The document summarizes the symptoms, life cycle, and characteristics of various rust fungi including Puccinia, Uromyces, and Hemileia species. Key points include:
- Rust fungi are obligate parasites that infect a wide host range and have a mycelium that produces different spore types including uredospores, teliospores, and sometimes pycniospores or aeciospores.
- Life cycles can involve one host (autoecious) or two hosts (heteroecious). Stages include pycnia, aecia, uredia, telia, and basidia.
- Symptoms vary by species but usually appear as
Introduction of Phylum Deuteromycota
Characteristics of Phylum Deuteromycota
Economical importance of members of phylum Deuteromycota
Trichophyton interdigidale ( cause Athlete’s foot disease)
Monilinia fructigena (brown rots)
Penicillium roquefortii ( manufacture of blue chesses)
Penicillium chrysogenum - Antibiotic penicillin
Plant pathogens
Human pathogens - Candida species
Human/Animal pathogens -Dermatomycosis
Biological control of soil-borne diseases.
INTRODUCTION
Phylum Deuteromycota is a polyphyletic group of asexually-reproducing fungi that do not display a sexual phase; they are known as imperfect.
They do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed , hence the name imperfect fungi. It has 04 orders. Such as:
Moniliales
Sphaeropsidales
Melanconiales
Mycelia Sterlia
Characteristics:
Most Deuteromycota live on land with a few aquatic exceptions.
They form visible mycelia with a fuzzy appearance called ‘mold’.
Deuteromycota don’t possess the sexual structures that are used the classify other fungi. They are strictly asexual reproduction and conidial spores are produced.
Most Deuteromycota have a well-developed, septate mycelium with distinct conidiophores. but some have a unicellular thallus.
With the exception of one group, all members reproduce by means of special spores known as conidia. A few imperfect fungi lack conidia and form only sclerotia.
Recombination of genetic material is known to take place between the different nuclei after some hyphae recombine.
Introduction of Phylum Deuteromycota
Characteristics of Phylum Deuteromycota
Economical importance of members of phylum Deuteromycota
Trichophyton interdigidale ( cause Athlete’s foot disease)
Monilinia fructigena (brown rots)
Penicillium roquefortii ( manufacture of blue chesses)
Penicillium chrysogenum - Antibiotic penicillin
Plant pathogens
Human pathogens - Candida species
Human/Animal pathogens -Dermatomycosis
Biological control of soil-borne diseases.
INTRODUCTION
Phylum Deuteromycota is a polyphyletic group of asexually-reproducing fungi that do not display a sexual phase; they are known as imperfect.
They do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed , hence the name imperfect fungi. It has 04 orders. Such as:
Moniliales
Sphaeropsidales
Melanconiales
Mycelia Sterlia
Characteristics:
Most Deuteromycota live on land with a few aquatic exceptions.
They form visible mycelia with a fuzzy appearance called ‘mold’.
Deuteromycota don’t possess the sexual structures that are used the classify other fungi. They are strictly asexual reproduction and conidial spores are produced.
Most Deuteromycota have a well-developed, septate mycelium with distinct conidiophores. but some have a unicellular thallus.
With the exception of one group, all members reproduce by means of special spores known as conidia. A few imperfect fungi lack conidia and form only sclerotia.
Recombination of genetic material is known to take place between the different nuclei after some hyphae recombine.
In this PPT you will come to know about TURCICUM LEAF BLIGHT OF MAIZE, its causal agent, epidemiology, favorable conditions of occurrence of TLB and its management practices.
6.4.2. bacteria – black arm of cotton (xanthomonos malvacearum)AvinashDarsimbe1
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in boll, or protective capsule around the seeds of cotton plants of the genus Gossypium. Cotton is the king of fibres, usually referred as white gold. Current estimates for world production are about 25 million tonnes annually. China is the world’s largest producer of cotton.
The most troublesome pests of paddy along with their control measures
For more information :
visit the link below:
http://infentfun.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_17.html
In this PPT you will come to know about the different types of mosaic virus which is caused in BHENDU crop, its life cycle, epidemiology, and its management.
