrics are prone to changes in size and shape from wear and washing. It also discusses dimensional stability states, loop length, areal density, fabric cover, tightness factor, and spirality - defined as dimensional distortion where wale rows are not perpendicular to courses. Formulas are presented for factors that influence the angle of spirality, such as the number of feeders, loop shape, and number of active needles.
This document discusses jammed fabric structures and provides mathematical models to predict their properties. A jammed fabric is one where the warp and weft yarns are in intimate contact with no mobility between yarns. Pierce's model and the racetrack model are presented to calculate thread spacing, fabric cover, and crimp based on yarn diameters. A truly square jammed fabric has equal warp and weft spacing, crimp, and angles. Such a fabric has 20.9% crimp and cover factors of 16.2. Jammed fabrics are closely woven and used for waterproof, windproof and bulletproof applications.
The following terms & definitions are used to describe and explain cotton fiber maturity.
Circularity :
The degree of thickening which is calculated by the cross sectional area of the fiber wall divided by the area of a circle of the same perimeter.
Theta :
Average circularity of the matured fibers also described as the degree of thickening.
Fineness (mtex) : Average fiber fineness (weight per unit length) in millitex. 1000 meters of fibers with a mass of 1 milligram equals 1 millitex.
IFC (%) :
Immature fiber content in percent. Percentage of fibers with less than 0.25 circularity. The lower the IFC% the better the fiber is for dyeing.
Maturity Ratio :
Maturity Ratio is the ratio of fibers with a 0.5 (or more) circularity ratio devided by the amount of fibers with a 0.25 (or less) circularity. The higher the maturity ratio, the more mature the fibers are and the better the fibers are for dyeing.
This document discusses different methods for constructing crepe and satin weaves. It describes four methods for constructing crepe weaves: using a crepe weave or yarn on a sateen base; combining a floating weave with plain threads; reversing a small motif at intervals; and inserting one weave over another. It also provides guidelines for making satin weaves, noting that the move number cannot be less than or a factor of the satin number, and there should be no common factors between the move and satin numbers.
This document provides pricing information for knit fabrics including yarn prices for various fiber compositions like cotton, viscose, and blends. It also lists processing charges for knitting, dyeing, washing, and the relationship between yarn count and fabric weight. The most common fibers for knit fabrics are cotton and viscose, often with elastane, constructed mainly using the single jersey method for items like t-shirts and tops.
This document discusses the comber machine and the combing process. It begins with background information on the student submitting the document and the course details. It then provides 3 key points on the purpose of combing fibers. It proceeds to describe the major components of the comber machine and outlines the 10 step combing cycle. It concludes by noting that combing is used to separate out short fibers and upgrade medium staple fibers, producing higher quality combed yarn and fabric.
The document provides an overview of looms and loom mechanisms. It discusses the basic components and functions of a loom, including the heald shaft, sley or lay, shuttle, shuttle box, picker, and reed. It describes how these components work together to form fabric by interlacing the warp and weft threads. The passage of materials through a typical loom is also illustrated in a diagram.
This document provides information about dimensional stability and geometry in weft knit fabric. It was presented by 7 students from the Textile department of Bangladesh University of Business & Technology. The key points discussed include how knitted fabrics are prone to changes in size and shape from wear and washing. It also discusses dimensional stability states, loop length, areal density, fabric cover, tightness factor, and spirality - defined as dimensional distortion where wale rows are not perpendicular to courses. Formulas are presented for factors that influence the angle of spirality, such as the number of feeders, loop shape, and number of active needles.
This document discusses jammed fabric structures and provides mathematical models to predict their properties. A jammed fabric is one where the warp and weft yarns are in intimate contact with no mobility between yarns. Pierce's model and the racetrack model are presented to calculate thread spacing, fabric cover, and crimp based on yarn diameters. A truly square jammed fabric has equal warp and weft spacing, crimp, and angles. Such a fabric has 20.9% crimp and cover factors of 16.2. Jammed fabrics are closely woven and used for waterproof, windproof and bulletproof applications.
The following terms & definitions are used to describe and explain cotton fiber maturity.
Circularity :
The degree of thickening which is calculated by the cross sectional area of the fiber wall divided by the area of a circle of the same perimeter.
Theta :
Average circularity of the matured fibers also described as the degree of thickening.
Fineness (mtex) : Average fiber fineness (weight per unit length) in millitex. 1000 meters of fibers with a mass of 1 milligram equals 1 millitex.
IFC (%) :
Immature fiber content in percent. Percentage of fibers with less than 0.25 circularity. The lower the IFC% the better the fiber is for dyeing.
Maturity Ratio :
Maturity Ratio is the ratio of fibers with a 0.5 (or more) circularity ratio devided by the amount of fibers with a 0.25 (or less) circularity. The higher the maturity ratio, the more mature the fibers are and the better the fibers are for dyeing.
This document discusses different methods for constructing crepe and satin weaves. It describes four methods for constructing crepe weaves: using a crepe weave or yarn on a sateen base; combining a floating weave with plain threads; reversing a small motif at intervals; and inserting one weave over another. It also provides guidelines for making satin weaves, noting that the move number cannot be less than or a factor of the satin number, and there should be no common factors between the move and satin numbers.
This document provides pricing information for knit fabrics including yarn prices for various fiber compositions like cotton, viscose, and blends. It also lists processing charges for knitting, dyeing, washing, and the relationship between yarn count and fabric weight. The most common fibers for knit fabrics are cotton and viscose, often with elastane, constructed mainly using the single jersey method for items like t-shirts and tops.
The document discusses combing preparatory processes. It describes the need for combing preparatory, which includes fiber straightening, reversing fiber flow, and producing a flat sliver. Traditionally, this involved a sliver lap machine and ribbon lap machine, but now mostly uses a draw frame and sliver lap machine. The objectives of combing preparatory are to straighten fibers, reverse flow, maximize leading fiber hooks, and produce a flat sliver. Different machine types and their functions are explained, including parameters that influence the combing operation and quality of the finished product.
This document is a lab report submitted by 7 students to their lecturer for an assignment on measuring twist per inch of yarn. It describes an experiment conducted using a yarn twist tester machine to measure the twist of a 10-inch cotton yarn sample. The report details the objectives, apparatus used, working principle, calculations, and results which found that the yarn had 11 twists per inch. It concludes that measuring twist per inch helps determine yarn strength, direction, fiber fitness, and thickness.
