A large group of bacteria cause disease in plants. they have specific characteristics and structure. There are different mechanism by which bacteria affect the plant and cause disease symptom. It is generally survive in soil and dead and decay organic matters and spread by water, agricultural implements, propagating materials, insects and humans. Hence, management practices are designed accordingly. Crop rotation, field sanitation, disinfestation of agricultural implements, use of disease free or resistant varieties and use of antibiotics are few of them.
INTRODUCTION
OCCURENCE AND IMPORTANCE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHEAT RUST
BLACK RUST
BROWN RUST
YELLOW RUST
COMPARISION OF ALL THREE RUST
SYMPTOMS
SIGNIFICANCE
HISTORY
RUST CYCLE
STAGES OF PATHOGEN
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RUST CYCLE IN INDIA
UG99
A large group of bacteria cause disease in plants. they have specific characteristics and structure. There are different mechanism by which bacteria affect the plant and cause disease symptom. It is generally survive in soil and dead and decay organic matters and spread by water, agricultural implements, propagating materials, insects and humans. Hence, management practices are designed accordingly. Crop rotation, field sanitation, disinfestation of agricultural implements, use of disease free or resistant varieties and use of antibiotics are few of them.
INTRODUCTION
OCCURENCE AND IMPORTANCE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHEAT RUST
BLACK RUST
BROWN RUST
YELLOW RUST
COMPARISION OF ALL THREE RUST
SYMPTOMS
SIGNIFICANCE
HISTORY
RUST CYCLE
STAGES OF PATHOGEN
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RUST CYCLE IN INDIA
UG99
Structure and composition of plant virusesDivya Singh
Virus is chemically a nucleoprotein that multiplies only in the living cells and has ability to cause disease.
Nucleic acid may be RNA or DNA that is surrounded by a protective protein coat called capsid.
Plant viruses may be elongated, spherical and bacilliform in shape.
The nucleic acids RNA and DNA may be single stranded or double stranded.
Nucleic acid % is lower in elongated viruses where as spherical viruses contain higher % of nucleic acid.
Plant viruses are transmitted from plant to plant in a number of ways.
Transmission of viruses by vegetative propagation.
Mechanical transmission of viruses through sap.
Transmission of viruses by seed.
Transmission of viruses by Pollen.
Transmission of viruses by dodder.
Transmission by vectors.
6.4.2. bacteria – black arm of cotton (xanthomonos malvacearum)AvinashDarsimbe1
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in boll, or protective capsule around the seeds of cotton plants of the genus Gossypium. Cotton is the king of fibres, usually referred as white gold. Current estimates for world production are about 25 million tonnes annually. China is the world’s largest producer of cotton.
SURVIVAL AND DISPERSAL OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA.pdfOm Prakash
SURVIVAL OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Phytopathogenic bacteria have the ability to survive both for longer & shorter periods including soil, seed, diseased crop debris, weed host, and insect vectors.
DISPERSAL OF PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
To make a healthy plant diseased, the first requirement of a pathogen is to spread its inoculum (primary as well as secondary) from the source of survival to the susceptible parts of a healthy plant. The spread of a plant pathogen within the general area in which it is already established is called “dispersal” or “dissemination”.
Moving the inoculum only a few inches and transporting it for hundreds of miles both constitute its dispersal or dissemination. However, pathogen dispersal is not necessary only for the spread of diseases but also for the continuity of the life-cycle and evolution of the pathogen. Detailed knowledge of pathogen-dispersal is essential to find out effective control measures for diseases because the possibilities of preventing dispersal and thereby breaking the infection chain always exist.
Structure and composition of plant virusesDivya Singh
Virus is chemically a nucleoprotein that multiplies only in the living cells and has ability to cause disease.
Nucleic acid may be RNA or DNA that is surrounded by a protective protein coat called capsid.
Plant viruses may be elongated, spherical and bacilliform in shape.
The nucleic acids RNA and DNA may be single stranded or double stranded.
Nucleic acid % is lower in elongated viruses where as spherical viruses contain higher % of nucleic acid.
Plant viruses are transmitted from plant to plant in a number of ways.
Transmission of viruses by vegetative propagation.
Mechanical transmission of viruses through sap.
Transmission of viruses by seed.
Transmission of viruses by Pollen.
Transmission of viruses by dodder.
Transmission by vectors.
6.4.2. bacteria – black arm of cotton (xanthomonos malvacearum)AvinashDarsimbe1
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in boll, or protective capsule around the seeds of cotton plants of the genus Gossypium. Cotton is the king of fibres, usually referred as white gold. Current estimates for world production are about 25 million tonnes annually. China is the world’s largest producer of cotton.
