1) The study aimed to optimize the sterile male ratio of oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) for use in sterile insect technique (SIT) programs. 2) Various pupal ages (5-6 days old) were exposed to gamma radiation doses (30-60 Gray) to determine the sterilizing dose, found to be 60 Gray for 5-day old pupae. 3) Ratios of sterile to wild males (1:1 to 1:9) were tested in field cages with wild females, with the 1:9 ratio found to most suppress wild population characteristics like pupal recovery and emergence based on increased numbers of deformed and non-emerged flies.
Genotoxicity of Eleusine indica (Nkim enang: Efik) was investigated in the Wister strain albino rat (Rattus novergicus). Nine (9) male and nine (9) female rats were randomly assigned to three (3) groups, of which two were exposed to the aqueous extract of E.indica – Group A (control-no extract)), Group B (50 mg/kg BW of E. indica) and Group C (100 mg/kg BW of E. indica). This was administered to the rats by oral gavage for 14 days after which the peripheral blood from the tail tips were collected and assayed for the presence of micronuclei, following standard procedures. Proximate analysis and phytochemical screening of the herb extract was carried out. Results obtained showed that E. indica did not cause any significant (P > 0.05) increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in rat peripheral blood at any of the doses administered. The polychromatic: normochromatic erythrocyte (PCE: NCE) ratio was found to be in the range of 0.50 ± 0.11 to 0.55 ± 0.02. Also, the aqueous herb extract is rich in Carbohydrates (76.17%) and Tannins (21.76%). Mean body weights (MBW) of rats showed normal distribution throughout the duration of the investigation. The results of this study demonstrate that E. indica does not confer any genotoxicity in mammals. Further in-depth study on its efficacy is recommended.
Antimicrobial drug resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from cases of abor...Bhoj Raj Singh
Most common causes of abortion and miscarriages include genetic abnormalities in embryo, congenital malformations, immune causes, hormonal causes and infections.
Infections are the least responsible but the most important being extrinsic cause of abortions and thus treatable.
Among the causes of reproductive tract infections commonest are bacteria followed by virus and parasites.
Bacterial infections affect prospective mother right from implantation of the zygote till the postpartum period. Important bacteria are Mycoplasma, Listeria, Salmonella, Brucella and E. coli etc. To treat the bacterial infections antibiotics are the final weapons but proving futile day by day with the emergence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria.
A total of 516 bacterial strains (91 Gram positive and 425 Gram –ve) isolated from cases of abortion (buffaloes 63, cattle 408, goats 14, mares 5, sows 5 and bitches 2) and metritis (bitches 17, buffaloes 2) in animals were tested for sensitivity to:
15 herbal antimicrobials (essential oils of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Thyme, lemon grass, sandal wood, ajowan, betel leaf, guggul, cinnamon, agar wood, holy basil, patchouli and methanolic extract of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, and three active compounds from herbs viz., carvacrol, cinnamledehyde and citral) and
33 antibiotics (amoxycillin, amoxycillin clavulanic acid, ampicillin, azithromycin, aztreonam cefepime, cefotaxime, cefotaxime clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftazidime clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, colistin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, moxalactam, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, novobiocin, penicillin, piperacillin, v tazobactam, polymyxin B sulphate , streptomycin, tigecycline and vancomycin) using disc diffusion assay.
To determine extended spectrum β-lactamase and mettalo β-lactamase production specific E-test and polymerase chain reaction assays were performed.
Bacteria belonging to 37 genera were identified from aborted foetal tissues or membranes (497) and bacteria of 6 genera from cases of metritis (19). The 10 most common genera of bacteria associated with abortion were Escherichia (117), Aeromonas (50), Enterobacter (46), Streptococcus (36), Brucella (32), Klebsiella (26), Staphylococcus (22), Alcaligenes (20), Moraxella (19) and Acinetobacter (17).
The bacteria associated with metritis were Staphylococcus (10), Bacillus spp., (2), Enterobacter spp. (1), Escherichia coli (4), Streptococcus milleri (1) and Vibrio alginolyticus (1).
Conclusion: Some of the herbal antimicrobial is as good as antibiotics or even better, the question is how we can use these to alleviate the infections of reproductive tract. In vitro studies are just indicative and real picture may be lucid after in vivo studies for which a concerted one health study is the need of the day.
Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room AirBhoj Raj Singh
In the study, the effect of the Gayatri Mantra playing for 24 hr on microbial quality of air was examined in 12 rooms of scientists of the ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India willing to participate in the study and in 7 empty classroom/ examination hall lying vacant since March 2020 due to COVID-19. Of the empty rooms, 6 were used as the control for the first two days, then after a week, all rooms were also used to detect the effect of playing the Gayatri Mantra. A total of 31 bacterial species of medical importance were isolated and identified in the air of the rooms. After playing the Gayatri Mantra in Raag Bhairvi for 24 h bacterial count significantly decreased in rooms inhabited by vegetarian (OR 24, CI 95: 0.00-0.88; p, 0.036) than in rooms occupied by non-vegetarians. Rooms occupied by vegetarians. The effect of Gayatri Mantra in the empty room had no significant difference but bacterial count reduced. Bacterial counts of rooms occupied by non-vegetarian increased significantly post Mantra playing. Bacterial counts of rooms occupied by non-vegetarians and empty rooms varied significantly (OR 18, p, 0.02, CI 95: 0.00 – 0.79). Empty rooms with and without mantra not varied significantly for the reduction of the bacterial count. Paenibacillus spp. was not detected in any of the 12 rooms occupied by the scientists/ staff but in 3 of the 7 empty rooms (p, 0.01) it was detected even without playing any mantra. It indicated that daily disturbance in the environment may be detrimental to the survival of Paenibacillus spp. After playing Mantra P. alvei, P. cookie, P. lautus were detected in 5 of the seven rooms occupied by Non-vegetarians, while P. pantothenicus continued to be present in three of the vacant rooms even after playing the Mantra. Paenibacillus spp. bacteria are known for their probiotic potential and its significance in the study is not clear. It seems that the Gayatri mantra has some enrichment effect on Paenibacillus spp. but a detrimental effect on other microbes.
