7 fdd vs tdd
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4G networks require high bandwidth, long-distance communication, low power consumption, and high speeds even when mobile. Time division duplexing (TDD) offers more flexible traffic allocation and uses unpaired spectrum at a lower cost than frequency division duplexing (FDD), but TDD faces challenges from interference between time slots and operators. Synchronization, sectorization, and grouping time slots can help solve interference issues for TDD networks.
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Fdd vs tdd lte
This document compares frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) for the IEEE 802.3 EPoC Study Group. It finds that FDD can support the target throughput of 1 Gbps upstream and 10 Gbps downstream over existing coaxial cable infrastructure using frequencies up to 1200 MHz. TDD may be beneficial in limited node+0 scenarios above 1 GHz but with significantly increased complexity and costs. The document concludes that FDD should be adopted for EPoC as it can start deployment immediately with available technology and supports the requirements over all installation scenarios, while TDD provides minimal benefits and added complexity.
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In Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), the available channel bandwidth is divided into many non overlapping frequency bands, where each band is dynamically assigned to a specific user to transmit data.
Like FDM, OFDM uses multiple subcarriers BUT:
There are closely spaces to each other without causing interference, removing guard bands.
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2) TDM uses a commutator to sample multiple signals and transmit them serially, with each user getting a time slot. TDMA divides a time frame into slots and assigns each user a slot.
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The document discusses wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission basics. It describes:
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2) Varieties of WDM including conventional WDM with 2 wavelengths, DWDM with 100GHz spacing in the C-band, and CWDM with 3000GHz spacing.
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Chapter 7 multiple access techniques
Multiple access techniques allow multiple users to share finite radio spectrum resources simultaneously. They can be categorized as narrowband or wideband. Common techniques include FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and SDMA. FDMA divides the total bandwidth into narrow channels that are allocated to users. TDMA divides each channel into time slots that are allocated to users. CDMA spreads the signal over a wide bandwidth using pseudo-random codes and allows multiple signals to overlap in both time and frequency.
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COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES.pptx
This document discusses different multiple access techniques used in satellite communication:
1. FDMA assigns each signal a different frequency band to avoid interference. Guard bands are used between signals. It has low interference but wastes capacity and requires narrowband filters.
2. TDMA assigns each channel a time slot within a frame to access the full spectrum. It allows flexible data rates but requires complex synchronization and more bits for framing.
3. CDMA assigns each channel a unique spreading code. It has the highest spectrum efficiency but induces delay and has higher equipment costs.
How networks are build
This document discusses network design and architecture from different layers. It begins by explaining the 7 layers of the OSI model and network terminology. It then discusses the need for high bandwidth networks to support applications like video. Wavelength division multiplexing is introduced as a way to increase fiber capacity. The document discusses typical network requirements, protection schemes, and the differences between OADM and RODAM networks. It provides examples of network architectures from the perspective of layers 1, 2, and 3.
Course Wave Division Multiplexing (CWDM): TechNet Augusta 2015
August 24, 2015
Dennis Troxel
Transition Networks
This Technology overview outlines the technology of Course Wave Division Multiplexing including real world government application examples to demonstrate the value of:
A) Overcoming Fiber Exhaustion
B) Increasing Fiber Bandwidth capacity
C) Providing Multiple Services over existing Fiber Pairs
3g wireless technology
3G wireless systems provide improved digital voice communications and higher data rates compared to 2G. Key 3G technologies include WCDMA, CDMA2000, and UMTS. WCDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum and supports features like handover, power control, and quality of service. 4G aims for even higher data rates and spectral efficiency using technologies like OFDM. It is still in development with commercial deployment expected around 2010. 3G continues to spread globally with WCDMA and CDMA2000 as leading standards.