SURVIVAL AND DISPERSAL OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA.pdfOm Prakash
SURVIVAL OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Phytopathogenic bacteria have the ability to survive both for longer & shorter periods including soil, seed, diseased crop debris, weed host, and insect vectors.
DISPERSAL OF PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
To make a healthy plant diseased, the first requirement of a pathogen is to spread its inoculum (primary as well as secondary) from the source of survival to the susceptible parts of a healthy plant. The spread of a plant pathogen within the general area in which it is already established is called “dispersal” or “dissemination”.
Moving the inoculum only a few inches and transporting it for hundreds of miles both constitute its dispersal or dissemination. However, pathogen dispersal is not necessary only for the spread of diseases but also for the continuity of the life-cycle and evolution of the pathogen. Detailed knowledge of pathogen-dispersal is essential to find out effective control measures for diseases because the possibilities of preventing dispersal and thereby breaking the infection chain always exist.
Different stages in the life cycle of Puccinialaija s. nair
ntroduction:
Puccinia is a genus of rust fungi, belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota. With over 5,000 known species, Puccinia plays a crucial ecological role and has both positive and negative impacts on various plant species. This comprehensive exploration delves into the morphology, life cycle, ecology, economic importance, and the role of Puccinia in plant-fungus interactions.
Morphology and Life Cycle
Puccinia fungi exhibit a complex life cycle involving multiple spore stages and host alternation. The distinct morphological characteristics of Puccinia, including its specialized structures called uredinia and telia, contribute to its identification. The life cycle encompasses both sexual and asexual reproduction, with different spore types facilitating dispersal and survival. The spore stages, from basidiospores to urediniospores and teliospores, play pivotal roles in the infection process and completion of the life cycle.
Ecology :
Puccinia fungi are known for their plant-specific parasitism, and their ecological impact extends to various ecosystems. Understanding the ecological relationships between Puccinia and its host plants sheds light on the dynamics of plant-fungus interactions. Puccinia species demonstrate host specificity, affecting a wide range of economically important crops, including wheat, barley, and coffee. The environmental factors influencing Puccinia prevalence and the consequences of its infections on host populations are crucial aspects of its ecological role.
Economic Importance :
The economic significance of Puccinia cannot be overstated, as it impacts global agriculture and food security. Rust diseases caused by Puccinia species affect a multitude of crops, leading to substantial yield losses. The devastation caused by stem rust (Puccinia graminis) on wheat crops in historical famines underscores the urgency of managing and understanding these pathogens. The economic consequences extend beyond crop losses, affecting trade, livelihoods, and food prices. Developing strategies for sustainable management and control of Puccinia-induced diseases is crucial for global agriculture.
Plant-Fungus Interactions:
Puccinia engages in intricate interactions with its host plants, employing various strategies to infect and manipulate host physiology. The establishment of infection involves the recognition of host signals, penetration of host tissues, and the suppression of plant defenses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these interactions provides insights into host specificity, immune evasion, and the co-evolutionary dynamics between Puccinia and its hosts.
Conclusion (200 words):
Puccinia stands as a testament to the complexity and adaptability of fungi in ecological systems. Its dual role as a devastating pathogen and an organism with unique ecological functions necessitates a holistic approach to research and management. As we delve deeper into the secrets of Puccinia, we pave the way for innovative solutions.
Deuteromycotina is a polyphyletic group of fungi that reproduce asexually by the generation of conidia (asexual spores). Because these fungi lack a sexual reproductive cycle, they do not have a known sexual stage in their life cycle. The categorization of Deuteromycotina has been debated, as the lack of a documented sexual stage has made determining their evolutionary links with other fungal taxa problematic. With the introduction of molecular biology tools in recent years, several Deuteromycotina species have been reassigned into other fungal phyla based on genetic similarities. Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Trichoderma are examples of Deuteromycotina that are commonly used in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries for the synthesis of antibiotics and other chemicals. However, genetic analysis has led to the reclassification of many of these fungi into different phyla.
It is the biggest subphylum comes under ascomyctoa group of fungi, having light on this group have an ide about ascomycota group of fungi, large number and important fungi of economic importance have been discussed in detail
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. Order: Pucciniales (Rust fungi)
• Obligate parasites infect wide host range (identified by its sign, sori)
• Mycelium is simple, septate, branched, initially uninucleate and
later binucleate. Clamp connection is absent or rare.
• Binucleate uredospores represent the asexual spore (conidia).
Produced successively by the dikaryotic mycelium until the
environment is conducive, hence called as repeating spores
• Basidiomata are absent
3. • Produce distinct sex organs (spermagonia/ pycnia) and the
plasmogamy occurs through spermatization
• Teleutospores are binucleate only at the end of dikaryotic phase.