Emergence of antibiotic resistance in captive wildlifeBhoj Raj Singh
In this presentation antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR) in captive wildlife has been compared with AMR in bacteria isolated from veterinary clinical cases. In captive wildlife bacteria resistant to carbapenems, all generations of cephalosporins, producing ESBL, MBL, and NDM were prevalent. In this study 36.7% bacterial isolates from captive wildlife were ESBL producers and about 45% were MDR type. In recent past not much increase in AMR in bacteria of captive wildlife was observed. Carvacrol was found to be the most effective herbal antimicrobial. About 67.5% bacteria from birds kept in zoo and >71% those from zoo carnivores had MDR. This was much more than in strains of wild herbivore origin (<30%). Herbal drugs resistance was more common in bacteria from herbivore captive wildlife in contrast to AMR for conventional antimicrobials in bacteria from carnivores. Bacteria from carnivores had higher levels of multidrug resistance than those from omnivores or herbivores. No such difference was evident in bacterial isolates from domesticated or pet herbivores and carnivores. Omnivore animals (pigs) and human isolates had almost similar levels of AMR but much higher than herbivores. Position in food chain and Food of the host play an important role in occurrence of AMR bacteria. The study revealed that members of Enterobacteriaceae are the major players in the propagation of AMR. And for maintenance or propagation of AMR Enterobacteriaceae members, wild carnivores are the major abode. The study indicated that AMR was common in bacteria of captive wildlife too as in other biotic and abiotic components of the environment. However, the level of AMR was much more aggravated than in domestic animals. It can be concluded that if we need to monitor the AMR in any locality it will be more informative to look for the AMR strains in wildlife and aquatic environment than in livestock. This might be due to the concentration of the AMR strains in wild carnivores having a specific niche in food chain. More long term studies on large number of isolates from wide variety of captive wildlife living in different geographical and climatological conditions are required for better understanding of AMR trends.
ABSTRACT- The many exotic species introduction has been causing chaos in biological world as they turned in to invasive species by making interspecific competition stronger mentioned by Darwin in theory of natural selection. Effect of Parthenium spp. of plant and Clarias gariepinus of fish in India has been one of the problems in the same terms. In the present study we have noted the effect of a new exotic animal emu Dromaius novaehollandiae, fish Clarias gariepinus and plant Parthenium spp. collectively in the region, indicating its effect on other life forms because of absence of natural predators for the same.
Key-words- Exotic species, Invasive species, Emu, Clarias gariepinus, Parthenium spp., Dromaius novaehollandiae
Genotoxicity of Eleusine indica (Nkim enang: Efik) was investigated in the Wister strain albino rat (Rattus novergicus). Nine (9) male and nine (9) female rats were randomly assigned to three (3) groups, of which two were exposed to the aqueous extract of E.indica – Group A (control-no extract)), Group B (50 mg/kg BW of E. indica) and Group C (100 mg/kg BW of E. indica). This was administered to the rats by oral gavage for 14 days after which the peripheral blood from the tail tips were collected and assayed for the presence of micronuclei, following standard procedures. Proximate analysis and phytochemical screening of the herb extract was carried out. Results obtained showed that E. indica did not cause any significant (P > 0.05) increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in rat peripheral blood at any of the doses administered. The polychromatic: normochromatic erythrocyte (PCE: NCE) ratio was found to be in the range of 0.50 ± 0.11 to 0.55 ± 0.02. Also, the aqueous herb extract is rich in Carbohydrates (76.17%) and Tannins (21.76%). Mean body weights (MBW) of rats showed normal distribution throughout the duration of the investigation. The results of this study demonstrate that E. indica does not confer any genotoxicity in mammals. Further in-depth study on its efficacy is recommended.
Antimicrobial drug resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from cases of abor...Bhoj Raj Singh
Most common causes of abortion and miscarriages include genetic abnormalities in embryo, congenital malformations, immune causes, hormonal causes and infections.
Infections are the least responsible but the most important being extrinsic cause of abortions and thus treatable.
Among the causes of reproductive tract infections commonest are bacteria followed by virus and parasites.
Bacterial infections affect prospective mother right from implantation of the zygote till the postpartum period. Important bacteria are Mycoplasma, Listeria, Salmonella, Brucella and E. coli etc. To treat the bacterial infections antibiotics are the final weapons but proving futile day by day with the emergence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria.
A total of 516 bacterial strains (91 Gram positive and 425 Gram –ve) isolated from cases of abortion (buffaloes 63, cattle 408, goats 14, mares 5, sows 5 and bitches 2) and metritis (bitches 17, buffaloes 2) in animals were tested for sensitivity to:
15 herbal antimicrobials (essential oils of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Thyme, lemon grass, sandal wood, ajowan, betel leaf, guggul, cinnamon, agar wood, holy basil, patchouli and methanolic extract of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, and three active compounds from herbs viz., carvacrol, cinnamledehyde and citral) and
33 antibiotics (amoxycillin, amoxycillin clavulanic acid, ampicillin, azithromycin, aztreonam cefepime, cefotaxime, cefotaxime clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftazidime clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, colistin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, moxalactam, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, novobiocin, penicillin, piperacillin, v tazobactam, polymyxin B sulphate , streptomycin, tigecycline and vancomycin) using disc diffusion assay.
To determine extended spectrum β-lactamase and mettalo β-lactamase production specific E-test and polymerase chain reaction assays were performed.
Bacteria belonging to 37 genera were identified from aborted foetal tissues or membranes (497) and bacteria of 6 genera from cases of metritis (19). The 10 most common genera of bacteria associated with abortion were Escherichia (117), Aeromonas (50), Enterobacter (46), Streptococcus (36), Brucella (32), Klebsiella (26), Staphylococcus (22), Alcaligenes (20), Moraxella (19) and Acinetobacter (17).
The bacteria associated with metritis were Staphylococcus (10), Bacillus spp., (2), Enterobacter spp. (1), Escherichia coli (4), Streptococcus milleri (1) and Vibrio alginolyticus (1).
