The document discusses various topics related to digital media, including: 1) Different types of fonts (serif, sans serif, decorative) and their uses. 2) Bitmap and vector images and common file formats. 3) Factors that affect image quality like resolution, bit depth, and file compression. 4) Basic concepts in digital video like frame rates, rendering, and common file formats.

1. 6th P
Industry Specific Tools and Equipment.
Note: Content delivered in student presentations not on this presentation

2. ž Serif and sans serif fonts:
ž In typography, serifs are semi-structural details on the ends of
some of the strokes that make up letters and symbols. A typeface
that has serifs is called a serif typeface (or seriffed typeface). A
typeface without serifs is called sans-serif, from the French sans,
meaning “without”.
Serif Font Sans Serif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif

3. ž Fonts can be either:
• Serif
• Sans Serif
• Decorative
ž Different fonts are good for different
situations
ž Fonts are files stored on individual
computers and generally don’t travel,
particularly in web design Reading on screen- Sans Serif
Reading bulk amounts on paper –Serif
Headings on paper- Serif

4. ž We
anti-alias text to make it more
readable on a computer monitor

5. ž All images are broken up into
• Bitmapped images
• Vector images

6. ž Bitmap images (also known as raster
images) are made up of pixels in a grid.
ž Common bitmap formats include:
• BMP
• GIF
• JPEG, JPG
• PNG
• PICT (Macintosh)
• PCX
• TIFF
• PSD (Adobe Photoshop)

7. ž Atit’s simplest, one bit would represent
one pixel and your bit mapping would
look something like this:
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
Image on screen Stored in memory

8. ž Vector
images are made up of many individual,
scalable objects. These objects are defined by
mathematical equations rather than pixels, so
they always render at the highest quality.
0,10
0,0

9. ž Losslessis a compression format where
you don’t lose quality because the quality
is stored for later
• Eg, Gif images, lossless WMA
ž Lossy
is a compression type where you
do lose quality, the quality is thrown away
when you compress
• Eg, JPEG images, MPEG sound/video

10. ž Image resolution describes the detail
an image holds. The term applies equally
to digital images, film images, and other
types of images. Higher resolution means
more image detail.
ž The
greater the detail in the image, the
larger the file size. (it is important to think about what type of files you
would use for different situations i.e. the web)

11. ž However, each pixel has more than a yes/
no piece of information. Each pixel also
has a colour and tone

12. ž The more colours and tones an image
has, the greater the bit depth.
ž Eg.
Bit depth Number of colours or Relationship
(number of bits per tones
pixel)
1 2 21=2
2 4 22=4
3 8 23=8
8 256 28=256
16 65536 216=65536

13. ž Clipart– royalty free images
ž Screencapture (show example)
• Software that can be used:
– Screengrab (Mozilla add-on)
– Capture fox
– Fireshot

14. ž Both scanners and cameras digitize data
in the same way
ž They convert light reflected from an
image or an object into electrical signals
recorded as binary.

15. ž Resolutionis
measured by how
many pixels the image
contains
ž Eg 2240
2240x1680
this allows large
printed photos, with
=3,763200
good quality for
prints up to 16x20
inches.
4 megapixel 1680

16. ž Stock
photos (stock ž Image Libraries
photography) are
professional
photographs of
common places,
landmarks, nature,
events or people that
are bought and sold
on a royalty-free
basis and can be
used and reused for
commercial design
purposes.

17. ž Path Animation
• Drawing a line for an image to follow during an
animation.
• Behavioural Animation

18. ž Frame Rates
• the number of frames or images that are projected or
displayed per second.
• The higher the number of frames playing per
second, the smoother the video playback appears to
the user. Lower rates result in a choppy playback. (As
a reference point, film uses 24 frames per second to
allow the viewer to perceive smooth playback.)
• Several factors affect the actual frame rate you get on
your computer. For example, your PC processor or
graphics hardware may only be capable of playing
10-15 frames per second without acceleration.
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/
0,,sid7_gci213531,00.html

19. ž Rendering
• is the process of generating an image from a model, by
means of computer programs. The model is a description
of three-dimensional objects in a strictly defined
language or data structure. It would contain geometry,
viewpoint, texture, lighting, and shading information. The
image is a digital image or raster graphics image.
• In the case of 3D graphics, rendering may be done slowly,
as in pre-rendering, or in real time. Pre-rendering is a
computationally intensive process that is typically used
for movie creation, while real-time rendering is often
done for 3D video games which rely on the use of
graphics cards with 3D hardware accelerators.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendering_%28computer_graphics%29