This document provides information about a presentation given by Md. Golam Mortuza Limon on fabric structure and design. The presentation covered topics such as introduction to fabric structure, identification of warp and weft, classification of woven structures, and characteristics of plain weave. It defined key terms, described different types of woven structures and their features, and provided examples of plain weave derivatives like rib, matt, and fancy weaves. Diagrams and formulas were included to illustrate weaving patterns and drafting plans.
Textile physics provides essential knowledge for textile engineering. It covers topics like yarn geometry, fabric geometry, and mechanical properties that help understand how materials behave and are used. Specifically, textile physics informs calculations like yarn diameter and strength; fiber distribution in yarns; relationships between twist, count, and strength; fabric permeability and crimp; and mechanical properties like fatigue, creep, breaking strength, and dimensional changes from swelling. Understanding these fundamentals from textile physics is necessary for extracting properties from fabrics and controlling fabrication processes in textile engineering.
This document contains information about woven fabrics submitted by students Amit Biswas, Md. Ahasan Habib, and Tahmina Hossain Bristy to their lecturer Mr. Suja Ahmed Auporbo. It defines woven fabric as being made from two sets of warp and weft yarns interlaced at right angles. Woven fabrics are classified as having either a simple or compound structure. Simple structures use one set of parallel warp and weft yarns, while compound structures use more than one set of yarns including some for ornamental purposes. The document also describes and provides examples of various basic woven structures including plain weave, twill weave, satin weave
The document discusses various weaving, knitting, and fabric finishing techniques. It begins by defining weaving and knitting as the two main fabrication processes for producing woven and knit fabrics. It then provides details on specific weaving structures like plain, twill, satin and their formulas. The document also discusses different knitting structures categorized into basic and fancy types along with their characteristics. Finally, it lists various wet processing techniques used in washing, printing and embroidering fabrics to achieve different surface effects.
This document discusses process control and yarn quality in spinning. It contains 13 chapters that cover various aspects of quality management in the spinning industry such as quality definitions, statistical quality control, raw material selection, control of waste and neps, control of count and strength variation, yarn evenness, short term irregularity, yarn faults, productivity, and yarn quality requirements. The introduction provides an overview of the contents in each chapter.
Textile physics provides essential knowledge for textile engineering. It covers topics like yarn geometry, fabric geometry, and mechanical properties that impact material behaviors. Specifically, yarn geometry teaches about fiber distribution, migration, and relationships between twist and count. Fabric geometry addresses permeability, crimp, and tensile properties. Mechanical properties include fatigue, creep, breaking strength, swelling, flexural properties, frictional properties, and thermal properties. Understanding these physics concepts is relevant and necessary for textile engineering applications and process control.
Pierce's model treats woven fabric as a repeating network of identical unit cells composed of interlacing yarns with circular cross-sections. It allows for calculation of geometric parameters like thread spacing and fabric thickness. Kemp's model modifies yarn cross-section to an elliptical racetrack shape to better model tightly woven fabrics. Hearle's lenticular model uses an energy approach. While these models provide simplified representations, real fabrics do not conform to idealized shapes and the relationship between geometry and mechanical properties is still not fully understood.
KNIT FABRIC IDENTIFICATION ON BEHALF OF THE GROUP .BY-MD. SHARIFUL ISLAM IMANMD.SHARIFUL ISLAM IMAN
The document provides information on various knitted fabrics for product development and re-engineering. It discusses the history and definition of knitting. It then provides details on 12 specific knitted fabrics - Pique CVC, Mini Waffle, Fleece, Spandex Jersey, Slub Cotton Jersey, Organic Cotton, Viscose Stripe, UV Protection, Colmax Mesh, and Bird Eye Mesh. For each fabric, it describes the material composition, weight, usage, advantages, and disadvantages. The document is intended as a reference for a presentation submitted to Md. Tanjibul Hasan Sajib and GROUP LEADER – MD. SHARIFUL ISLAM IMAN for product development purposes.
This document discusses yarn count systems. It explains that yarns come in different thicknesses and are typically sold based on weight. There are two main systems for expressing yarn count: direct and indirect. Direct systems indicate the weight of a given length of yarn, while indirect systems indicate the length of yarn in a given weight. Common direct units include tex, dtex, and ktex which measure grams per 1000 meters, 10000 meters, and 1 meter respectively. Common indirect units include Nm, Nec, and Nw which measure meters, 840-yard hanks, and 560-yard hanks per gram respectively. The document provides examples and conversion factors between different count systems.
Knitting is a process of making fabric by interlocking loops of yarn. It can be done by hand or machine, and involves pulling loops of yarn through previous loops to form the fabric. There are two main types of knitting: weft knitting and warp knitting, which are differentiated by the direction the yarn moves relative to fabric formation. Knitted fabrics are popular for properties like stretchability, softness, and moisture wicking. Common knitted fabrics include jersey and rib fabrics. Knitting has advantages over weaving like less yarn waste and ability to better engineer fabric properties.
Textiles and Multi-axial Reinforcements Dr alistair mc ilhagger technical tex...Invest Northern Ireland
The document discusses technical textiles and 3D woven composites. It provides an overview of research at Ulster University on 3D weaving technology, including its historical importance in Northern Ireland. Some key benefits of 3D woven composites are their delamination resistance and potential for reduced costs compared to traditional laminate composites. However, challenges remain around crimp levels, developing new machinery and processes, and variations in weave design and properties. The NIACE competence centre is presented as a way to help address challenges and accelerate development from concept to commercialization.
This document discusses spacer fabrics, which are three-dimensional knitted fabrics composed of two separate knitted layers joined by spacer yarns. Spacer fabrics are produced through weft and warp knitting and have applications in automotive, home, medical, and other technical textiles. They provide properties such as breathability, cushioning, insulation, and compression elasticity. The most common manufacturing process is knitting, which allows for two fabric layers to be held together by tucks or stitches from spacer yarns to create a lightweight, breathable 3D structure.
1. A draw frame is a machine that combines, draws out, and levels sliver fibers to prepare them for spinning.
2. It performs several key functions including straightening, paralleling, blending, and removing irregularities from slivers of fibers like cotton.