INTRODUCTION
OCCURENCE AND IMPORTANCE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHEAT RUST
BLACK RUST
BROWN RUST
YELLOW RUST
COMPARISION OF ALL THREE RUST
SYMPTOMS
SIGNIFICANCE
HISTORY
RUST CYCLE
STAGES OF PATHOGEN
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RUST CYCLE IN INDIA
UG99
Different stages in the life cycle of Puccinialaija s. nair
ntroduction:
Puccinia is a genus of rust fungi, belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota. With over 5,000 known species, Puccinia plays a crucial ecological role and has both positive and negative impacts on various plant species. This comprehensive exploration delves into the morphology, life cycle, ecology, economic importance, and the role of Puccinia in plant-fungus interactions.
Morphology and Life Cycle
Puccinia fungi exhibit a complex life cycle involving multiple spore stages and host alternation. The distinct morphological characteristics of Puccinia, including its specialized structures called uredinia and telia, contribute to its identification. The life cycle encompasses both sexual and asexual reproduction, with different spore types facilitating dispersal and survival. The spore stages, from basidiospores to urediniospores and teliospores, play pivotal roles in the infection process and completion of the life cycle.
Ecology :
Puccinia fungi are known for their plant-specific parasitism, and their ecological impact extends to various ecosystems. Understanding the ecological relationships between Puccinia and its host plants sheds light on the dynamics of plant-fungus interactions. Puccinia species demonstrate host specificity, affecting a wide range of economically important crops, including wheat, barley, and coffee. The environmental factors influencing Puccinia prevalence and the consequences of its infections on host populations are crucial aspects of its ecological role.
Economic Importance :
The economic significance of Puccinia cannot be overstated, as it impacts global agriculture and food security. Rust diseases caused by Puccinia species affect a multitude of crops, leading to substantial yield losses. The devastation caused by stem rust (Puccinia graminis) on wheat crops in historical famines underscores the urgency of managing and understanding these pathogens. The economic consequences extend beyond crop losses, affecting trade, livelihoods, and food prices. Developing strategies for sustainable management and control of Puccinia-induced diseases is crucial for global agriculture.
Plant-Fungus Interactions:
Puccinia engages in intricate interactions with its host plants, employing various strategies to infect and manipulate host physiology. The establishment of infection involves the recognition of host signals, penetration of host tissues, and the suppression of plant defenses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these interactions provides insights into host specificity, immune evasion, and the co-evolutionary dynamics between Puccinia and its hosts.
Conclusion (200 words):
Puccinia stands as a testament to the complexity and adaptability of fungi in ecological systems. Its dual role as a devastating pathogen and an organism with unique ecological functions necessitates a holistic approach to research and management. As we delve deeper into the secrets of Puccinia, we pave the way for innovative solutions.
In this PPT you will come to know about TURCICUM LEAF BLIGHT OF MAIZE, its causal agent, epidemiology, favorable conditions of occurrence of TLB and its management practices.
6.4.2. bacteria – black arm of cotton (xanthomonos malvacearum)AvinashDarsimbe1
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in boll, or protective capsule around the seeds of cotton plants of the genus Gossypium. Cotton is the king of fibres, usually referred as white gold. Current estimates for world production are about 25 million tonnes annually. China is the world’s largest producer of cotton.
The most troublesome pests of paddy along with their control measures
For more information :
visit the link below:
http://infentfun.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_17.html
In this PPT you will come to know about the different types of mosaic virus which is caused in BHENDU crop, its life cycle, epidemiology, and its management.
INTRODUCTION
OCCURENCE AND IMPORTANCE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHEAT RUST
BLACK RUST
BROWN RUST
YELLOW RUST
COMPARISION OF ALL THREE RUST
SYMPTOMS
SIGNIFICANCE
HISTORY
RUST CYCLE
STAGES OF PATHOGEN
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RUST CYCLE IN INDIA
UG99
Different stages in the life cycle of Puccinialaija s. nair
ntroduction:
Puccinia is a genus of rust fungi, belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota. With over 5,000 known species, Puccinia plays a crucial ecological role and has both positive and negative impacts on various plant species. This comprehensive exploration delves into the morphology, life cycle, ecology, economic importance, and the role of Puccinia in plant-fungus interactions.
Morphology and Life Cycle
Puccinia fungi exhibit a complex life cycle involving multiple spore stages and host alternation. The distinct morphological characteristics of Puccinia, including its specialized structures called uredinia and telia, contribute to its identification. The life cycle encompasses both sexual and asexual reproduction, with different spore types facilitating dispersal and survival. The spore stages, from basidiospores to urediniospores and teliospores, play pivotal roles in the infection process and completion of the life cycle.