As the karyogamy and meiosis occurs only during
germination, they are referred as sexual spores.
They are thick walled, germinate to form septate
promycelium (=basidium) and bear four basidiospores.
4. • Teliospores are formed in a sorus called telium and may be sessile
(Melampsora) or borne on pedicels (Puccinia, Uromyces) or
in chains (Cronartium).
•Teleutospores may be single celled (Uromyces, Melampsora) or
two celled (Puccinia) or multicelled (Phragmidium) with a
range of surface ornamentations. They mostly undergo
dormancy (Puccinia graminis tritici) and hence called as
resting spores.
In some species, they germinate immediately without
dormancy (Puccinia xanthii, Puccinia horiana) and are
called leptospores.
5. Rusts are small raised reddish pustules on the leaves or leaf
sheaths, stem, usually of a rusty colour. The pustules may be either
compact or break through the host epidermis to become dusty.
E.g. Black rust stem rust of wheat -Puccinia graminis tritici
Rust of groundnut - P. arachidis
Rust of sunflower - P. helianthi
Rust of pearlmillet - P. substriata var. penicilliariae (P. penniseti)
Blackgram/ greengram rust -Uromyces phaseoli-typica
Bean rust - Uromyces appendiculatus
Coffee rust -Hemileia vastatrix
Linseed or Flax rust - Melampsora lini
6. Five stages of rust fungi
Stage 0: Spermagonia (Pycnia) with spermatia (pycniospores)
and receptive hyphae .
Stage I : Aecia with aeciospores
Stage II: Uredia with uredospores
Stage III: Telia with teleutospores
Stage IV: Basidia with basidiospores
7.
8. (a) Pycniospores Stage (0): Produced in a flask-shaped structure
called as pycnium. Periphyses and flexuous hyphae (receptive
hyphae) are present in pycnia. Pycnia are formed in the host after it
is infected by the basidiospores. Pycniospores are uninucleate of
either + or – type, single celled and behave as spermatia.
(b) Aeciospores Stage (I): Single celled, dikaryotic spores produced
in chains in cup-like structures known as aecia. Spores are yellow
to orange in colour with a hyaline characteristically verrucose wall.
9.
10. (c) Uredospores Stage (II): Single celled, binucleate, pedicellate
spores borne in uredia or uredinia. Uredospores are brown, oval
and echinulate. They behave as conidia and repeat several cycles
in a season and are also called as repeating spores.
11. (d) Teliospores Stage (III): Binucleate, pedicellate or sessile spores
producedin a sorus called telia in host tissue. They may be single
celled, bicelled or more than 2-celled with dark brown walls. They
produce basidium and basidiospores upon germination.
12. (e) Basidiospores Stage (IV): Haploid, unicellular spores borne
on sterigma. These spores arise from cylindrical to club-shaped 2
to 4 celled basidia.
13. Rust fungi that complete their life cycle in one host are termed as
autoecious (and the condition is called autoecism) and those
requiring two hosts for the completion of their life cycle are called as
heteroecious (and the condition is called heteroecium).
a. Autoecious rust: Five spore stages are formed on a single host.
e.g., Sunflower rust - Puccinia helianthi
Bean rust - Uromyces appendiculatus
Sunflower rust Bean rust Flax rust
14. b. Heteroecious rust: Two different hosts (viz., primary host and
alternate hosts) are required for completion of its life cycle.
Primary host is the plant where the teliospores are produced.
Alternate host is a plant, which is required to complete life cycle
without which the pathogen cannot survive.
Uredia and telia - primary host.
Pycnia and aecia - alternate hosts.
e.g., Wheat stem rust - Puccinia graminis var. tritici.
Wheat is the primary host and barberry is the alternate host.
15. Macrocyclic rust or Long cycled rust: Five spore stages are
produced in the life cycle of fungi.
a. Autoecious rust: Five spore stages are formed on a single host.
e.g., Sunflower rust - Puccinia helianthi
Bean rust - Uromyces appendiculatus
Flax rust - Melampsora lini
b. Heteroecious rust: Two different hosts (viz., primary host and
alternate hosts) are required for completion of its life cycle.
Wheat stem rust - Puccinia graminis var. tritici
(wheat – primary host; Barberry, Mahonia – alternate host)
Leaf rust of wheat – Puccinia recondita
(wheat – primary host; Thalictrum, Isopyrum – alternate host)
Bajra rust - Puccinia substriata var. penicillariae
(Bajra – primary host; Brinjal – alternate host)
16. Demicyclic rust
Uredial stage is absent. It produces only pycnia (sometime missing),
aecia and telia in host plant
e.g. Cedar apple rust - Gymnosporangium juniperi virginianae
(heteroecious rust)
Rubus orange rust – Gymnoconia pikiana (autoecious rust)
Cedar apple rust
17. Microcyclic rust or Short cycled rust
Complete its life cycle in a single host (autoecious rust).