3. The main actions involved are equalizing, parallelizing, blending, and dust removal through drafting, doubling, and drawing out the slivers between pairs of rollers that increase in speed.
The document is a presentation about a draw frame machine. It defines a draw frame as a machine that blends, doubles and levels slivers of cotton by drafting and doubling them. It lists the key parts of the machine and describes the actions of drafting, doubling and drawing that take place. The tasks of the draw frame are to equalize, parallelize and blend slivers, while removing dust. The waste produced includes filter, clearer and sliver cut waste.
Modular Bridging for Permanent and Temporary LocationsMECandPMV
Mabey Bridge is a UK-based company that manufactures modular steel bridges for permanent and temporary use. They have 3 manufacturing plants and produce bridges, towers, girders and other products out of steel. Their modular bridges include the Compact 200, Universal, Delta, and Atlas/flyover models. The document provides examples of projects where Mabey Bridge products were used, including the Berbice River Bridge in Guyana, Chaglla Dam in Peru, and various bridges in Sri Lanka, Panama, Qatar, and other locations.
This document is Saxo Bank's 2010 annual report. The summary provides:
1) Saxo Bank had its most profitable year ever in 2010, with operating income reaching DKK 3,338 million and net profit of DKK 644 million, up significantly from 2009.
2) Key drivers such as number of clients, number of trades, and trading volumes increased. Assets under management and client deposits grew to DKK 62.5 billion from DKK 34.5 billion in 2009.
3) Saxo Bank continued executing its transformation plan focused on efficiency, and expanded into the Danish retail banking sector through acquisitions. New products, platforms and offices were also developed.
This certificate recognizes that Giang La successfully completed a course in Emergency Management by September 1st, 2015, earning a final score of 75%. The course consisted of several modules on risk assessment, resilience, response, and recovery, with scores ranging from 50% to 90%.
This document contains instructions for a mathematical exercise that is purported to surprisingly reveal personal information about the reader. It instructs the reader to choose how many times per week they would like to go out for dinner, perform some calculations by multiplying and adding numbers, and claims the resulting three-digit number will have the dinner frequency as the first digit and their age as the last two digits, but only for the year 2009.
The document discusses combing preparatory processes. It describes the need for combing preparatory, which includes fiber straightening, reversing fiber flow, and producing a flat sliver. Traditionally, this involved a sliver lap machine and ribbon lap machine, but now mostly uses a draw frame and sliver lap machine. The objectives of combing preparatory are to straighten fibers, reverse flow, maximize leading fiber hooks, and produce a flat sliver. Different machine types and their functions are explained, including parameters that influence the combing operation and quality of the finished product.
This document is a lab report submitted by 7 students to their lecturer for an assignment on measuring twist per inch of yarn. It describes an experiment conducted using a yarn twist tester machine to measure the twist of a 10-inch cotton yarn sample. The report details the objectives, apparatus used, working principle, calculations, and results which found that the yarn had 11 twists per inch. It concludes that measuring twist per inch helps determine yarn strength, direction, fiber fitness, and thickness.
This document provides information about a presentation given by Md. Golam Mortuza Limon on fabric structure and design. The presentation covered topics such as introduction to fabric structure, identification of warp and weft, classification of woven structures, and characteristics of plain weave. It defined key terms, described different types of woven structures and their features, and provided examples of plain weave derivatives like rib, matt, and fancy weaves. Diagrams and formulas were included to illustrate weaving patterns and drafting plans.
Textile physics provides essential knowledge for textile engineering. It covers topics like yarn geometry, fabric geometry, and mechanical properties that help understand how materials behave and are used. Specifically, textile physics informs calculations like yarn diameter and strength; fiber distribution in yarns; relationships between twist, count, and strength; fabric permeability and crimp; and mechanical properties like fatigue, creep, breaking strength, and dimensional changes from swelling. Understanding these fundamentals from textile physics is necessary for extracting properties from fabrics and controlling fabrication processes in textile engineering.
This document contains information about woven fabrics submitted by students Amit Biswas, Md. Ahasan Habib, and Tahmina Hossain Bristy to their lecturer Mr. Suja Ahmed Auporbo. It defines woven fabric as being made from two sets of warp and weft yarns interlaced at right angles. Woven fabrics are classified as having either a simple or compound structure. Simple structures use one set of parallel warp and weft yarns, while compound structures use more than one set of yarns including some for ornamental purposes. The document also describes and provides examples of various basic woven structures including plain weave, twill weave, satin weave
The document discusses various weaving, knitting, and fabric finishing techniques. It begins by defining weaving and knitting as the two main fabrication processes for producing woven and knit fabrics. It then provides details on specific weaving structures like plain, twill, satin and their formulas. The document also discusses different knitting structures categorized into basic and fancy types along with their characteristics. Finally, it lists various wet processing techniques used in washing, printing and embroidering fabrics to achieve different surface effects.
This document discusses process control and yarn quality in spinning. It contains 13 chapters that cover various aspects of quality management in the spinning industry such as quality definitions, statistical quality control, raw material selection, control of waste and neps, control of count and strength variation, yarn evenness, short term irregularity, yarn faults, productivity, and yarn quality requirements. The introduction provides an overview of the contents in each chapter.
Textile physics provides essential knowledge for textile engineering. It covers topics like yarn geometry, fabric geometry, and mechanical properties that impact material behaviors. Specifically, yarn geometry teaches about fiber distribution, migration, and relationships between twist and count. Fabric geometry addresses permeability, crimp, and tensile properties. Mechanical properties include fatigue, creep, breaking strength, swelling, flexural properties, frictional properties, and thermal properties. Understanding these physics concepts is relevant and necessary for textile engineering applications and process control.
Pierce's model treats woven fabric as a repeating network of identical unit cells composed of interlacing yarns with circular cross-sections. It allows for calculation of geometric parameters like thread spacing and fabric thickness. Kemp's model modifies yarn cross-section to an elliptical racetrack shape to better model tightly woven fabrics. Hearle's lenticular model uses an energy approach. While these models provide simplified representations, real fabrics do not conform to idealized shapes and the relationship between geometry and mechanical properties is still not fully understood.