Ecology :
Puccinia fungi are known for their plant-specific parasitism, and their ecological impact extends to various ecosystems. Understanding the ecological relationships between Puccinia and its host plants sheds light on the dynamics of plant-fungus interactions. Puccinia species demonstrate host specificity, affecting a wide range of economically important crops, including wheat, barley, and coffee. The environmental factors influencing Puccinia prevalence and the consequences of its infections on host populations are crucial aspects of its ecological role.
Economic Importance :
The economic significance of Puccinia cannot be overstated, as it impacts global agriculture and food security. Rust diseases caused by Puccinia species affect a multitude of crops, leading to substantial yield losses. The devastation caused by stem rust (Puccinia graminis) on wheat crops in historical famines underscores the urgency of managing and understanding these pathogens. The economic consequences extend beyond crop losses, affecting trade, livelihoods, and food prices. Developing strategies for sustainable management and control of Puccinia-induced diseases is crucial for global agriculture.
Plant-Fungus Interactions:
Puccinia engages in intricate interactions with its host plants, employing various strategies to infect and manipulate host physiology. The establishment of infection involves the recognition of host signals, penetration of host tissues, and the suppression of plant defenses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these interactions provides insights into host specificity, immune evasion, and the co-evolutionary dynamics between Puccinia and its hosts.
Conclusion (200 words):
Puccinia stands as a testament to the complexity and adaptability of fungi in ecological systems. Its dual role as a devastating pathogen and an organism with unique ecological functions necessitates a holistic approach to research and management. As we delve deeper into the secrets of Puccinia, we pave the way for innovative solutions.
Deuteromycotina is a polyphyletic group of fungi that reproduce asexually by the generation of conidia (asexual spores). Because these fungi lack a sexual reproductive cycle, they do not have a known sexual stage in their life cycle. The categorization of Deuteromycotina has been debated, as the lack of a documented sexual stage has made determining their evolutionary links with other fungal taxa problematic. With the introduction of molecular biology tools in recent years, several Deuteromycotina species have been reassigned into other fungal phyla based on genetic similarities. Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Trichoderma are examples of Deuteromycotina that are commonly used in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries for the synthesis of antibiotics and other chemicals. However, genetic analysis has led to the reclassification of many of these fungi into different phyla.
It is the biggest subphylum comes under ascomyctoa group of fungi, having light on this group have an ide about ascomycota group of fungi, large number and important fungi of economic importance have been discussed in detail
This file gives general information about characteristics and importance of the fungi belonging to the order Perenosporalees and its major families albuginaceae, perenosporaceae and pythiaceae
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans, including as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as toxicity or infection.
This comprehensive program covers essential aspects of performance marketing, growth strategies, and tactics, such as search engine optimization (SEO), pay-per-click (PPC) advertising, content marketing, social media marketing, and more
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2. Order: Pucciniales (Rust fungi)
•
•
•
• Obligate parasites infect wide host range (identified by its sign,
sori)
Mycelium is simple, septate, branched, initially uninucleate and
later binucleate. Clamp connection is absent or rare.
Binucleate uredospores represent the asexual spore (conidia).
Produced successively by the dikaryotic mycelium until the
environment is conducive, hence called as repeating spores
Basidiomata are absent
3. • Produce distinct sex organs (spermagonia/ pycnia) and the
plasmogamy occurs through spermatization
• Teleutospores are binucleate only at the end of dikaryotic phase.
As the karyogamy and meiosis occurs only during
germination, they are referred as sexual spores.
They are thick walled, germinate to form septate promycelium
(=basidium) and bear four basidiospores.
4. • Teliospores are formed in a sorus called telium and may be
sessile (Melampsora) or borne on pedicels (Puccinia,
Uromyces) or in chains (Cronartium).
• Teleutospores may be single celled (Uromyces, Melampsora) or
two celled (Puccinia) or multicelled (Phragmidium) with a range
of surface ornamentations. They mostly undergo dormancy
(Puccinia graminis tritici) and hence called as resting spores.
In some species, they germinate immediately without
dormancy (Puccinia xanthii, Puccinia horiana) and are called
leptospores.
