This document summarizes the structure and function of cartilage and bone. It describes the main types of cartilage, including hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. It also discusses the cells, matrix, and growth of cartilage. Regarding bone, it outlines the organic and inorganic components of bone matrix, and the cells involved in bone formation and resorption, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. It also summarizes the different types of bone and bone growth processes.

1. dr.Nursyamsi, Sp.M,M.Kes
HISTOLOGY DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF HASANUDDIN

3. FUNCTIONS :
Soft tissue support
The initiation of long bone growth before or
after birth.
Provides areas for joints that facilitate bone
movement based on their smooth surface.

4. GENERAL STRUCTURES
 Interseluler : matrix
 Pores : lacuna contains chondrocytes
NATURES PROPERTIES :
 Avasculer : receive nutrients through :
Diffusion through connective tissues
capillary
Synovial fluid of the joint cavity
 No innervations
 No lymph vessels

6. TYPE OF CARTILAGE
Hyalin cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilago

7.  The most common type of cartilage in adults
 Localisations :
 Tip of ribs ventral
 Larynx,trachea, bronchus
 Surface of the joints
 Epiphyseal plate on fetal or children

8. MICROSCOPIC
MATRIX :
Amorphous gel contains glycosaminoglycan that form
complex protein such as proteoglycan.
glycosaminoglycan consist of hyaluronate acid, sulfate
chondroitin 4, sulfate chondroitin 6, sulfate bond.

9.  THE GELS :
 Type 2 soft tissue collagen fibers, very thin
diameter 10 -100 nm.
 On routine histology preparation the soft tissue
collagen fibers indistinguishable with
amorphous substance because:
 Very thin size
 Refractive index same with interceluler
amorphous substance
 Collagen in the matrix 40-70%
  50% organic in the gel contains of
proteoglycan thick hydrophilic

10.  Type II collagen & proteoglycan produced by the
chondrocytes
 Matrix protein:
 Type II collagen
 Chondronectin
 Chondrocalsin
HE STAINING :
 Matrix : pale blue ( barely stained)
 Area around chondrocyte looks darker= “ territorial
matrix” = “capsular”, characteristics :
 strong basophilic
 Metachromatic
 Positive PAS reaction

11.  Interteritorial Matrix
 Tissue Fluids: 65-80%
 No blood and lymph
vessels
 CHONDROCYTES
 Located in primary
lacuna
 If the chondrocytes
divide several times, the
daughter cells (2-4 cells)
formed a group of cells
in the primary lakuna =
isogenic cells = cell
nests

12. Chondrocytes secrete intercellular substances to
form thin barriers between cells so that they are
located in secondary lacuna.
Secondary lacuna of the nest cell present in the
primary lacuna.
Cell size / shape: varies
Immature chondrocytes: rather flat
Mature chondrocytes: large & round
CHONDROCYTES

13. Chondrocytes
Round nucleous: 1-2 nucleoli
Cytoplasm: glycogen & fat in large chondrocytes
Perichondrium
Consists of 2 layers:
Inner layer = Chondrogenic layer  cells in this
layer produce new condroblasts
CHONDROCYTES

14. Outer layer = Fibrous Layer
Cells differentiate into fibroblasts
Produces collagen so that the cartilage is wrapped in
irregular connective tissue
CARTILAGE GROWTH
Interstitial growth: mitosis
Apositional growth: differentiation
CHONDROCYTES

15. Distribution :
 earlobe, external acoustic
meatus wall, eustachian
auditory tube, epiglottis,
part of the larynx
 MATRIX : type II
collagen fibers, elastic
fibers>>>
 It has perichondrium

16. Distribution :
 Annulus fibrosus of the
intervertebral discs, the
pubic symphysis, insertion
of tendons to the cartilage.
 MICROSCOPIC :
 Coarse collagen fibers in
regular pattern
 Less cellular
 Chondrocyte cells are spread
infrequently
 Basophilic matrix, ≠
perichondrium

18. The hardest tissue
FUNCTIONS :
Body frame - Protector
Supporting - Blood formation
STRUCTURES :
Bone Matrix
Osteocyte

19. BONE MATRIX
ORGANIC
SUBSTANCES
  90% type I collagen
fibers, << type V
 HE  pink  red
  10%  amorphous
element
 Sulfat Chondroitin
 Hyaluronic Acid
 Glicoprotein
 Non collagenous protein :
Osteonectin & Osteocalsin
ANORGANIC SUBSTANCES :
Mineral :
Ca & P  >>
hydroxiapatite
Bicarbonate, citrate, Mg,
K, Na

20. Bone Cells
1. Osteoblast :
Organic matrix element
Nucleated bone mineral
Shape of the cells
Active : Active: relatively large,
round  polygonal, eccentric
nucleus, cytoplasm : very
basophilic (many GER)
Non Active : squamous, cytoplasm :
less basophilic

21. 2. Osteocyte
 Maintenance of the matrix and release Calcium
 Position: lacuna within the matrix
 Connected by canaliculi
Shape of the cells : < osteoblast
 Motility (+)
 Many cytoplasmic branch
 cytoplasm : less basophilic
 Electrone Microscope: contain GER, less golgi app, less,
chromatin, dense nucleous, lysosome

22. 3. Osteoclast
Inti banyak, dekat permukaan tulang
Sistem fagosit mononuklear
Mengatur kadar serum kalsium ( parathormon &
kalsitonin )
Sitopl. : asidofilik, eosin (gelap), mengandung
mitokondria, badan golgi, lisosom,GER.
Meresopsi tulang  LACUNA HOWSHIP

23. 3. Osteoclast
Many nuclei, near the bone surface
Mononuclear phagocyte system
Regulates serum calcium levels (parathormone &
calcitonin)
Cytoplasm: acidophilic, eosin (dark), containing
mitochondria, golgi bodies, lysosomes, GER.
bone resorption cavities  LACUNA HOWSHIP