Nachiket mehta
This document provides an overview of 3G wireless systems and the transition to 4G. It describes the advantages of 3G including higher data rates and bandwidth. The key 3G technologies are identified as WCDMA, CDMA2000, and UMTS. The document outlines aspects of the WCDMA protocol including the physical, MAC, RLC, and RRC layers. It also discusses handover, power control, and quality of service support in 3G. 4G is predicted to provide even higher data rates while using smaller cell sizes and frequency bands below 5 GHz.
3 g training by luca
WCDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum technology where user data is multiplied by pseudo-random codes to spread it across a wide bandwidth. This processing gain allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously while maintaining sufficient signal to interference ratios. Power control is used to ensure each user transmits with the minimum necessary power level to reduce interference. Admission control and power control work together to manage system capacity and maintain quality of service as user numbers and noise levels change.
scribd.vpdfs.com_multiple-access-fdma-cdma-tdma-sdma-dsss-fhss-aloha-packet-r...
This document provides an overview of multiple access techniques for wireless communications, including FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and various spread spectrum techniques. It describes the basic principles of each technique, including how they divide up frequency bands, time slots, or code channels to allow multiple users to access a shared channel simultaneously. Examples of wireless networks that use each technique are also provided.
Unitabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvxyz1234 1.pptx
Interface Bluetooth Module HC-05 with Arduino and Send Temperature and humidity Data
Aim:
To interface Bluetooth module HC-05 with Arduino and send temperature and humidity data
Apparatus Required:
Sign Number Name of the Equipment Quantity
1 Arduino UNO 1
2 Computer with Arduino IDE 1
3 USB Cable 1
4 HC-05 Bluetooth Module 1
5 Smartphone with Bluetooth Terminal HC-05 Application 1
6 Smartphone 1
7 Breadboard 1
8 Jumper iresW As 1
Theory:
HC05 module is a Bluetooth module using serial communication, mostly used in electronics projects. HC-05is a Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module designed for wireless communication. It can also be operated as amaster or slave configuration.
Circuit Diagram:
Code:
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include "DHT.h"#define DHT_PIN 2
SoftwareSerial bluetooth(2, 3); // Rx and Tx respectively.DHT dht(DHT_PIN,DHT11);
float temperature, humidity; voidsetup()
{
pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
bluetooth.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Ready to connect. Defualt password: 1234 or 0000.");
}
void loop()
{
if(bluetooth.available())
{
temperature = dht.readTemperature();
humidity =dht.readHumidity();
if(isnan(temperature) || isnan(humidity))
{
Serial.println("ERROR: Unable to read temperature and humidity data.");
}
else
{
bluetooth.write(temperature);
bluetooth.write(humidity);
}
delay(1000);
}
}
Procedure:
1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Open the Arduino IDE in your computer and write the above sketch.
3. Compile the sketch and upload it to Arduino UNO.
4. Connect to HC-05 via your Smartphone and send data to it with application named “Bluetooth Terminal HC-05.” Click here to download the app.
5. Once downloaded, setup the application to receive data.
6. Now, the Arduino UNO will fetch temperature and humidity data from DHT11 and send it to Smartphone via Bluetooth.
Result:
Hence, Bluetooth module HC-05 is interfaced successfully with Arduino UNO and data is sent to Smartphone via Bluetooth.
Interface Bluetooth Module HC-05 with Arduino and Send Temperature and humidity Data
Aim:
To interface Bluetooth module HC-05 with Arduino and send temperature and humidity data
Apparatus Required:
Sign Number Name of the Equipment Quantity
1 Arduino UNO 1
2 Computer with Arduino IDE 1
3 USB Cable 1
4 HC-05 Bluetooth Module 1
5 Smartphone with Bluetooth Terminal HC-05 Application 1
6 Smartphone 1
7 Breadboard 1
8 Jumper iresW As 1
Theory:
HC05 module is a Bluetooth module using serial communication, mostly used in electronics projects. HC-05is a Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module designed for wireless communication. It can also be operated as amaster or slave configuration.