5. Rusts are small raised reddish pustules on the leaves or leaf
sheaths, stem, usually of a rusty colour. The pustules may be either
compact or break through the host epidermis to become dusty.
E.g. Black rust stem rust of wheat -Puccinia graminis tritici
Rust of groundnut - P
. arachidis
Rust of sunflower - P. helianthi
Rust of pearlmillet - P. substriata var. penicilliariae (P. penniseti)
Blackgram/ greengram rust -Uromyces phaseoli-typica
Bean rust - Uromyces appendiculatus
Coffee rust -Hemileia vastatrix
Linseed or Flax rust - Melampsora lini
6. Five stages of rust fungi
Stage 0: Spermagonia (Pycnia) with spermatia (pycniospores)
and receptive hyphae .
Stage I : Aecia with aeciospores
Stage II: Uredia with uredospores
Stage III: Telia with teleutospores
Stage IV: Basidia with basidiospores
7.
8. (a)Pycniospores Stage (0): Produced in a flask-shaped structure
called as pycnium. Periphyses and flexuous hyphae (receptive
hyphae) are present in pycnia. Pycnia are formed in the host after it
is infected by the basidiospores. Pycniospores are uninucleate of
either + or – type, single celled and behave as spermatia.
(b)Aeciospores Stage (I): Single celled, dikaryotic spores produced
in chains in cup-like structures known as aecia. Spores are yellow
to orange in colour with a hyaline characteristically verrucose wall.
9.
10. (c) Uredospores Stage (II): Single celled, binucleate, pedicellate
spores borne in uredia or uredinia. Uredospores are brown, oval
and echinulate. They behave as conidia and repeat several cycles
in a season and are also called as repeating spores.
11. (d) Teliospores Stage (III): Binucleate, pedicellate or sessile spores
producedin a sorus called telia in host tissue. They may be single
celled, bicelled or more than 2-celled with dark brown walls. They
produce basidium and basidiospores upon germination.
12. (e) Basidiospores Stage (IV): Haploid, unicellular spores borne
on sterigma. These spores arise from cylindrical to club-shaped 2
to 4 celled basidia.
13. Rust fungi that complete their life cycle in one host are termed as
autoecious (and the condition is called autoecism) and those
requiring two hosts for the completion of their life cycle are called as
heteroecious (and the condition is called heteroecium).
a. Autoecious rust: Five spore stages are formed on a single host.
Puccinia helianthi
e.g., Sunflower rust -
Bean rust - Uromyces appendiculatus
Sunflower rust Bean rust Flax rust
14. b. Heteroecious rust: Two different hosts (viz., primary host and
alternate hosts) are required for completion of its life cycle.
Primary host is the plant where the teliospores are produced.
Alternate host is a plant, which is required to complete life cycle
without which the pathogen cannot survive.
Uredia and telia - primary host.
Pycnia and aecia - alternate hosts.
e.g., Wheat stem rust - Puccinia graminis var. tritici.
Wheat is the primary host and barberry is the
alternate host.
15. Macrocyclic rust or Long cycled rust: Five spore stages are
produced in the life cycle of fungi.
a. Autoecious rust: Five spore stages are formed on a single host.
e.g., Sunflower rust -
Bean rust
Puccinia helianthi
- Uromyces appendiculatus
Flax rust - Melampsora lini
b. Heteroecious rust: Two different hosts (viz., primary host and
alternate hosts) are required for completion of its life cycle.
Wheat stem rust - Puccinia graminis var. tritici
(wheat – primary host; Barberry, Mahonia – alternate host)
Leaf rust of wheat – Puccinia recondita
(wheat – primary host; Thalictrum, Isopyrum – alternate host)
Bajra rust - Puccinia substriata var. penicillariae
(Bajra – primary host; Brinjal – alternate host)
16. Demicyclic rust
Uredial stage is absent. It produces only pycnia (sometime missing),
aecia and telia in host plant
e.g. Cedar apple rust - Gymnosporangium juniperi virginianae
(heteroecious rust)
Rubus orange rust – Gymnoconia pikiana (autoecious rust)
Cedar apple rust
17. Microcyclic rust or Short cycled rust
Complete its life cycle in a single host (autoecious rust).
Teliospore is the only binucleate spore produced in their life cycle.