Conclusion: Some of the herbal antimicrobial is as good as antibiotics or even better, the question is how we can use these to alleviate the infections of reproductive tract. In vitro studies are just indicative and real picture may be lucid after in vivo studies for which a concerted one health study is the need of the day.
Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room AirBhoj Raj Singh
In the study, the effect of the Gayatri Mantra playing for 24 hr on microbial quality of air was examined in 12 rooms of scientists of the ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India willing to participate in the study and in 7 empty classroom/ examination hall lying vacant since March 2020 due to COVID-19. Of the empty rooms, 6 were used as the control for the first two days, then after a week, all rooms were also used to detect the effect of playing the Gayatri Mantra. A total of 31 bacterial species of medical importance were isolated and identified in the air of the rooms. After playing the Gayatri Mantra in Raag Bhairvi for 24 h bacterial count significantly decreased in rooms inhabited by vegetarian (OR 24, CI 95: 0.00-0.88; p, 0.036) than in rooms occupied by non-vegetarians. Rooms occupied by vegetarians. The effect of Gayatri Mantra in the empty room had no significant difference but bacterial count reduced. Bacterial counts of rooms occupied by non-vegetarian increased significantly post Mantra playing. Bacterial counts of rooms occupied by non-vegetarians and empty rooms varied significantly (OR 18, p, 0.02, CI 95: 0.00 – 0.79). Empty rooms with and without mantra not varied significantly for the reduction of the bacterial count. Paenibacillus spp. was not detected in any of the 12 rooms occupied by the scientists/ staff but in 3 of the 7 empty rooms (p, 0.01) it was detected even without playing any mantra. It indicated that daily disturbance in the environment may be detrimental to the survival of Paenibacillus spp. After playing Mantra P. alvei, P. cookie, P. lautus were detected in 5 of the seven rooms occupied by Non-vegetarians, while P. pantothenicus continued to be present in three of the vacant rooms even after playing the Mantra. Paenibacillus spp. bacteria are known for their probiotic potential and its significance in the study is not clear. It seems that the Gayatri mantra has some enrichment effect on Paenibacillus spp. but a detrimental effect on other microbes.
Emergence of antibiotic resistance in captive wildlifeBhoj Raj Singh
In this presentation antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR) in captive wildlife has been compared with AMR in bacteria isolated from veterinary clinical cases. In captive wildlife bacteria resistant to carbapenems, all generations of cephalosporins, producing ESBL, MBL, and NDM were prevalent. In this study 36.7% bacterial isolates from captive wildlife were ESBL producers and about 45% were MDR type. In recent past not much increase in AMR in bacteria of captive wildlife was observed. Carvacrol was found to be the most effective herbal antimicrobial. About 67.5% bacteria from birds kept in zoo and >71% those from zoo carnivores had MDR. This was much more than in strains of wild herbivore origin (<30%). Herbal drugs resistance was more common in bacteria from herbivore captive wildlife in contrast to AMR for conventional antimicrobials in bacteria from carnivores. Bacteria from carnivores had higher levels of multidrug resistance than those from omnivores or herbivores. No such difference was evident in bacterial isolates from domesticated or pet herbivores and carnivores. Omnivore animals (pigs) and human isolates had almost similar levels of AMR but much higher than herbivores. Position in food chain and Food of the host play an important role in occurrence of AMR bacteria. The study revealed that members of Enterobacteriaceae are the major players in the propagation of AMR. And for maintenance or propagation of AMR Enterobacteriaceae members, wild carnivores are the major abode. The study indicated that AMR was common in bacteria of captive wildlife too as in other biotic and abiotic components of the environment. However, the level of AMR was much more aggravated than in domestic animals. It can be concluded that if we need to monitor the AMR in any locality it will be more informative to look for the AMR strains in wildlife and aquatic environment than in livestock. This might be due to the concentration of the AMR strains in wild carnivores having a specific niche in food chain. More long term studies on large number of isolates from wide variety of captive wildlife living in different geographical and climatological conditions are required for better understanding of AMR trends.
ABSTRACT- The many exotic species introduction has been causing chaos in biological world as they turned in to invasive species by making interspecific competition stronger mentioned by Darwin in theory of natural selection. Effect of Parthenium spp. of plant and Clarias gariepinus of fish in India has been one of the problems in the same terms. In the present study we have noted the effect of a new exotic animal emu Dromaius novaehollandiae, fish Clarias gariepinus and plant Parthenium spp. collectively in the region, indicating its effect on other life forms because of absence of natural predators for the same.
Key-words- Exotic species, Invasive species, Emu, Clarias gariepinus, Parthenium spp., Dromaius novaehollandiae
Genetic engineering is the best technology that is promoting the world and this technology is applied to many plants, animals and microorganisms. It has wider applications in the field of Biology, Medicine, Industry, Research, Agriculture and many other fields of science. In this research paper I update the Roles of Genetic Engineering in Agriculture, Animals, Human enhancement and Evolution, Bacteriophage Against Infectious Diseases, Medicines, Phage in Infectious Diseases, Biofuels Production and Improve Plant Performance Under Drought.
Pathway studio plant rice blast webinar february 2015Ann-Marie Roche
Using inferred pathways relations to find mechanisms associated with a plant disease
Rice blast is a fungal infection that can devastate growing crops within 7-10 days. It can survive on seeds or in soil, subsequent crops can be infected.
Despite all attempts to fight this disease, rice blast still ravages yields. The use of fungicides extends the plant’s useful life, however, blast overcomes resistance within 1 to 2 growing seasons.
Analysis of rice response to blast infection can shed light on plant immunity and improve breeding decisions. This webinar will demonstrate how the utilization of Arabidopsis data in Pathway Studio helps further the understanding of rice blast defense mechanisms.