20. ž Motion Capture
• Motion capture, motion tracking, or
mocap are terms used to describe the
process of recording movement and
translating that movement onto a digital
model. It is used in entertainment, sports,
and medical applications. In filmmaking it
refers to recording actions of human
actors, and using that information to
animate digital character models in 2D or
3D computer animation. When it includes
face, fingers and captures subtle
expressions, it is often referred to as
performance capture.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_capture

21. ž A computer-simulated environment,
whether that environment is a simulation of
the real world or an imaginary world. Most
current virtual reality environments are
primarily visual experiences, displayed
either on a computer screen or through
special or stereoscopic displays, but some
simulations include additional sensory
information, such as sound through
speakers or headphones. Some advanced,
systems now include tactile information,
generally known as force feedback, in
medical and gaming applications. Users can
interact with a virtual environment. The
simulated environment can be similar to the
real world, for example, simulations for pilot
or combat training, or it can differ
significantly from reality, as in VR games.

22. ž Simulator
• any device or system that simulates specific
conditions or the characteristics of a real process
or machine for the purposes of research or
operator training space simulator.
• a machine that simulates an environment for the
purpose of training or research.

23. ž Walkthrough
• See historical sites which allow a user to
‘walkthrough’ museums and castles without ever
being there.
• Can now also be seen in the housing market.
• http://www.realestate.com.au/cgi-bin/rsearch?
a=o&f=0&p=10&t=res&ty=&c=6547288&s=nsw&
snf=rbs&tm=1263805478&id=106006416&gts=1
&gts-suburb=ROSEBERY,ROSE+BAY|nsw,nsw

24. ž Navigable Scene
• See Google street.
• The ability to move in a virtual world.
• http://maps.google.com.au/help/maps/
streetview/

25. ž Video formats are made up of:
• the container
• the codec(s) used inside that container.
The container describes the structure of the file: where
the various pieces are stored, how they are interleaved,
and which codecs are used by which pieces. It may
specify an audio codec as well as video.
A codec ("coder/decoder") is a way of compressing the
file to decrease file size, while maintaining quality

26. ž Video Formats (Containers)
• AVI (.avi)
• Quicktime
• WMV (.wmv)
ž Video Codecs
• MPEG(Moving Pictures Expert Group)
• RM (Real Media)
• DivX

27. ž Analog signals (pictures and audio) are
converted to digital signals via a video
capture card
ž A video or animation is made up of
frames: individual pictures that are put
together to create the illusion of
movement.

28. ž Sound Waves

29. ž There
are three major groups of audio file
formats:
• Uncompressed
– eg, WAV
• Lossless Compression Format
– eg, lossless Windows Media Audio (WMA).
• Lossy compression
– eg,MP3
– Vorbis
– lossy Windows Media Audio (WMA)
– AAC.

30. ž Losslessis a compression format where
you don’t lose quality because the quality
is stored for later
• Eg, Gif images, lossless WMA
ž Lossy
is a compression type where you
do lose quality, the quality is thrown away
when you compress
• Eg, JPEG images, MPEG sound/video

31. ž Sound is analog data: it has continuous
variable points
ž Audio is sound which has been digitised
by a computer
ž Sound is converted to audio via the
sound card which is a dàa and aàd
converter

32. ž Sampling has 3 characteristics
• Sampling rate: number of times a sample (Slice) is
taken from a sound wave.
• Higher sampling rate, the better quality the sound
• Two common sampling Rates:
– 44.1kHz (44100 samples per second)
– 22.05kHz (22050 samples per second)

33. ž Sample size is the number of bits per sample
(number of possible points)
ž More bits= higher quality sound
ž 8 bit 16 bit

34. ž MIDI
ž MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface), is an industry-standard
protocol defined in 1982 that enables electronic musical instruments such
as keyboard controllers, computers, and other electronic equipment to
communicate, control, and synchronize with each other. MIDI allows
computers, synthesizers, MIDI controllers, sound cards, samplers and
drum machines to control one another, and to exchange system data. MIDI
does not transmit an audio signal or media — it transmits "event
messages" such as the pitch and intensity of musical notes to play, control
signals for parameters such as volume, vibrato and panning, cues, and
clock signals to set the tempo. As an electronic protocol, it is notable for
its widespread adoption throughout the music industry.
ž All MIDI compatible controllers, musical instruments, and MIDI-
compatible software follow the same MIDI 1.0 specification, and thus
interpret any given MIDI message the same way, and so can communicate
with and understand each other. Because the music is simply data rather
than recorded audio waveforms, the data size of the files is quite small by
comparison.

35. ž TMBG