Circuit Diagram:
Code:
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include "DHT.h"#define DHT_PIN 2
SoftwareSerial bluetooth(2, 3); // Rx and Tx respectively.DHT dht(DHT_PIN,DHT11);
float temperature, humidity; voidsetup()
{
pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
bluetooth.begin(9600);
Serial.pr
Lecture9 packet access
This document discusses packet access in WCDMA networks. It describes the different types of packet data traffic, including conversational, streaming, interactive and background classes. It then explains WCDMA packet access, the transport channels used for packet data, and packet scheduling algorithms like time division and code division scheduling. It also discusses how the packet scheduler interacts with other radio resource management algorithms and factors that impact packet data performance.
Fdd or tdd
The document discusses the key requirements for 4G networks including high bandwidth, long distance, low power consumption, and high speed mobility. It then examines the characteristics of different duplexing techniques used in today's networks, specifically Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD). The challenges of TDD including cross-slot interference and outdated channel information are also outlined, along with potential solutions like synchronization and sectorization. In conclusion, TDD allows for asymmetric traffic allocation and higher bit-rates using unpaired spectrum bands compared to FDD.
WiMAX vs LTE
A brief overview on both the technologies and their impact on the Next Generation Wireless Networks (NGN).
Light trees
This document discusses light trees, which are used in wavelength routed optical networks. It introduces key concepts like wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and different transmission types (unicast, broadcast, multicast). The methodology section explains how light trees work at the optical layer, providing high bandwidth light paths between nodes. Light trees allow for efficient routing of unicast, broadcast and multicast traffic. The advantages are high bandwidth over long distances and data security, while disadvantages include higher prices and fragility. Applications include teleconferencing, videoconferencing, and internet TV.
3G UMTS.ppt
3G wireless systems provide improved digital voice communications and higher data rates compared to 2G systems. Key 3G technologies include WCDMA, CDMA2000, and UMTS. WCDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum and supports capabilities like voice quality comparable to PSTN, data rates from 144 kbps to 2 Mbps, and both circuit-switched and packet-switched services. It also addresses issues like handover, power control, and quality of service support. 4G systems are still being developed and will offer higher data rates than 3G through the use of technologies like OFDM and operation at frequency bands below 5 GHz.
Lecture5_MobileCommunication.pptx
Wireless communication technologies have evolved from 1G to 5G networks. 1G used analog technologies like AMPS while 2G introduced digital cellular standards including GSM and CDMA. 3G standards included UMTS, WCDMA, and CDMA2000 to support higher data rates. 4G was led by LTE and LTE-Advanced using technologies like MIMO and carrier aggregation to achieve speeds over 1Gbps. Current 5G networks are being deployed using new radio technologies to enable multi-Gbps peak rates, low latency, and high device densities.
CISSP Prep: Ch 5. Communication and Network Security (Part 2)
This document provides an overview of networking concepts related to communication and network security. It discusses common cabling types used to physically connect networks like twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic and their characteristics. It also covers common LAN technologies and protocols like Ethernet, token ring, FDDI, physical network topologies and WAN protocols. The document then discusses wireless LANs, Bluetooth, RFID and secure network devices like switches, routers, firewalls and routing protocols.