Teliospore is the only binucleate spore produced in their life cycle.
Fungi which lack pycniospores and aeciospores are microcyclic rust
e.g., Jasmine rust – Uromyces hobsonii
Hollyhock rust - Puccinia malvacearum
Chrysanthemum rust - Puccinia horiana
Jasmine rust Chrysanthemum rust
18. Black or stem rust of wheat - Puccinia graminis tritici
Systematic position
Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Basidiomycota
Sub phylum : Pucciniomycotina
Class : Pucciniomycetes
Order : Pucciniales
Family : Pucciniaceae
Genus : Puccinia
Species : P. graminis tritici
19. Pathogen
Heteroecious rust
Primary host- wheat; Alternate host- barberry (Berberis vulgaris)
Alternate host
Stage 0 - Pycnia and pycniospores
Stage I - Aecia and aeciospores
Main host
Stage II - Uredia and uredospores
Stage III - Telia and teleutospores
Plant debris
Stage IV - Basidia and basidiospores
20. Symptoms
Reddish brown pustules (raised blisters) are produced mostly on the
stem and also on leaves. Later they merge and form linear lesions.
Late in the season linear, black telia are formed in the same
uredosori or on a separate place; severe infection causes drying of
leaves.
Uredosori Teleutosori
22. Pathogen
Pycnium Flask shaped, ostiolate (spermagonium)
Pycniospore Spherical, thin-walled, hyaline, unicellular, uninucleate
Aecium Cup like and thick walled
Aeciospore Unicellular, yellow, hexagonal, thick walled,
binucleate, echinulated.
Uredium/ Uredosori
Uredospore Oval, single celled, binucleate, golden brown, thick
walled, echinulated, pedicillate (repeating spores)
Telium / Teleutosori
Teleutospore Two celled, dark brown, thick walled apex with
pointed at the tip with slight constriction at the
septum (resting spore), Young teleutospores are
binucleate at maturity it has a single diploid nucleus
Basidium or promycelium – Long thin walled, hyaline and 4 celled
Basidiospore Unicellular, round and uninucleate
23.
24. Rust of pearlmillet - Puccinia substriata var. penicillariae (P. penniseti)
Symptoms: Appears on lower and older leaves as typical erumpent
pustules containing a reddish, brown powder (uredospores). As the
leaves senesce dark brown teliospores are produced. Heteroecious
rust. Primary host is pearlmillet and the alternate host is brinjal
26. Rust of blackgram /greengram - Uromyces phaseoli-typica
(syn. U. appendiculatus)
Systematic position
Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Basidiomycota
Sub phylum : Pucciniomycotina
Class : Pucciniomycetes
Order : Pucciniales
Family : Pucciniaceae
Genus : Uromyces
Species : U. phaseoli-typica
27. Symptoms
Appears first on leaves as small, round or oval, cinnamom brown,
powdery pustules and coalesce. These pustules occur rarely on both
the surfaces but more frequently on lower surface.
28. Pathogen
Autoecious macrocyclic rust.
Uredospores are globose, single celled, echinulated,
pedicellate, golden brown with two equatorial germ pores.
Teliospores are single celled, smooth walled, globose, chestnut
brown, pedicellate and with hyaline papilla.
Pycniospores are hyaline and spherical
Aeciospores are hyaline and elliptical with minute verrucose
markings
Pea rust caused by Uromyces fabae and Uromyces pisi
Bean rust caused by Uromyces appendiculatus
31. Leaf rust of coffee – Hemileia vastatrix
Systematic position
Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Basidiomycota
Sub phylum : Pucciniomycotina
Class : Pucciniomycetes
Order : Pucciniales
Family : Incertae cedis
Genus : Hemileia
Species : H. vastatrix
32. Symptoms
Infection is restricted to leaves but rarely seen on tender shoots
and berries
Pustules appear as small yellowish spots, 1-2 mm in dia. Later
they become orange coloured and increased in size.
On upper surface, the colour is often brownish.
The infected leaves are defoliated which affects the yield.
33. Life cycle
The uredospores are orange segment like with convex surface
ornamented with spines or warts. The fungus occasionally
produces teliospores which are turnip shaped and germinate to
produce basidium and basidiospores. They do not infect coffee or
any other host. No alternate host has been reported.
Uredospores Teleutospores