KNIT FABRIC IDENTIFICATION ON BEHALF OF THE GROUP .BY-MD. SHARIFUL ISLAM IMANMD.SHARIFUL ISLAM IMAN
The document provides information on various knitted fabrics for product development and re-engineering. It discusses the history and definition of knitting. It then provides details on 12 specific knitted fabrics - Pique CVC, Mini Waffle, Fleece, Spandex Jersey, Slub Cotton Jersey, Organic Cotton, Viscose Stripe, UV Protection, Colmax Mesh, and Bird Eye Mesh. For each fabric, it describes the material composition, weight, usage, advantages, and disadvantages. The document is intended as a reference for a presentation submitted to Md. Tanjibul Hasan Sajib and GROUP LEADER – MD. SHARIFUL ISLAM IMAN for product development purposes.
This document discusses yarn count systems. It explains that yarns come in different thicknesses and are typically sold based on weight. There are two main systems for expressing yarn count: direct and indirect. Direct systems indicate the weight of a given length of yarn, while indirect systems indicate the length of yarn in a given weight. Common direct units include tex, dtex, and ktex which measure grams per 1000 meters, 10000 meters, and 1 meter respectively. Common indirect units include Nm, Nec, and Nw which measure meters, 840-yard hanks, and 560-yard hanks per gram respectively. The document provides examples and conversion factors between different count systems.
Knitting is a process of making fabric by interlocking loops of yarn. It can be done by hand or machine, and involves pulling loops of yarn through previous loops to form the fabric. There are two main types of knitting: weft knitting and warp knitting, which are differentiated by the direction the yarn moves relative to fabric formation. Knitted fabrics are popular for properties like stretchability, softness, and moisture wicking. Common knitted fabrics include jersey and rib fabrics. Knitting has advantages over weaving like less yarn waste and ability to better engineer fabric properties.
Textiles and Multi-axial Reinforcements Dr alistair mc ilhagger technical tex...Invest Northern Ireland
The document discusses technical textiles and 3D woven composites. It provides an overview of research at Ulster University on 3D weaving technology, including its historical importance in Northern Ireland. Some key benefits of 3D woven composites are their delamination resistance and potential for reduced costs compared to traditional laminate composites. However, challenges remain around crimp levels, developing new machinery and processes, and variations in weave design and properties. The NIACE competence centre is presented as a way to help address challenges and accelerate development from concept to commercialization.
This document discusses spacer fabrics, which are three-dimensional knitted fabrics composed of two separate knitted layers joined by spacer yarns. Spacer fabrics are produced through weft and warp knitting and have applications in automotive, home, medical, and other technical textiles. They provide properties such as breathability, cushioning, insulation, and compression elasticity. The most common manufacturing process is knitting, which allows for two fabric layers to be held together by tucks or stitches from spacer yarns to create a lightweight, breathable 3D structure.
1. A draw frame is a machine that combines, draws out, and levels sliver fibers to prepare them for spinning.
2. It performs several key functions including straightening, paralleling, blending, and removing irregularities from slivers of fibers like cotton.
3. The main actions involved are equalizing, parallelizing, blending, and dust removal through drafting, doubling, and drawing out the slivers between pairs of rollers that increase in speed.
The document is a presentation about a draw frame machine. It defines a draw frame as a machine that blends, doubles and levels slivers of cotton by drafting and doubling them. It lists the key parts of the machine and describes the actions of drafting, doubling and drawing that take place. The tasks of the draw frame are to equalize, parallelize and blend slivers, while removing dust. The waste produced includes filter, clearer and sliver cut waste.
Modular Bridging for Permanent and Temporary LocationsMECandPMV
Mabey Bridge is a UK-based company that manufactures modular steel bridges for permanent and temporary use. They have 3 manufacturing plants and produce bridges, towers, girders and other products out of steel. Their modular bridges include the Compact 200, Universal, Delta, and Atlas/flyover models. The document provides examples of projects where Mabey Bridge products were used, including the Berbice River Bridge in Guyana, Chaglla Dam in Peru, and various bridges in Sri Lanka, Panama, Qatar, and other locations.
This document is Saxo Bank's 2010 annual report. The summary provides:
1) Saxo Bank had its most profitable year ever in 2010, with operating income reaching DKK 3,338 million and net profit of DKK 644 million, up significantly from 2009.
2) Key drivers such as number of clients, number of trades, and trading volumes increased. Assets under management and client deposits grew to DKK 62.5 billion from DKK 34.5 billion in 2009.
3) Saxo Bank continued executing its transformation plan focused on efficiency, and expanded into the Danish retail banking sector through acquisitions. New products, platforms and offices were also developed.
This certificate recognizes that Giang La successfully completed a course in Emergency Management by September 1st, 2015, earning a final score of 75%. The course consisted of several modules on risk assessment, resilience, response, and recovery, with scores ranging from 50% to 90%.
This document contains instructions for a mathematical exercise that is purported to surprisingly reveal personal information about the reader. It instructs the reader to choose how many times per week they would like to go out for dinner, perform some calculations by multiplying and adding numbers, and claims the resulting three-digit number will have the dinner frequency as the first digit and their age as the last two digits, but only for the year 2009.
This letter provides a recommendation for Lisa Kirkwood, who worked as a Chemistry instructor at Lake Dallas High School for the past year. The letter writer, Jeffrey St. John, was impressed by Ms. Kirkwood's organization, creative lesson plans aligned to the curriculum, and use of multiple teaching methods to engage students. Ms. Kirkwood also collaborated well with colleagues and was willing to share resources and ideas. The letter concludes that Ms. Kirkwood will continue to be a valuable asset to the teaching profession and any school district lucky enough to hire her.
This document is a complaint filed by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission against Ronald Satterfield, Graham Street Forex Group LLC, Shore-2-Summit Financial LLC, and Nicholas Bos for defrauding over 70 individuals of more than $3.3 million by falsely claiming their funds would be used for forex trading and generating high returns. The complaint alleges the defendants operated a Ponzi scheme, misappropriated customer funds for personal use, and issued false account statements to conceal losses and perpetuate the fraud. The CFTC is seeking to enjoin the unlawful acts, compel compliance with commodity trading laws, and obtain civil penalties and restitution.
Ynot? is a cloud-based lead management and admissions tracking solution for higher education institutions. It allows schools to capture prospective student information, track marketing performance and spending, manage leads through the enrollment funnel, and monitor call center activity. Key features include lead management, vendor management, contact management, call tracking, and call center solutions to optimize admissions and minimize costs.