Fungi which lack pycniospores and aeciospores are microcyclic rust
e.g., Jasmine rust – Uromyces hobsonii
Hollyhock rust - Puccinia malvacearum
Chrysanthemum rust - Puccinia horiana
Jasmine rust Chrysanthemum rust
18. Black or stem rust of wheat - Puccinia graminis tritici
Systematic position
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Sub phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
: Eukarya
: Fungi
: Basidiomycota
: Pucciniomycotina
: Pucciniomycetes
: Pucciniales
: Pucciniaceae
: Puccinia
: P
. graminis tritici
19. Pathogen
Heteroecious rust
Primary host- wheat; Alternate host- barberry (Berberis vulgaris)
Alternate host
- Pycnia and pycniospores
- Aecia and aeciospores
Stage 0
Stage I
Main host
Stage II
Stage III
- Uredia and uredospores
- Telia and teleutospores
Plant debris
Stage IV - Basidia and basidiospores
20. Symptoms
Reddish brown pustules (raised blisters) are produced mostly on the
stem and also on leaves. Later they merge and form linear lesions.
Late in the season linear, black telia are formed in the same
uredosori or on a separate place; severe infection causes drying of
leaves.
Uredosori Teleutosori
22. Pathogen
Pycnium Flask shaped, ostiolate (spermagonium)
Pycniospore
Aecium
Aeciospore
Spherical, thin-walled, hyaline, unicellular, uninucleate
Cup like and thick walled
Unicellular, yellow, hexagonal, thick walled,
binucleate, echinulated.
Uredium/ Uredosori
Uredospore Oval, single celled, binucleate, golden brown, thick
walled, echinulated, pedicillate (repeating spores)
Telium / Teleutosori
Teleutospore Two celled, dark brown, thick walled apex with
pointed at the tip with slight constriction at the
septum (resting spore), Young teleutospores are
binucleate at maturity it has a single diploid nucleus
Basidium or promycelium – Long thin walled, hyaline and 4 celled
Basidiospore Unicellular, round and uninucleate
23.
24. Rust of pearlmillet - Puccinia substriata var. penicillariae (P. penniseti)
Symptoms: Appears on lower and older leaves as typical erumpent
pustules containing a reddish, brown powder (uredospores). As the
leaves senesce dark brown teliospores are produced. Heteroecious
rust. Primary host is pearlmillet and the alternate host is brinjal
26. Rust of blackgram /greengram - Uromyces phaseoli-typica
(syn. U. appendiculatus)
Systematic position
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Sub phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
: Eukarya
: Fungi
: Basidiomycota
: Pucciniomycotina
: Pucciniomycetes
: Pucciniales
: Pucciniaceae
: Uromyces
: U. phaseoli-typica
27. Symptoms
Appears first on leaves as small, round or oval, cinnamom brown,
powdery pustules and coalesce. These pustules occur rarely on both
the surfaces but more frequently on lower surface.
28. Pathogen
Autoecious macrocyclic rust.
Uredospores are globose, single celled, echinulated,
pedicellate, golden brown with two equatorial germ pores.
Teliospores are single celled, smooth walled, globose, chestnut
brown, pedicellate and with hyaline papilla.
Pycniospores are hyaline and spherical
Aeciospores are hyaline and elliptical with minute verrucose
markings
Pea rust caused by Uromyces fabae and Uromyces pisi
Bean rust caused by Uromyces appendiculatus
31. Leaf rust of coffee – Hemileia vastatrix
Systematic position
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Sub phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
: Eukarya
: Fungi
: Basidiomycota
: Pucciniomycotina
: Pucciniomycetes
: Pucciniales
: Incertae cedis
: Hemileia
: H. vastatrix
32. Symptoms
Infection is restricted to leaves but rarely seen on tender shoots
and berries
Pustules appear as small yellowish spots, 1-2 mm in dia. Later
they become orange coloured and increased in size.
On upper surface, the colour is often brownish.
The infected leaves are defoliated which affects the yield.
33. Life cycle
The uredospores are orange segment like with convex surface
ornamented with spines or warts. The fungus occasionally
produces teliospores which are turnip shaped and germinate to
produce basidium and basidiospores. They do not infect coffee or
any other host. No alternate host has been reported.
Uredospores Teleutospores