Effect of Adlai (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) roots on small ruminants naturally inf...Innspub Net
Parasites pose a significant threat to the health of small ruminants. Natural products such as Adlai roots have anthelmintic potentials. The study aimed to determine the Anthelmintic potential to the small ruminants. A total of 12 goats and sheep regardless of sex and age were used in the study and randomly distributed into four (4) Treatments with Three (3) replications following Randomized Complete Block Design. There were four different levels of Treatments. Treatment 1 as the control, Treatment 2 (100ml of Adlai roots decoction), Treatment 3 (150ml of Adlai roots decoction), and Treatment 4 (200ml of Adlai roots decoction). Freshly excreted feces were collected and placed in plastic cups and immediately examined through Modified Mc Master Test to evaluate the Anthelmintic activity of the designated treatments. The evaluation criteria were based on the frequency counts of egg parasites and oocysts per 2 grams of feces under different treatments. Results were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Tukey’s test was used to compare treatment means showing significant difference. Statistical results were non-significant among Treatment means in all of the parameters except for the strongylid counts for the month of April which showed significant difference among treatment mean at (P< 0.05) where sheep treated with Treatment 4 (200ml of Adlai roots decoction). Adlai roots decoction has anti-parasitic activity.
Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease which allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The use of plants extracts in the improvement of cowpea yield at dang (Ngaoun...Innspub Net
In the substitution of chemical insecticides with potential biopesticides, the efficiency of Lippia multiflora, Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus were evaluated on the improvement of cowpea (Vinia unguiculata) in Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 5 treatments repeated 4 times each: the negative control, the positive control (Decis), L. multiflora, P. glandulosus and C. rigidus. These different insecticides were sprayed on cowpea plants with 14 days interval starting from the 14th day after sowing. The parameters collected were the diversity of insect pests, the number of pods, and the dry weight of the grains. All of the insecticides used improved cowpea yields. Although less efficient than Decis, most biopesticides significantly (p < 0.001) improved the yield of cowpeas compared to the negative control. This improvement was 260% for C. rigidus, and 120% for P. glandulosus. These results suggest that C. rigidus, P. glandulosus and L. multiflora could be considered as potential substitutes for chemical insecticides in improving cowpea yields.
With the loss of chemical control options such as Fenthion and Dimethoate for postharvest treatment of horticulture commodities susceptible to fruit fly infestation, it has become even more important to understand how stress-based control techniques such as heat, cold, irradiation and bacteria parasite
can be used most effectively for disinfestation. This project aims to explore the stress-induced molecular response of two fruit fly species of horticultural significance, Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) and Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni), by characterising the cellular pathways involved in both overall and stressor-specific responses.
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) analysis of karnal bunt resistance in ...Innspub Net
Karnal bunt (KB) disease is one of the most important challenges posed on of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) industry of Pakistan because of itsinclusionin quarantine list around the globe. This disease is caused by the fungus Tilletia indica M. (Neovossia indica). It affects the grain quality of wheat and hampers its movement in international market resulting in economic losses. Presence of >3% infected grains in wheat lot makes it unsuitable for human consumption. Eradication of this disease is very difficult as no resistant cultivar has been found against KB in Pakistan so far. Genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on a set of 199 wheat germplasm collected from Pakistan. In this study 31,000 single nucleotide polymorphism markers were developed by 90K SNP array technology. A linear mixed model in GWAS, accounting for population structure, was fitted to identify significant genomic regions [-log(P) ≥ 4.0] on 6 different chromosomes i.e. 1A, 1D, 2D, 3B, 4A, 5A with novel loci. Candidate genes, through wheat genome assembly, were identified as putative genes related to KB resistance including kinase like protein family. The results of this study can be useful in wheat breeding through marker assisted selection for KB resistant varieties.
Inheritance of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. F. Sp. Tritici ericks and E...Innspub Net
Stem rust disease caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Pgt) is currently one of the major biotic constraints in wheat (Triticum aestivum) production worldwide. Therefore, objectives of this study were (i) to identify resistant wheat lines with both adult plant resistance (APR) and seedling plant resistance (SPR), and (ii) to determine the kind of resistance to stem rust in KSL18, PCB52, PCB62 and PCB76 wheat lines. A collection of 100 wheat lines was evaluated in the field and greenhouse for stem rust resistance. The following four lines- KSL18, PCB52, PCB62 and PCB76 were identified as resistant and were crossed with known susceptible cultivars Kwale and
Duma. The resulting F1 hybrids and F2 populations alongside the parents were then tested in the greenhouse for response to the stem rust race TTKST. The selected wheat lines exhibited infection types ‘;’ to ‘2’ depicting resistance while Kwale and Duma depicted infection type ‘3+’ to TTKST. In the F2 populations evaluations that derived from Kwale × PCB52 indicated that the resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene. However, all other F2 populations showed that the resistance was conferred by two genes complementing each other (duplicate recessive epistasis) thus the ratios 9R: 7S. These identified resistant lines could be evaluated for other qualities and passed as potential varieties or used as sources of valuable stem rust resistance. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
insecticidal effects of eudesmanes from pluchea sagittalisIJEAB
Eudesmanoids play an important role in the protection of plants against herbivores. Pluchea sagittalis (Lamarck) Cabrera (Asteraceae) is widespread in tropical South America and contains compounds that provide protection against phytophagous insects. In the present work we isolated seven sesquiterpenoids with eudesmane skeletons that were evaluated for their insecticidal activities against Spodoptera frugiperda and Ceratitis capitata, pests that cause serious damage to crops in the Argentine northwest. The Eudesmanes were incorporated at different concentrations to the diet of Spodoptera frugiperda. In the choice test, larval feeding behavior was altered. The eudesmanes 1, 5 and 7 showed the highest activity with feeding election indexes (FEI) of 50, 50, and 72 %, respectively at 200 µg/g of diet. When tested for insecticidal activity using neonate larvae with the no-choice artificial diet bioassays, eudesmane 1 was the most toxic in the larval stage (LD50 177.80 mg/g of diet). Compounds 5 lowered the percentage of adult emergence and produced the most malformations (72%) compared with control. Drastic effects were observed in the oviposition deterrence activity against C. capitata. The maximum oviposition deterrence (87 %) was recorded with eudesmane 5 at dose 30 µg/cm2 of artificial fruit. Finally, eudesmanes 6 and 7 showed significant larval and pupal mortality against the first generation larvae of viable eggs oviposited by females fed with the treated diet (100 µg / g artificial diet).