This document discusses key societal trends that will be important for the TMP/TLP Programme to address in 2015: social responsibility, emotional customer, glocalisation, convergence technology, and co-creation. For each trend, it provides a brief definition and examples of how TMP/TLP can cater to that trend, such as by facilitating social connections, offering self-reflective experiences, engaging locally and globally, promoting collaborative learning using technology, and empowering individuals through distributed decision-making. The overall message is that TMP/TLP must take these 2015 societal trends into account to remain relevant and achieve its goals.
Este documento presenta un diccionario griego-inglés-español elaborado por el Dr. Édgar Amílcar Madrid Morales. Contiene 440 palabras útiles del griego koiné traducidas al inglés y español. El diccionario fue creado para facilitar el estudio bíblico a estudiantes, maestros y pastores que no dominan completamente el inglés. Incluye notas sobre pronunciación del griego y abreviaturas utilizadas.
This document describes British patent GB785673 (A) from 1957 regarding improvements to soil-resistant pile fabrics and methods of making them. Specifically, it involves treating pile fabrics with discrete particles of non-filmforming synthetic resins like polyvinyl chloride to increase the fabrics' resistance to permanent soiling. The treatment involves applying a dilute aqueous colloidal solution of the resin to the pile surface and drying it to leave resin particles only on the outer portions of the yarn elements forming the pile.
This document describes a beam construction for mounting fabric rolls during processing with fluids. The beam has radially extending members with movable means like pins that engage the fabric edges to prevent shrinkage or shifting during processing. The pins penetrate the fabric layers and are held at an acute angle. After processing, the movable means release the pins to allow removal of the fabric from the beam.
Woven fabric is produced by interlacing warp threads that run lengthwise with weft threads that run across. The appearance and properties of woven fabric depend on yarn structure and fabric structure. There are four basic fabric parameters: thread count, yarn diameter, yarn bending, and weaving order. Weaving involves repeatedly raising warp yarns with harnesses to make a shed, inserting the weft through with a shuttle or rapier, and firmly beating it into place with a reed. Modern looms use rapier or projectile picking for higher speeds.
Cotton spun-yarns-for-knit-and-woven-fabricsSamrat Dewan
This technical bulletin discusses cotton spun yarns for knit and woven fabrics. It describes the key steps in processing cotton spun yarns including bale feeding, fiber opening/cleaning, blending, carding, drawing, combing (optional), roving (for ring spinning only), and the major spinning systems - ring spinning, open-end spinning, air-jet spinning, and vortex spinning. Each spinning system has different fiber preparation requirements and produces yarns with unique characteristics suited for various textile applications.
Paper - A new approach to producing tubular items using +a -B spread tow fab...TeXtreme ®
This document introduces a new approach for producing tubular composite items using +α/-β spread tow fabrics. Spread tow fabrics incorporate tapes at angles other than the conventional 0°/90° orientation. Using continuous-length +α/-β spread tow fabrics allows tubular items to be directly roll-wrapped, providing a new, cost-effective alternative to filament winding. Tubular items experience complex loading, so +α/-β spread tow fabrics with tapes at different angles can improve properties over filament winding. The document outlines existing textile production methods for tubular items and their limitations, establishing that +α/-β spread tow fabrics enable new opportunities for automating and improving tubular composite manufacturing.
Stitch bonding is a hybrid textile manufacturing technique that combines elements of nonwoven, sewing, and knitting processes. It involves locking layers of cross-laid fibers or nonwoven fabrics into a warp knit structure using pointed needles that penetrate the layers and insert stitching yarn. There are several stitch bonding systems that differ in whether they use a separate stitching thread or form loops within the layers themselves. Common applications of stitch bonded fabrics include upholstery, mattress coverings, cleaning cloths, and industrial materials like filters or insulation.
This document provides information about preparation for weaving, including yarn preparation and the weaving process. It discusses the history of weaving and looms. It also summarizes the key steps in yarn preparation for weaving, including winding, warping, sizing, and drawing and denting. The purpose of yarn preparation is to transfer yarn to packages suitable for weaving and improve yarn quality before weaving.
This document discusses opportunities and challenges for textile reinforced composites. It describes how textiles can be formed using various processes like weaving, knitting, braiding, and direct forming to create structures with multiple fiber orientations. Textiles are considered to have cost advantages over tape layup methods. However, shaping textiles to create tapered or complex geometries can introduce variations in fiber volume fraction, weave angle, yarn distribution, and mechanical properties across the structure. Careful design is required to minimize these variations.
A loom is a device used to produce weave fabrics . It's the central point of the whole process of fabric production. ... MODERN LOOM Modern loom means Shuttle less loom. Its development during the 20th century. Several types of modern loom have Come for industrial use.
This document discusses different types of woven pile fabrics. It begins by defining pile fabrics as those with tufts of cut warp or weft threads projecting at right angles from the foundation to form a brush-like surface. Pile fabrics are classified as either weft pile fabrics, like velveteen and corduroy, or warp pile fabrics, like velvet. The document then focuses on weft pile fabrics, describing their construction including the use of two types of weft threads and a low warp sett to allow for a high density of weft picks. Common weft pile fabrics are discussed along with details of velveteen fabrics and their classifications. The cutting of the pile floats is also briefly described.
Technical fabrics are fabrics manufactured for their technical performance properties rather than aesthetic qualities. They are produced through various methods including weaving, knitting, felting, and non-woven processes. Key specifications that define technical fabrics include construction, area density, cover factor, weave type, crimp, width, and thickness. Common weaves are plain, twill, satin, and sateen weaves. Technical fabrics have a wide range of applications including conveyor belts, filters, parachutes, tires, and more.
Fibers are converted into yarns through several processes to prepare them for fabric construction. Fibers are first opened, blended, and cleaned. They then undergo either carding or combing to further clean and align the fibers into slivers. The slivers are drawn and spun into yarns, which can be done through ring spinning, rotor spinning, or air jet spinning. Ring spinning produces the highest quality yarns while rotor and air jet spinning have higher production rates. The yarns are then wound onto packages or cones and are ready to be used to create fabrics through weaving or knitting.
