In this we will see about the powdery mildew symptoms and causing agent and control measures

1. Symptoms of powdery mildew and life cycles of
Erysiphe, Leveillula and Phyllactinia
Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Ascomycota
Class : Leotiomycetes
Order : Erysiphales
Family : Erysiphaceae

2. Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum
Microsporidia Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota
Chytridiomycota Zygomycota
Class
Chytridiomycetes Monoblepharidomycetes
Order Order
Monoblepharidales
Chytridiales Spizellomycetales
Family: Monoblepharidaceae
Family: Synchytriaceae Family: Olphidiaceae Monoblepharis
Synchytrium Olpidium (Parasitises nematode & Mosquitoes)
S. endobioticum O. brassicae

3. Characters of Chytridiomycota (chytrids)
• The word chytrid derived from Greek word chytridon means
little pot (structure contains the unreleased spores)
• Only Phylum that produces motile cells in the kingdom Fungi
• True fungi contain chitin in cell walls
• They commonly have aquatic habitats
• Thallus is coenocytic with oval multinucleate or elongated hypha
or well developed mycelium.
• Thallus may be epibiotic (attached externally but sending
rhizoids inside the host cell) or endobiotic (growing inside the
host cell) or interbiotic (attached to many hosts)
• Asexual spore is motile zoospores with single posterior whiplash
flagellum
• Sexual reproduction is well known in some chytrids and
unknown in many members.

4. Potato wart –
Synchytrium endobioticum

5. Olpidium
• Lettuce big vein disease- Olpidium brssicae

6. Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Zygomycota
Sub phylum
Mucoromycotina Entomophthoromycotina
Order
Order: Entomophthorales
Mucorales Endogonales
Family: Endogonaceae Family: Entomophthoraceae
Endogone Entomophthora
(Causes Human diseases)
Family
Mucoraceae Pilobolaceae
Mucor, Rhizopus Pilobolus (Fungi in dung)
Mucormycosis

7. Characters of Zygomycota
• They are called weeds of fungal world since they grow and
invade quickly on easily digestible substrates (starch, sugars
and hemicelluloses)
• Majority of them saprobe but few are facultative pathogens of
plants, animals, arthropods and human beings.
• Some are used in the production of metabolites (amylases,
organic acids)
• Thallus is well branched coenocytic mycelium with chitosan
chitin as cell wall component.
• Presence of rhizoids as organ of anchorage.
• Asexual reproduction by aplanospores
• Sexual reproduction by copulation of two similar gametangia,
resulting in the formation of thick walled zygosporangium
(gametangial copulation) which contains zygospore.

8. Fruit rot of jack - Rhizopus artocarpi, Rhizopus nigricans
Systematic position
Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Zygomycota
Sub-phylum : Mucoromycotina
Class : Incertae sedis
Order : Mucorales
Family : Mucoraceae
Genus : Rhizopus
Species : R. artocarpi, R. nigricans

9. Symptoms
It causes soft rot of young fruits and male inflorescence.
A large number of the infected fruits fall off early.
In the first stage of attack the fungus appears as a greyish growth
with abundant mycelia, which gradually becomes denser forming a
black growth.

11. Zygospore is thick walled black and warty;
two layered (outer warty exine and inner intine) and it
germinates to produce germ tube which functions as
sporangiophore and develops a germ sporangium at its tip
which contain all plus (+) or all minus (-) spore or mixture
of both.
These spores called germ spores or microspores.
They germinate and form fresh mycelium.

12. Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Ascomycota
Sub phylum
Taphrinomycotina Saccharomycotina Pezizomycotina
Class: Taphrinomycetes Class: Saccharomycetes
Order: Taphrinales Order: Saccharomycetales
Family Family: Saccharomycetaceae
Saccharomyces
Taphrinaceae Protomycetaceae
Taphrina Protomyces Class
Dothideomycetes Eurotiomycetes Leotiomycetes Pezizomycetes Sordariomycetes

13. Peach leaf curl – Taphrina deformans

14. Saccaromyces
Protomyces
Stem gall of Coriander - Protomyces macrosporus

15. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA
• Commonly called as “Sac fungi”, since the sexual spores
(ascospores) are produced in sac-like body called ascus.
• Largest phylum in the kingdom Fungi (apprixmately 75% of all
described fungi)
• All are not pathogenic. Includes mushroom fungi (morels and
truffles), yeast, fungi used for industrial purpose, genetic
experiments (Neurospora), etc.
• Mycelium is well developed, branched and septate. Cell wall is
made up of chitin and glucans. Anastomosis is common.
Somatic hyphae often organized into somatic tissues like
sclerotia, stroma and mycelial strands (rhizomorph)/
• Flagellate stage is completely absent

16. Reproduction in Ascomycota

17. Ascomycota
life cycle

18. Ascus and ascospores develop nakedly or inside a special fruiting
body called ascoma. Asci produced within the fruiting body called
ascocarp.
Three types of ascocarps
Closed ascocarp (Cleistothecium) – Erysiphe
Flask shaped with a ostiole (Perithecium) – Claviceps
Saucer shaped /open type (Apothecium) – Sclerotinia
Sterile elongated hairs present in between the asci inside the
ascocarp are known as paraphyses.
In lower ascomycota, asci are produced nakedly (e.g. Taphrina)

19. There are four categories ascocarps.
i. Cleistothecium: Asci are produced in completely closed ascocarp.
ii. Perithecium: It is more or less closed ascocarp; but at maturity it
is provided with ostiole through which the ascospores escape.
iii. Apothecium: Ascocarp produce asci in open.
iv. Ascostroma or Pseudothecium: Stromatic ascocarp, which
bears asci directly in locules within the stroma.

20. Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Ascomycota
Class
Eurotiomycetes Leotiomycetes Pezizomycetes
Sub class: Eurotiomycetidae Order
Order: Pezizales
Order: Eurotiales Helotiales Erysiphales
Family: Trichocomaceae Family: Sclerotiniaceae
Eurotium, Sartorya Sclerotinia Family: Erysiphaceae
Emericella, Monilinia Erysiphe, Oidium
Talaromyces Botryotinia Leveillula,
Eupenicillium Sphaerotheca
Uncinula, Phyllactinia
Family
Pezizaceae Tuberaceae Morchellaceae Discinaceae Helvellaceae
Peziza Tuber Morchella, Verpa Gyromitra Helvella

21. POWDERY MILDEW
White powdery growth on upper leaf surfaces, on stems, floral parts
and fruits leading to premature defoliation. The powdery mildew
fungi produce closed ascocarp called cleistothecium. The genera are
differentiated based on the number of asci in the cleistothecium and
type of appendages on it.
I. One ascus in a cleistothecium
i. Myceloid appendages - e.g., Sphaerotheca
ii. Dichotomously branched appendages - e.g., Podosphaera
II. Many asci in a cleistothecium
i. Mycelium-like (Myceloid) appendages - e.g., Erysiphe, Leveillula.
ii. Appendage coiled at the tip (circinoid type) - e.g., Uncinula.
iii. Dichotomously branched appendages - e.g., Microsphaera
iv. Appendage with bulbouse base and spear-like tip - e.g.,
Phyllactinia.

23. Description Oidium Oidiopsis Ovulariopsis
Symptoms Mostly on upper surface of
leaves
Mostly on lower
surface of leaves
Lower or upper
surface of leaves
Mycelium Hyaline, septate, ectophytic Hyaline, septate,
endophytic
Hyaline, septate,
ecto-and endophytic
Haustoria Present in epidermis only Present in epidermis
and spongy cells
Epidermal haustoria
absent, haustoria in
inner cells
Conidiophores Short, single, club-shaped,
non-septate
Long, branched,
septate
Long, single, septate
Conidia Cylindrical or barrel shaped,
in chains
Club shaped, single
celled,
Club shaped,
single celled,
Cleistothecia Mycelioid appendage Mycelioid appendage Bulbous appendage
Examples Grapevine -Uncinula necator
Bhendi -
Erysiphe cichoracearum
Apple –
Podosphaera leucotricha
Rose-Sphaerotheca pannosa
var..rosae
Chillies-
Leveillula taurica
(syn.
Oidiopsis taurica)
Muberry
Phyllactinia guttata
(syn. P. corylea)
Three types of powdery mildew pathogens based on the mycelium and type of conidia

24. Powdery mildew of bhendi, cucurbits - Erysiphe cichoracearum
Systematic position
Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Ascomycota
Class : Leotiomycetes
Order : Erysiphales
Family : Erysiphaceae
Genus : Erysiphe
Species : E. cichoracearum

25. Symptoms
Appearance of white powdery growth mostly on upper leaf surfaces.
Affected leaves become chlorotic and subsequently dry and
defoliation occurs.
Photosynthetic area is reduced which results in poor fruit yield.

26. Pumpkin leaf with
powdery mildew

27. Pathogen
Mycelium is ectophytic,
hyaline, septate and branched.
Haustoria are bulbous and
sac-like.
Conidiophore is simple, erect,
hyaline and bear chain of
conidia.
Conidia are hyaline, thin
walled, single celled and
ovate or barrel or cylindrical
in shape.

28. Cleistothecia are black,
round with myceloid
appendages and each
cleistothecium bears 2 to
8 asci.
Asci are ovate and
contain 3 to 8 ascospores.
Ascospores are hyaline,
elliptical and single
celled

30. Powdery mildew of chilli, pigeonpea – Leveillula taurica
Systematic position
Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Ascomycota
Class : Leotiomycetes
Order : Erysiphales
Family : Erysiphaceae
Genus : Leveillula
Species : L. taurica

31. Powdery mildew of chillies and pigeonpea - Leveillula taurica
Symptoms: Whitish fungal growth on the under surface of the leaf
and the corresponding upper surface show yellow discolouration or
chlorotic patches, later the disease spreads to entire leaf surface
cause yellowing and defoliation of leaves.
The disease progresses from the older to younger leaves and
shedding of foliage is prominent symptom.

32. Upward curling of leaves
Premature defoliation

33. Pigeonpea Powdery mildew –
Leveillula taurica

34. Pathogen
Mycelium is endophytic, hyaline, septate and branched.
Conidiophores emerge through stomata, single or in groups, simple or
branched, septate and bear single conidium.
Conidia are hyaline, single celled and clavate.
Cleistothecia are with myceloid appendages, many asci per
cleistothecium. Each ascus contains two curved ascospores.

35. Powdery mildew of mulberry – Phyllactinia guttata
(syn. P. corylea)
Systematic position
Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Ascomycota
Class : Leotiomycetes
Order : Erysiphales
Family : Erysiphaceae
Genus : Phyllactinia
Species : P. guttata

36. Symptoms: White fungal growth on both upper and lower surfaces
of leaves
Gradually turn to yellowish brown or black, quickly cover entire
leaf surface followed by drying and defoliation.
Unsuitable for feeding larvae

37. Pathogen
Mycelium is hyaline, septate and branched.
Conidiophores are erect, septate, long, hyaline and simple.
Conidia are hyaline, single celled, clavate or flame shaped and
borne singly on conidiophore.

38. Cleistothecia are flat,
spherical, black and with
bulbous base and pointed
tip appendages.
Asci are clavate, 10-30
asci per cleistothecium.
Ascospores are two per
ascus and oval to elliptical
More prevalent during
cooler months in plains

39. Thank you