Genetic engineering is the best technology that is promoting the world and this technology is applied to many plants, animals and microorganisms. It has wider applications in the field of Biology, Medicine, Industry, Research, Agriculture and many other fields of science. In this research paper I update the Roles of Genetic Engineering in Agriculture, Animals, Human enhancement and Evolution, Bacteriophage Against Infectious Diseases, Medicines, Phage in Infectious Diseases, Biofuels Production and Improve Plant Performance Under Drought.
Pathway studio plant rice blast webinar february 2015Ann-Marie Roche
Using inferred pathways relations to find mechanisms associated with a plant disease
Rice blast is a fungal infection that can devastate growing crops within 7-10 days. It can survive on seeds or in soil, subsequent crops can be infected.
Despite all attempts to fight this disease, rice blast still ravages yields. The use of fungicides extends the plant’s useful life, however, blast overcomes resistance within 1 to 2 growing seasons.
Analysis of rice response to blast infection can shed light on plant immunity and improve breeding decisions. This webinar will demonstrate how the utilization of Arabidopsis data in Pathway Studio helps further the understanding of rice blast defense mechanisms.
Effect of Adlai (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) roots on small ruminants naturally inf...Innspub Net
Parasites pose a significant threat to the health of small ruminants. Natural products such as Adlai roots have anthelmintic potentials. The study aimed to determine the Anthelmintic potential to the small ruminants. A total of 12 goats and sheep regardless of sex and age were used in the study and randomly distributed into four (4) Treatments with Three (3) replications following Randomized Complete Block Design. There were four different levels of Treatments. Treatment 1 as the control, Treatment 2 (100ml of Adlai roots decoction), Treatment 3 (150ml of Adlai roots decoction), and Treatment 4 (200ml of Adlai roots decoction). Freshly excreted feces were collected and placed in plastic cups and immediately examined through Modified Mc Master Test to evaluate the Anthelmintic activity of the designated treatments. The evaluation criteria were based on the frequency counts of egg parasites and oocysts per 2 grams of feces under different treatments. Results were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Tukey’s test was used to compare treatment means showing significant difference. Statistical results were non-significant among Treatment means in all of the parameters except for the strongylid counts for the month of April which showed significant difference among treatment mean at (P< 0.05) where sheep treated with Treatment 4 (200ml of Adlai roots decoction). Adlai roots decoction has anti-parasitic activity.
Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease which allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The use of plants extracts in the improvement of cowpea yield at dang (Ngaoun...Innspub Net
In the substitution of chemical insecticides with potential biopesticides, the efficiency of Lippia multiflora, Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus were evaluated on the improvement of cowpea (Vinia unguiculata) in Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 5 treatments repeated 4 times each: the negative control, the positive control (Decis), L. multiflora, P. glandulosus and C. rigidus. These different insecticides were sprayed on cowpea plants with 14 days interval starting from the 14th day after sowing. The parameters collected were the diversity of insect pests, the number of pods, and the dry weight of the grains. All of the insecticides used improved cowpea yields. Although less efficient than Decis, most biopesticides significantly (p < 0.001) improved the yield of cowpeas compared to the negative control. This improvement was 260% for C. rigidus, and 120% for P. glandulosus. These results suggest that C. rigidus, P. glandulosus and L. multiflora could be considered as potential substitutes for chemical insecticides in improving cowpea yields.
With the loss of chemical control options such as Fenthion and Dimethoate for postharvest treatment of horticulture commodities susceptible to fruit fly infestation, it has become even more important to understand how stress-based control techniques such as heat, cold, irradiation and bacteria parasite
can be used most effectively for disinfestation. This project aims to explore the stress-induced molecular response of two fruit fly species of horticultural significance, Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) and Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni), by characterising the cellular pathways involved in both overall and stressor-specific responses.
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) analysis of karnal bunt resistance in ...Innspub Net
Karnal bunt (KB) disease is one of the most important challenges posed on of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) industry of Pakistan because of itsinclusionin quarantine list around the globe. This disease is caused by the fungus Tilletia indica M. (Neovossia indica). It affects the grain quality of wheat and hampers its movement in international market resulting in economic losses. Presence of >3% infected grains in wheat lot makes it unsuitable for human consumption. Eradication of this disease is very difficult as no resistant cultivar has been found against KB in Pakistan so far. Genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on a set of 199 wheat germplasm collected from Pakistan. In this study 31,000 single nucleotide polymorphism markers were developed by 90K SNP array technology. A linear mixed model in GWAS, accounting for population structure, was fitted to identify significant genomic regions [-log(P) ≥ 4.0] on 6 different chromosomes i.e. 1A, 1D, 2D, 3B, 4A, 5A with novel loci. Candidate genes, through wheat genome assembly, were identified as putative genes related to KB resistance including kinase like protein family. The results of this study can be useful in wheat breeding through marker assisted selection for KB resistant varieties.