This document discusses different types of woven pile fabrics. It begins by defining pile fabrics as those with tufts of cut warp or weft threads projecting at right angles from the foundation to form a pile or loop surface. Pile fabrics are classified as either weft pile (such as velveteen and corduroy) or warp pile (such as velvet). Weft pile fabrics incorporate two types of weft threads and one type of warp thread. They contain a greater proportion of weft than warp threads and require high weft density which is achieved through low warp sett and high warp tension. Common weft pile fabrics include corduroy, velveteen, and Manchester fabric. The document also discusses velveteen fabrics
Effects of tightness factor on spirality and seams displacement of tubular sj...rasel59
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The document discusses the singeing process, which is used to remove protruding fibers from fabric surfaces to give them a smooth appearance. Singeing involves passing fabric over an open flame or heated plates, which burns off the loose fibers. This improves the surface and reduces pilling. There are three main types of singeing machines - gas, plate, and rotary cylinder machines. Gas singeing is most common as it allows for uniform and controlled singeing. The key parameters for gas singeing include flame intensity, fabric speed, and distance from the flame. Singeing must be carefully monitored to ensure an even and complete result without damaging the fabric.
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The document describes a process for manufacturing sheet materials composed of adhesively bonded fibers. It involves drawing fibers from a carding machine and conveying them to a lapping machine, which deposits overlapping layers on a conveyor belt. Bonding agents are introduced between the layers by jets that inject a small cloud of agents into the air between falling layers, allowing even distribution. The layered material is then consolidated by pressure and dried to form the finished product.
The document describes a process for manufacturing sheet materials composed of adhesively bonded fibers. It involves drawing fibers from a carding machine and conveying them to a lapping machine, which deposits overlapping layers on a conveyor belt. Bonding agents are introduced between the layers by jets that inject a small cloud of agents into the air between falling layers, allowing even distribution. The layered material is then consolidated by pressure and dried to form the finished product.
The document describes a process for manufacturing sheet materials composed of adhesively bonded fibers. It involves drawing fibers from a carding machine and conveying them to a lapping machine, which deposits overlapping layers on a conveyor belt. Bonding agents are introduced between the layers by jets that inject a small cloud of agents into the air between falling layers, allowing even distribution. The layered material is then consolidated by pressure and dried to form the finished product.
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This document describes a patent for improvements in the production of the antibiotic griseofulvin under deep culture conditions. It finds that griseofulvin can be produced on a large scale through submerged aerobic culture of suitable organisms, such as Penicillium patulum, if the available nitrogen level in the culture medium is carefully controlled between 0.04-0.3% nitrogen. Optimum yields are obtained at nitrogen levels of 0.075-0.25%, with the specific optimum depending on factors like inoculum type and fermenter size.
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This document describes a process for dyeing or printing textiles or foils made of cellulose esters or linear aromatic polyesters. Specifically, it involves using acid dyestuffs from the anthraquinone series that have a sulphonic acid group that can be split off by a reducing agent. This causes the dyestuff to become insoluble and bond to the textile or foil substrate. Examples are provided of dyeing various materials like polyester fibers, acetate rayon and cellulose triacetate fibers using different dyestuffs and reducing agents. The dyed materials exhibit good light and wash fastness according to the document.
1. * GB780048 (A)
Description: GB780048 (A) ? 1957-07-31
Improvements in pile fabric and method of making same
Description of GB780048 (A)
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PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: March 29, 1955.
780,048 No. 911 1/55.
W ' X 1 0 Application made in United States of America on June 18,
1954.
Complete Specification Published: July 31, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 42(1), A4; and 62(4), F(1:13)
international Classification:-DO3f, D0Gh6 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in Pile Fabric and Method of Making Same We, UNITED
STATES RUBBER COMPANY, of Rockefeller Center, 1230 Avenue of the
Americas, New York, State of New York, United States of America, a
corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of New
Jersey, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for
which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by
which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement:-
2. This invention relates to a novel looped pile fabric suitable for
upholstery and allied purposes and to a method of making such a
fabric.
Looped pile fabrics suitable for upholstery purposes have been made
heretofore in constructions which are costly and by the use of methods
which require special cumbersome and expensive machinery. For example,
looped pile fabrics are made on a plush loom in which a series of
weftwise wires enter the fabric to form the warp loops and to keep
them in place while the fabric is being woven, after which the wires
are detached and withdrawn. Looped pile fabrics are also made by means
of a needle punch mechanism which pushes loops of yarn through a
ground fabric by means of reciprocating needles.
Jacquard looms in which each individual warp strand is controlled
independently may also be used for making looped pile fabrics.
The looped pile fabrics produced by these methods of the prior art
have one salient feature in common; they are costly because the
machinery used is expensive, and the production from this machinery is
low.
The object of this invention is to provide a novel looped pile fabric
which is inexpensive to manufacture. The fabric in accordance with
this invention is such that it can be woven on a simple
loom,andbysuitabletreatment the off-the-loom-fabric can be transformed
into a looped pile fabric suitable for use in upholstering and similar
applications.
[Price It is a further object of this invention to provide a method of
making such a looped pile fabric.
In accordance with this invention a flat fabric is first woven on any
suitable loom 50 such as the ordinary plain loom. This flat fabric is
woven in the form of a ground fabric which comprises any desired
textile strands running in one direction thereof, and highly
contractile thermoplastic strands 55 capable of shrinking from 30 to
60% running in the other direction thereof. These strands may be
interwoven in any suitable weave such as a plain weave. The flat
fabric also includes an additional system of lofty yarns 60 that are
non-contractile. These lofty yarns extend in a direction parallel to
the thermoplastic strands, and they are interwoven with the ground
fabric in a weave in which they form a series of floats extending over
2 to 6 65 or more crossing strands on one side only of the ground
fabric.
The flat fabric is then treated to cause the contractile yarns to
shrink from 30 to 60%.
As these strands shrink, the spaced apart 70 points at which the
system of lofty yarns are woven to the ground fabric will be drawn
more closely together by the shrinkage of the ground fabric. As these
3. points are drawn more closely together, the soft, lofty yarns in 75
the floats will buckle to form upstanding loops extending from one
surface of the ground fabric, and these loops will populate densely
this surface to form a looped pile.
Thereafter the opposite surface of the ground 80 fabric may be coated
or impregnated with a flexible organic coating. material such as
natural or synthetic rubber, or vinyl resin, which coating serves to
anchor the non-contractile loop yarns to the ground fabric to 85
prevent pulling out or pushing through of the loops in these
non-contractile yarns under stresses exerted on the fabric.