CNIT 125 Ch 5 Communication & Network Security (part 2 of 2)
For a college course at Coastline Community College taught by Sam Bowne. Details at https://samsclass.info/125/125_F17.shtml
Based on: "CISSP Study Guide, Third Edition"; by Eric Conrad, Seth Misenar, Joshua Feldman; ISBN-10: 0128024372
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Course Wave Division Multiplexing (CWDM): TechNet Augusta 2015
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一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
CalArts毕业证学历书【微信95270640】CalArts毕业证’圣力嘉学院毕业证《Q微信95270640》办理CalArts毕业证√文凭学历制作{CalArts文凭}购买学历学位证书本科硕士,CalArts毕业证学历学位证【实体公司】办毕业证、成绩单、学历认证、学位证、文凭认证、办留信网认证、（网上可查，实体公司，专业可靠）
(诚招代理)办理国外高校毕业证成绩单文凭学位证,真实使馆公证（留学回国人员证明）真实留信网认证国外学历学位认证雅思代考国外学校代申请名校保录开请假条改GPA改成绩ID卡
1.高仿业务:【本科硕士】毕业证,成绩单（GPA修改）,学历认证（教育部认证）,大学Offer,,ID,留信认证,使馆认证,雅思,语言证书等高仿类证书；
2.认证服务: 学历认证（教育部认证）,大使馆认证（回国人员证明）,留信认证（可查有编号证书）,大学保录取,雅思保分成绩单。
3.技术服务：钢印水印烫金激光防伪凹凸版设计印刷激凸温感光标底纹镭射速度快。
办理加利福尼亚艺术学院加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证文凭证书流程：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
-办理真实使馆公证（即留学回国人员证明）
-办理各国各大学文凭（世界名校一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度）
-全套服务：毕业证成绩单真实使馆公证真实教育部认证。让您回国发展信心十足！
（详情请加一下 文凭顾问+微信:95270640）欢迎咨询！子小伍玩小伍比山娃小一岁虎头虎脑的很霸气父亲让山娃跟小伍去夏令营听课山娃很高兴夏令营就设在附近一所小学山娃发现那所小学比自己的学校更大更美操场上还铺有塑胶跑道呢里面很多小朋友一班一班的快快乐乐原来城里娃都藏这儿来了怪不得平时见不到他们山娃恍然大悟起来吹拉弹唱琴棋书画山娃都不懂却什么都想学山娃怨自己太笨什么都不会斟酌再三山娃终于选定了学美术当听说每月要交元时父亲犹豫了山娃也说爸算了吧咱学校一学期才转
一比一原版(USF毕业证)旧金山大学毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：95270640】【旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证成绩单】【微信：95270640】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
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二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：95270640】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证毕业证学位证【微信：95270640 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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7 fdd vs tdd
- 1. 4G requirement • Mobility • High bandwidth • Long distance • Low power consumption • High speed when move • Asymmetry Traffic 2
- 2. Today’s Networks Term Duplex WCDMA FDD CDMA 2000 FDD TD/CDMA TDD UMC-136(EDGE) FDD DECT TDD ADSL/VDSL FDD WiMax FDD/TDD Half-duplex CSMA TDD 3
- 3. Frequency Division Duplex U1 U2 U3 U4 D1 D2 D3 D4 Up stream Down stream Wu Wd Frequency Offset Wo Guard Band • Continuous uplink and downlink transmissions • Higher immunity to system interference • Feedback required for CSIT acquisition • Inflexible traffic allocation • Restrictive band allocation • Guard band • Higher hardware cost 4
- 4. Time Division Duplex • Channel reciprocity • Dynamic traffic allocation/Traffic Asymmetry • Higher frequency diversity • Unpaired band allocation • Lower hardware cost C1 C2 C3 C4 Wu+Wd 5
- 5. TDD Challenges • Cross-slot interference • Inter-operator interference • Guard time between downlink and uplink transitions • Duplexing delay in MAC and ARQ • Outdated CSIT TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 Up stream Down streamTTG RTG TS0 TS1 6
- 6. Solution for cross-slot interference • Synchronization • Sectorization • Time slot grouping 7
- 8. Hybrid FDD U1 U2 U3 U4 D1 D2 D3 D4 Up stream Frequency Down stream Frequency C1 C2 C3 C4Time Frame 9
- 9. Conclusions • TDD easier to asymmetry traffic • TDD has higher bit-rate • TDD use unpaired spectrum 10
- 10. Reference Documents • The evolution path of 4G networks: FDD or TDD? IEEE Communications Magazine, December 2006, Page 42 - 50 11