Inheritance of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. F. Sp. Tritici ericks and E...Innspub Net
Stem rust disease caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Pgt) is currently one of the major biotic constraints in wheat (Triticum aestivum) production worldwide. Therefore, objectives of this study were (i) to identify resistant wheat lines with both adult plant resistance (APR) and seedling plant resistance (SPR), and (ii) to determine the kind of resistance to stem rust in KSL18, PCB52, PCB62 and PCB76 wheat lines. A collection of 100 wheat lines was evaluated in the field and greenhouse for stem rust resistance. The following four lines- KSL18, PCB52, PCB62 and PCB76 were identified as resistant and were crossed with known susceptible cultivars Kwale and
Duma. The resulting F1 hybrids and F2 populations alongside the parents were then tested in the greenhouse for response to the stem rust race TTKST. The selected wheat lines exhibited infection types ‘;’ to ‘2’ depicting resistance while Kwale and Duma depicted infection type ‘3+’ to TTKST. In the F2 populations evaluations that derived from Kwale × PCB52 indicated that the resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene. However, all other F2 populations showed that the resistance was conferred by two genes complementing each other (duplicate recessive epistasis) thus the ratios 9R: 7S. These identified resistant lines could be evaluated for other qualities and passed as potential varieties or used as sources of valuable stem rust resistance. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
insecticidal effects of eudesmanes from pluchea sagittalisIJEAB
Eudesmanoids play an important role in the protection of plants against herbivores. Pluchea sagittalis (Lamarck) Cabrera (Asteraceae) is widespread in tropical South America and contains compounds that provide protection against phytophagous insects. In the present work we isolated seven sesquiterpenoids with eudesmane skeletons that were evaluated for their insecticidal activities against Spodoptera frugiperda and Ceratitis capitata, pests that cause serious damage to crops in the Argentine northwest. The Eudesmanes were incorporated at different concentrations to the diet of Spodoptera frugiperda. In the choice test, larval feeding behavior was altered. The eudesmanes 1, 5 and 7 showed the highest activity with feeding election indexes (FEI) of 50, 50, and 72 %, respectively at 200 µg/g of diet. When tested for insecticidal activity using neonate larvae with the no-choice artificial diet bioassays, eudesmane 1 was the most toxic in the larval stage (LD50 177.80 mg/g of diet). Compounds 5 lowered the percentage of adult emergence and produced the most malformations (72%) compared with control. Drastic effects were observed in the oviposition deterrence activity against C. capitata. The maximum oviposition deterrence (87 %) was recorded with eudesmane 5 at dose 30 µg/cm2 of artificial fruit. Finally, eudesmanes 6 and 7 showed significant larval and pupal mortality against the first generation larvae of viable eggs oviposited by females fed with the treated diet (100 µg / g artificial diet).
Mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali Chicks in Scavenging Rearing Systempaperpublications3
Abstract: Fayoumi and Sonali breeds are commonly reared under scavenging system in Bangladesh. Chick mortality has the very important impact on economy of farmers. The aim of the present study was to determine the mortality rate and the causes of mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali chicks. One observational cross-sectional study was done on the Fayoumi and Sonali chicks at Chittagong and Noakhali district from October 2005 to July 2006. A total of 48 farmers (24 from each Upazila) were selected randomly, who rear chicks under scavenging condition and as well as had broody hens. Twelve eggs of each breed were supplied to each farmer. The chicks were hatched out by the broody hens. Then the chicks were reared under scavenging system. The mortality detected for Fayoumi was 57.3%, which was less than that of the Sonali (68.8%) but did not vary significantly (χ2 = 1.21, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Fayoumi chicks at Noakhali site was little higher (59.1%) than that of Chittagong (55.4%), but it did not vary significantly (χ2 = 0.28, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Sonali chicks also did not differ significantly (χ2 = 0.16, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality was more by diseases than predators. The common predators were crow, wildcat, domestic cat, mongoose and rat in both study sites. The crow predated (Fayumi; 63.64% and Sonali; 70.83%) more baby chicks than others predators. The highest proportional mortality was caused by Mycoplasmosis + Colibacillosis (36.05 % and 36.94 %) in case of Fayoumi and Sonali followed by the second highest attributed to Mycoplasmosis (26.74%) and (22.52%) respectively. Fayoumi chicks were lower mortality than Sonali under scavenging rearing condition.
Effectiveness of anthraquinone and methylanthranilate against house sparrow (...Innspub Net
Among avian pests, house sparrow caused serious depredations, not only to seeds, but also seedlings of various crops particularly in the organic farming. Different mechanical and chemical ways have been reported to manage these losses all over the world. The present study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of two bird repellents namely methylanthranilate and anthraquinone to manage the depredations of wheat seeds and seedlings against house sparrow in captivity. For this purpose house sparrows were offered with treated and untreated seeds and seedlings of wheat in two aviaries. By providing treated seeds and seedlings with these repellents, the relative effectiveness was appraised by comparing the consumed and unconsumed seeds and seedlings. Feeding responses of these birds against different doses of these repellents were investigated with the help of the closed circuit cameras adjusted in the aviaries. During the whole experiment among trial and control group highly significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) variance when wheat seeds and seedlings were offered to house sparrows. House sparrows were influenced more quickly by consuming wheat seeds and seedlings treated with both repellents. Sparrows displayed noticeable head-shaking and feather ruffling behavior by consuming the treated seeds and seedlings. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Studies on Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks Infesting Cattle and Their Control by P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Effect of Dried Leaves Extract of Hyptis suaveolens on Various Stages of ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Short Research at Effect of mating duration on egg laying capacity of Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Brinjal.
The Efficacy of Alchornea cordifolia Leaf Powder on Cowpea Beetle, Callosobru...Premier Publishers
The efficacy of Alchornea cordifolia leaf powder was investigated against cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus on stored cowpea in the laboratory. The tested leaf powder was added as admixtures to 20 g of cowpea grains at the following rates of at 0 (control), 3, 4, and 5g % (w/w) while in the control treatment there was no plant material added. Each of the treatments was tested by exposing five pairs of adult beetles in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to assess oviposition deterrent and egg hatching suppression by the plant material. The results showed that oviposition and percentage egg hatched were significantly (P <0.05) suppressed on seeds treated with higher dosage level of the powder. Leaf powder with the concentration of 5g% (w/w)/20g cowpea seeds was most effective in suppressing oviposition and egg hatched. Thus, the result revealed that A. cordifolia leaf powder has oviposition deterrent and ovicidal properties and as such can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides for controlling C. maculatus infestation on stored cowpea grains. Therefore A. cordifolia leaf powder can be incorporated into traditional storage pest management as well as integrated pest management and it may strongly recommended in developing countries.