Any suitable thermoplastic strands may be used for the heat
contractile strands in the 90 780,048 fabric of this invention. Many
such strands and their shrinking characteristics are well known in the
textile industry. For example, strands of polyethylene, or strands of
vinyl chloride and vinyl-idene chloride copolymers known commercially
as Saran (Registered Trade Mark), or strands or vinyl chloride/ vinyl
acetate copolymers such as that known commercially as Vinyon
(Registered Trade Mark) or strands of vinyl chloride polymers such as
"Rhovyl" (Registered Trade Mark) may be used. The crossing strands of
the ground fabric may be formed of any natural or synthetic fibers,
either in staple or continuous filament form. Many soft lofty yarns
suitable for the pile yarns are well known to the textile industry.
Looped pile fabrics in accordance with this invention may be made in
which the loops are arranged on the surface of the fabric to form many
pleasing and attractive designs by varying the weave pattern in which
the floats are woven to the ground fabric. Thus the loops may be
formed in rows extending transversely of the fabric by suitably
aligning the points at which the looped yarns are interwoven with the
ground fabric. If desired the loops can be disposed in the surface of
the fabric in a twill, herringbone, or other pattern by weaving the
floats to the ground fabric in similar weaves.
If desired fabrics having multi-planar surfaces may be produced in
accordance with this invention by suitably varying the weave pattern
in which the floats are tied to the ground fabric. Thus, for example,
any individual float yarn may be made to pass over first a greater
number of crossing strands for example 4 to 6, then be interwoven with
the ground fabric, and next made to pass over a lesser number of
crossing strands, for example 2 to 3, before being again tied to the
ground fabric. When such an off-the-loom fabric is shrunken, the
longer and shorter floats will form loops of different heights. By
suitably weaving all of the strands in the system of float yarns, a
fabric can be produced having areas with relatively tall loops therein
and other areas with somewhat short50er loops therein to produce
fabrics having multi-planar surfaces.
4. Many varied colored effects may also be achieved in the lopped pile
fabric in accordance with this invention. Thus the system of float
yarns may contain differently colored yarns, so that the fabric after
shrinking will have different colors in its pile surface. Or yarns
which are dye receptive may be interwoven with yarns which are dye
resistant, and the fabric may be subsequently dyed to produce
variegated effects in the finished fabric. It will be readily apparent
that fabrics in accordance with this invention can be piece dyed after
they are formed. When such a procedure is used the piece dyeing
operation and the shrinking operation can be combined so that as the
fabric is subjected to the dye bath it also is shrunk to form the
raised pile loops of the finished product.
For a better understanding of the nature of 70 this invention,
reference should be had to the following detailed description thereof
and of specific embodiments of the invention, and to the accompanying
drawings forming a part of this specification. 75
In the drawings:Fig. 1 is a greatly enlarged plan view of an
of-the-loom fabric embodying this invention, Fig. 2 is a sectional
view of the fabric of Fig. 1 along the line 2-2 of Fig. 1; 80 Fig. 3
is a view illustrating the formation of loops in a part of a fabric
such as that shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 4 is a perspective view of a fabric
embodying this invention illustrating one of 85 the designs which this
invention permits.
In the looped pile fabric in accordance with this invention, a flat
fabric is first woven on any suitable loom such as the ordinary loom.
This flat fabric comprises a woven 90 ground fabric which includes
heat contractile thermoplastic strands capable of shrinking from 30 to
60 '- extending in one direction thereof and any other suitable
textile strands extending in the other direction 95 thereof. In
addition to the yarns forming this ground fabric, the flat fabric
includes a system of float yarns which extend in a direction parallel
to the heat-shrinkable strands.
The float yarns are non-shrinkable, soft and 100 lofty, and as the
ground fabric is woven, the floats are interwoven simultaneously
therewith in a weave pattern in which they repeatedly float over 2 to
6 or more crossing strands of the ground fabric. The float 105 yarns
are tied to the ground fabric at spaced apart points by any suitable
stitches such as the well known woven V-stitch or the Wstitch.
These features are illustrated in Fig. 1 of 110 the drawings wherein
the off-the-loom fabric will be seen to include a woven ground fabric
having heat shrinkable strands 11 extending in one direction thereof
and the crossing strands 12 extending in the other direction 115
thereof. These strands 11, 12 may be interwoven in any suitable weave,
and in the embodiment shown in the drawing they are interwoven in a
5. plain weave. There is interwoven with this ground fabric a system of
120 non-contractile float yarns 13 extending in a direction parallel
to the heat shrinkable strands 11. In the drawings, alternate ones of
these float yarns are shown in light and dark shading respectively to
illustrate the 125 principles of the specific embodiment shown.
These non-shrinkable yarns 13 float over a plurality of crossing
strands 12, and are interwoven with the ground fabric 10 at intervals.
Thus the yarn 13' passes under a crossing 13i 780,048 strand 12,
thence over five of these crossing strands, and then passes under
another crossing strand. The adjacent float yarn 13" floats over three
of the crossing strands 12.
After the fabric having such a construction is shrunk, the yarns 13'
and 13", as well as all the other float yarns, will be found to buckle
and form the looped configuration illustrated in Fig. 3 in the
drawings. These loops will populate densely one entire surface of the
finished fabric to constitute a looped pile. In a finished fabric
which is constructed as illustrated in Figs. 1 to 3, the smaller loops
formed by the yarns 13" will underlie the larger loops formed by the
yarns 13' and tend to support them against matting in use.
The heat shrinkable strands 11 which extend in a direction parallel to
the float yarns should be sujch that they are capable of shrinking
from 30 to 60% upon subsequent treatment. These strands 11 are either
oriented monofilaments or multifilament yarns made of thermoplastic
synthetic resin. They range in diameter typically from.005" to 25.030"
for the monofils, or are of 100-1600 denier in the case of
multifilament yarns.
Strands of polythylene, or of vinyl chloride vinylidene chloride
polymers, such as Saran; or of vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers
such as Vinyon, or of vinyl chloride polymers, such as Rhovyl, and
others, are suitable. The crosing strands 12 may be formed of any
suitable non-shrinkable natural or synthetic fibers either in staple
or continuous filament form. If it is desired, these crossing strands
may be made of heat shrinkable yarns of any desired shrinking
characteristic, so that when the off-the-loom fabric is treated to
form the pile loops therein, the crossing strands 12 may be shrunk
also to tighten the weave of the fabric transversely of the float
yarns.