25. TYPES OF BONES
1. A. Cancellous : cavity (+)  spongiosa
B. Compact : solid
2. A. Immature = primary
B. Mature = secondary
3. A. Lamellar immature
B. Woven
C. Fibrous secondary

27. IMMATURE = PRIMARY BONES VS
Osteocyte >>, mineral <<
Consist of : woven and lamellar
Matrix : basophylic
Surrounded by mature bones
Temporary mature bones
Can also be formed:
During fracture healing
Bone tumors
MATURE BONE =
SECONDARY BONE
= regular sample of bone,
each lamel is 4-12 µm in
size
Acidophil matrix
Osteocytes <<, spread
evenly, contained in
squashed lakuna

28.  Osteocyte >>, mineral <<
 Consist of : woven and lamellar
 Matrix : basophylic
 Surrounded by mature bones
 Temporary mature bones
Can also be formed:
 During fracture healing
 Bone tumors
 regular lamellar bone, each
lamel is 4-12 µm in size
 Acidophilic matrix
 Osteocytes <<, spread evenly,
contained in lacuna
IMMATURE = PRIMARY BONES MATURE BONE = SECONDARY BONE

29. THE LAMELLAE
Small lacuna & net anastomose (canaliculi)
Living osteocytes occupy the lacunae
Smooth branch of osteocyte filling the canaliculi

30. LAMELLAE IN COMPACT
BONE
1. Outer circumferential
Lamellae
2. Inner circumferential
Lamellae
3. Haversian System (=
Osteon)
4. Interstitiel System
LAMELLAE IN
SPONGIOUS BONE
Less lamellae, not
forming the Haversian
System

31.  Surrounded by concentric lamel
 May contain: blood, nerves & tissue
 Can be related to:
- Bone marrow cavity
- Periosteum
- Another Haversi channel through the volkman canal
1. Haversian Canals
2. Volkman Canals

32. PERIOSTEUM
Vascular connective tissue membrane
Cover the outer surface of the bone
Consists of :
Relatively thick outer layer = fibrous
Inner layer = osteogenic osteogenic cells
Sharpey Fiber
ENDOSTEUM
Structure = periosteum only:
Thinner
Does not show 2 layers
Bone surface wrapped in 2 membranes:
Periosteum  outer
Endosteum  inner

33. 1. INTRAMEMBRANOSA
OSIFICATION
- Occurs in vascular
mesenchyme tissue
- It starts towards the end of
the 2nd month of pregnancy
- In the flat bones  cranial,
mandible, clavicle
- The beginning of
ossification: primary
ossification center
Uncalcified bone tissue Osteoid = premature bone

34. ENCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
Occurred in section of hyalin cartilage as a model
Responsible for the formation of short and long bone
Consists of 2 processes:
1. Hypertrophy & destruction of chondrocyte cartilage
models to lacuna
2. Osteogenic buds, consisting of : osteogenic precursors &
blood capillaries, penetrate into the space left behind by
degenerated chondrocytes

35. LONG BONE GROWTH
1. Bone tissue was first formed by intramembranous ossification in
the perichondrium surrounding the diaphyse. Center of ossification
that occurs in diaphyse = Primary Osification Center.
Growth is longitudinally, extending toward epiphyse.
2. Secondary Ossification Center occurs at each epiphyse
- Radial growth
- Mostly occur after birth
- If bone tissue originating in the center of the secondary ossification
occupies epiphyses then cartilage remains in:
Articular cartilage
Epiphyse plate = epiphyseal cartilage

36. Microscopically divided 4
zones from epiphyse
to diaphyse:
I. Resting Zone = Resting
Cartilage
Closest to epiphyseal bone
tissue
Chondrocytes are not
actively involved in
bone growth

37. II. Cartilage Proliferation Zone = chondrocyte proliferation zone
Contains chondrocytes that continue to divide & produce new
chondrocytes
Elongated columns formed, like piles of coins
Mitotic features appear
III. Cartilage Maturation Zone = Cartilage Hypertrophy Zone
Chondrocytes are still arranged (long column)
Cells have hypertrophy & contain glycogen & lipids
Cells appear large & pale
Cells produce a lot of phosphatase

38. IV. Cartilage Calcification Zone = Temporary Calcification Zone
The cartilage matrix is deposited with bone mineral
The shape of the chondrocytes remains intact
The matrix between the lacuna starts to show signs of damage
There are capillaries with osteogenic cells

39. HISTOPHYSIOLOGY
 Supporters & protectors
 Plasticity
 Calcium reserves
 Nutrition (Vit A, C & D)
 Hormonal factors
- Parathormone & Calcitonin
- Growth Hormone

40. DIARTHRITIS
SINARTROSIS
 Synostosis
 Synchondrosis
 Syndesmosis

41. DIARTROSIS = joint cartilage
Has great mobility
Joints that connect long bones
Joint surface:
Coated hyaline cartilage
Does not have pericondrium
Having a fluid-filled spaces: the articular cavity

42. Consists of :
Layer of synovial cells
Contains synovial fluid formed by synovial coating:
thick, colorless / transparent, rich in hyaluronic acid
Wrapped in fibrous tissue capsules = capsule
diarthrosis
Consists of 2 layers
1. Outer: fibrous  solid supporting tissue
2. Inner : synovial

43. - squamous / cuboid cells
- solid / loose connective tissue
- Adipose tissue
- EM consists of 2 types of cells:
a.Macrophag = M cell
contains: golgi app which is large, many
lysosome, less GER
b. Fibroblast = cell F
GER is developing well
M & F cells are phagocytic
M cells are more active