Life history of the Hog Plum Beetle, Podontia quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus,...Open Access Research Paper
Hog plum beetle (Podontia quatuordecimpunctata) is a serious pest of hog plum tree and both their adults and larvae defoliate the hog plum tree. However, its developmental information and proper identification as well as precise photographs of each developmental stages have not been well studied and recorded. Thus, the goal of this research was to establish the developmental characteristics of P. quatuordecimpunctata. Life history was conducted in laboratory conditions at an average temperature 28 °C ± 1.2 an average 65 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a light: dark ratio (12L : 12D). The female beetles were laid clusters of eggs in numerous layers, with 9 to 53 eggs in each cluster. The durations of each developmental stage were 6.16±0.93, 3.16±0.24, 3.29±0.25, 3.21±0.33, 4.54±0.33, 5.54±0.49, and 20.92±2.7 days for the incubation, 1st instar, 2nd instar, 3rd instar, 4th instar, pre pupa, and pupa, respectively. The longevity of male and female adult beetles was found to be 42.33±6.6 days and 50.66±9.8 days, respectively. Results revealed that this study will be a valuable source of biological information for a better understanding and management of this pest species. Check out more by following link https://innspub.net/life-history-of-the-hog-plum-beetle-podontia-quatuordecimpunctata-linnaeus-1767-coleoptera-chrysomelidae-with-photographs-of-each-developmental-stage/
In the laboratory of plant physiology of the University of Queensland (Gatton Campus), a seed germination experiment was undertaken on seeds of two Australian native plant species – Rhodanthe floribundato and Acacia aneura. Most Acacia, including A. aneura exhibit a physical dormancy due to the waxy coat covering the seed. Comparably, just a few species of Rhodanthe are studied as to their dormancy. However, they are also known to present different forms of dormancy. To understand and describe these dormancy mechanisms, a seed germination experiment was conducted on Acacia aneura and Rhodanthe floribunda. This experiment will either add to the existing knowledge regarding these species’ dormancy or corroborate them. It is expected that both species display some form(s) of dormancy.
Toxic Effects of some Pungent Smelling Seed Extracts and Powders on Sitophilu...Premier Publishers
Sitophilus zeamais is a notorious field-to-store pest of maize in the Tropic. The use of chemical insecticides, regardless of its adverse effects has been the major means of managing this pest. In this study, bio-insecticides of plant origin was used to control maize weevil in the store. The dry fruits of Capsicum frutescens, Piper guineense and Aframomum melegueta were extracted with ethanol, using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts and powders were evaluated on S. zeamais Motschulsky for mortality, oviposition and adult emergence. The long term storage of the treated maize was also investigated. The results obtained shows that all extracts and powders from C. frutescens and P. guineense caused 100 % mortality by day 12 of exposure with all extract concentrations and doses of powder applied. Powders of A. melegueta was able to achieve 100 % mortality only by day 12 of exposure. The extracts also suppressed oviposition and subsequent adult emergence. Extracts and powders of A. melegueta and P. guineense completely prevented infestation and hence damage of the treated maize grains for a period of three months. The result obtained suggests that extracts and powders of the test plants most especially that of P. guineense and C. frutescens can be utilized in protecting stored maize grains from infestation by S. zeamais.
Agronomic performance and farmers perception on zinc enriched rice brri dhan62Md. Julfiker Rahman
Newly developed zinc enriched rice variety BRRI dhan62 was evaluated along with three other short maturing Transplanted Aman (wet season) rice varieties namely BINA dhan7, BRRI dhan33 and BRRI dhan56 at six different locations of Bangladesh during 2014. The study was laid out in randomized complete block design where each of the six dispersedly located locations act as replications. Agronomic performance, yield and yield components were determined at maturity. Economic performance and farmer’s perceptions on the newly developed zinc enriched rice BRRI dhan62 were measured after harvest. Maximum genotypic difference was 12% in plant height, ranging from 122 to 109 cm among the tested varieties where BRRI dhan62 was the shortest and BRRI dhan56 was the tallest plant. The maximum grain yield was obtained from BINA dhan7 (5.70 ton h-1) which was similar with BRRI dhan33 and minimum grain yield was obtained from BRRI dhan62 (4.78 ton h-1) that was statistically similar with BRRI dhan56. BINA dhan7 gave maximum yield compared to other because of its maximum panicle number m-2. The highest yielding variety BINA dhan7 produced highest productivity day-1 (55 kg) which was statistically similar with BRRI dhan62 (51 kg) and lowest productivity day-1 was found BRRI dhan56 (48 kg). BRRI dhan33 produced highest benefit cost ratio (2.33) compared to other variety and BRRI dhan62 and BRRI dhan56 produced lowest benefit cost ratio (2.16). The short maturing characteristic of BRRI dhan62 was most preferred attribute by the farmers rather than higher yield or higher zinc content.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Optimization of sterile male ratio of oriental fruit fly, bactrocera dorsalis (hendel)
1. SAARC J. Agri., 13(2): 50-60 (2015)
OPTIMIZATION OF STERILE MALE RATIO OF
ORIENTAL FRUIT FLY, Bactrocera dorsalis (HENDEL)
A. Zahan*1
, M. A. Latif2
, M. A. Hossain3
, S. A. Khan3
and M. J. Rahman2
Department of Entomology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University
Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to establish the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)
method of controlling oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). The
sterile male ratio of oriental fruit fly was optimized for possible field
application of Sterile Insect Technique. Several batches of 5 and 6-day-
old pupae were irradiated at 30, 40, 50 and 60 Gray (Gy) to optimize the
radiation dose of sterilization. Highest pupal duration and abnormal
adults were found after imposing gamma radiation in 5-day-old pupae
treated with 60 Gy dose. Radiation significantly increased the
nonemergence percentage and decreased the normal emergence of
oriental fruit fly. The sterilizing doses were recorded as 60 Gy for 5-day-
old pupae. Fixed number of virgin females of oriental fruit flies were
allowed to mate with unirradiated and irradiated males at 1:1, 1:2, 1:5
and 1:9 ratios in different cages to find out the rate of suppression
against wild population. Minimum pupal recovery and percent normal
emergence observed at 1:9 ratio. Deformed and undeveloped (not
emerged) population increased with the ratio of irradiated males. The 1:9
ratio was found as the best for suppression of wild population of B.
dorsalis.