There are many soft, lofty, non-shrinkable yarns well known in the
textile industry 45which are suitable for the non-shrinkable float
yarns. Thus these yarns may comprise either long-fiber staple yarns of
natural or synthetic fibers, or they may comprise multifilament yarns
of continuous natural or synthetic filaments in which the individual
filaments are from about.50 to 20- denier. If desired specific soft,
lofty non-shrinkable yarns may be selected for the float yarns for
6. additional characteristics. Thus a crimpable type of rayon yarn known
under the name "fiber E" becomes curly or crinlded when treated with
hot aqueous alkali solution, such as aqueous 5% ' sodium hydroxide.
When fabrics utilizing such floats are suitably treated, the looped
pile fabric will be found to consist of loops in which the individual
yarns are somewhat curly or crinkled.
The heat required for shrinking the flat, off-the-loom fabric may be
supplied in various ways, but it is most practical to use hot water. A
hot water bath may be provided through which a length of the fabric is
led continuously to shrink the strands from to 60%. Although the heat
shrinkable strands 11 may extend either warpwise or 70 weftwise of the
fabric, it is found that if these strands are made to extend warpwise
of the fabric the resultant fabric lends itself more easily to a
continuous controlled shrinking operation. Thus if the heat shrinkable
yarns 75 extend warpwise of the fabric, the fabric may be led through
the nip of a pair of rolls continuously, thence into the shrinking
bath and thence out through a nip of a second pair of rolls. By
suitably controlling the rotational 80 speed of the several pairs of
rolls, the shrinkage of the heat shrinkable strands may be thereby
controlled, and consequently the unit weight of the finished fabric
and the height of the loops may be controlled as desired. If 85 the
heat contractile strands extended in the weftwise direction, a tenter
frame could be used in an obvious manner to control the shrinkage in
the weftwise direction.
As pointed out above, the length of the 90 floats may be varied to
achieve various functional or design characteristics in the finished
looped pile fabric of this invention. In Fig. 4 of the drawing there
is illustrated one of the myriad designs which this invention 95 makes
possible in looped pile fabrics. The fabric of this figure was shrunk
50 %, as indicated by the broken lines, to produce the above described
loops. This fabric includes the ground fabric 10 and a coating 15. In
the 100 shaded areas 16 the loops are relatively high, because the
floats in the flat fabric were relatively long. In these areas the
floats extended over from 4 to 6 of the crossing strands in the ground
fabric whereas in the plain 105 areas 17 the floats extended over 2 to
3 of the crossing strands, and consequently the loops were shorter. If
desired the floats may be interwoven in a plain weave in other areas,
for instance in the area 18. Many 110 other attractive designs of this
or similar character will occur to those skilled in the art, it being
only necessary to vary the length of the floats of the several yarns
in accordance with the height of pile desired. 115 The following
examples further illustrate the fabric of this invention. A flat
fabric is woven consisting of 32 warp ends per inch of polyethylene
monofilaments having a diameter of.012", and 13 wefts per inch of 120
7. 6's/ 1 cotton yarn in a plain weave, and warp float yarns of
multi-filament 2200 denier rayon, 32 warp yarns to the inch. In
weaving the flat fabric, alternate warp ends of these rayon yarns are
made to float repeatedly over 5 and 3 weft threads, respectively, in a
fancy twill weave. The weight of the flat fabric off-the-loom is 9.1
ounces per square yard. The fabric is then immersed in water at
200-205'F. for -1 minute and its shrinking 130 7S0,048 controlled to
achieve a 50- warpwise shrinkage. The fabric after shrinking has 26
wefts per inch and 32 polyethylene and 32 rayon warp yarns per inch.
The rayon yarns form upstanding soft loops in which tthe loops in
alternate rows stand - and " respectively from the ground fabric. The
fabric after shrinking weighs 18 ounces per square yard.
The smaller loops in this fabric tend to support the larger loops, and
the entire surface of the fabric is populated by the loops. The loop
yarns are tied to the ground fabric with V-stitches.
A further example of a fabric constructed in accordance with this
invention is the following. A flat fabric is woven of 34 warp yarns
per inch of polyethylene monofilaments having a diameter of.012", and
13 wefts per inch of 6's!1 cotton in a plain weave and constituting
the ground fabric, and 37 warp yarns per inch of 900 denier 100
filament rayon woven to the ground fabric in a double sateen weave
with the rayon floating over four wefts and being tied to the ground
fabric with V-stitches. The weight of the fabric off-the-loom is 8.8
ounces per square yard. The flat fabric is then shrunk in hot water at
200-205 F. for 1 minute or less to shrink the fabric approximately
50%. After shrinking there are 26.3 wefts per inch and 36 polyethylene
and 36 rayon warp yarns per inch. The weight of the shrunken fabric is
17.1 ounces per square yard. The fabric was then piece dyed in a dye
bath at a slightly higher temperature than the shrinking temperature,
and the shrinkage was increased slightly so that the resultant fabric
had 28.5 wefts per inch.
If desired, the unit weight and the height of the loops may be
decreased somewhat when stretchable thermoplastic strands, such as
polyethylene, are used, by stretching the shrunken fabric while it is
subjected, as by hot drums or steam, to a temperature at which plastic
flow can take place in the heat contractile yarns while the fabric is
held under tension, and thereafter cooling it. If desired the finished
fabric can be shrunk still further by subjecting it to heat at a
higher temperature than that at which the earlier shrinking took
place. For example, an upholstery fabric may be installed on an
article of furniture, and then heated in place to shrink the fabric to
remove wrinkles and insure a snug fit.
The stability of the loops in the fabric of this invention is greatly
aided by the shrinking of the highly contractile thermoplastic
8. strands, for the stitches of the pile yarns are do pinched between the
crowded crossing threads. The stability of the pile loops is also
aided somewhat by the lateral crowding of the contractile yarns which
takes place during the heat treatment as a consequence of the lateral
expansion of these yarns accompanying their longitudinal contraction.
As pointed out above, the crossing strands may similarly consist of
contractile strands to increase this lateral pinching effect and
generally to tighten the weave of the ground fabric, if desired. 70
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* Last updated: 08.04.2015
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p