Keywords: Irradiation, ratio optimization, sterile insect technique (SIT),
sterile insect release method (SIRM)
INTRODUCTION
Fruit flies are responsible for taking a heavy toll of various types of fruits and
vegetables. The oriental fruit fly is a very important group of pests for many
countries due to their potential to cause damage in fruits, vegetables and to their
potential to restrict access to international markets for plant products that can host
*
Corresponding author email: asrinzahan@yahoo.com
1
Senior Sector Specialist, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2
Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
3
Insect Biotechnology Division (IBD), Institute of Food and Rediation Biology (IFRB), Atomic Energy Research
Establishment (AERE), Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Received: 26.05.2015
2. MALE RATIO OF FRUIT FLY 51
fruit flies. Flies in the genus Bactrocera are of particular concern in most part of
Asia and Australia, where they constitute a significant threat to agricultural resources
(Kinnear et al., 1998 and Kim et al., 1999). The genus Bactrocera of the family
Tephritidae having more or less 440 species is distributed principally in tropical Asia,
the South Pacific and Australia (White and Elson-Harris, 1994). Eighty seven species
of the genus Bactrocera in India caused heavy damage to fruits and vegetables in
Asia (Nagappan et al., 1971). In Bangladesh oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis is
recognized as a destructive pest species where the production of vegetables and fruits
is much less than the requirement (Add ref.). A preliminary survey showed that a
large amount of quality fruits including apricot, banana, mango, guava, papaya,
avocado, citrus, litchi, pineapple, and seasonal vegetables are being lost due to fruit
fly infestation in Bangladesh (Alim et al., 2012). A conservative estimate indicated
that 10 to 15% of crops are destroyed by fruit flies every year (Awal, 2005).
The classical use of pesticides has been well-established as a fully dependable
weapon in crop protection as it causes environmental pollution and health hazards to
the pesticide applicators as well as consumers of agricultural produces. The sterile
insect technique (SIT) has been well-established as a successful method of
controlling key pests of agricultural importance (Snow, 1988 and Vagras, 1989). SIT
is a species specific environmentally safer process and when applied successfully
could eradicate the target pests from a definite area (Dowell and Siddiqui, 2000). The
sterile insect technique is a method of biological control whereby overwhelming
number of sterile insects are released. The released insects are normally male. The
sterile male competes with wild male for pairing with female insects, if female mates
with a sterile male then it will not produce offspring and thus the next generation
population will be reduced. The dosage of radiation applied must have no significant
adverse effect on the male’s longevity, searching behavior and mating ability (Barry
and Morse, 2004). Sterile insects are not self-replicating and therefore cannot be
established in the environment. SIT does not introduce exotic species into an
ecosystem. Considering the above facts in mind, the experiment was undertaken to
optimize the sterile male ratio of oriental fruit fly for suppression of B. dorsalis
population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was conducted in the laboratory and experimental field of
Insect Biotechnology Division (IBD), Institute of Food and Radiation Biology
(IFRB), Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE), Savar, Dhaka during
January 2012 to February 2013.
Stock culture
About 5,000 adult flies were maintained in steel framed cages (76 66 76
cm) covered with wired net. The flies were supplied with protein based artificial diets
viz., (i) baking yeast: sugar: water at 1:3:4 ratio, and (ii) casein: yeast extract: sugar at
3. 52 A. Zahan et al
1:1:2 ratio. Water was supplied in a conical flask socked with cotton ball.
Temperature (°C) and relative humidity (RH) of the rearing room was maintained at
27 ± 2°C and 75 ± 5%, respectively by using air conditioner (Model No. Movincool
Classic Plus 26, USA).
Pupae collection and irradiation
Eggs were collected and washed with distilled water and sieved with a very
fine screen and then measured volumetrically. Larvae of oriental fruit fly were reared
in the laboratory using artificial standard larval diet and kept in larger bowls
contained 1.5 to 4 cm thick sawdust used for pupation. Sawdust was sieved and
collected pupae were transferred into Petri dishes and irradiated by exposing them to
gamma radiation from a radioactive Cobalt-60 source. To optimize the radiation dose
of sterilization several batches of 5 and 6-day-old pupae were irradiated at 30, 40, 50
and 60 Gy dose.
Sterility dose determination
To determine the sterilizing dose 50 male flies were collected from each of 30,
40, 50 and 60 Gy treated 5-day-old pupae and 50 females were also isolated from
control batch and allowed to mate with individual dose treated males in small rearing
cages. After 4 days of mating, small pieces of banana were placed in each cage as an
oviposition medium. The piece of banana was removed after 24 hours from the adult
cage and placed in a small plastic bowl with sawdust for further larval development.
After subsequent days the total number of pupa and pupal duration were counted and
recorded. This experiment was repeated 5 times. Before adult emergence, 100 pupae
were placed in a Petri dish and allowed to emerge freely in a small screened cage.
After completing emergence fully emerged, not emerged and deformed flies were
counted and the percentage of emerging flies was calculated for each replication. Ten
replicates of 100 pupae from each group (originating from different emergence dates)
were performed.
Male ratio optimization
The male adults of B. dorsalis emerged from 5-day-old pupae irradiated with
60 Gy gamma radiation was segregated into separate cage. The males were allowed
to mate 1:2, 1:5 and 1:9 (normal male: irradiated male) ratios with virgin females in
separate adult cages. Control batches were maintained for the experiment. In field
cage trials, 9-day-old 300 virgin females with corresponding number of irradiated
and unirradiated males were released in the netted area (25 10 12.5 cm) in the
natural environment. A piece of banana (200 g) was placed in cage as oviposition
medium on the 4th
day after mating. Ratio between irradiated males and unirradiated
males with unirradiated females was optimized by recording the number of pupal
recovery, normal adult emergence, deformed flies emergence and nonemergence
percentage and compared with each other.
4. MALE RATIO OF FRUIT FLY 53
Statistical analysis
The recorded data were compiled and tabulated for statistical analysis. Data
was analyzed according to Gomez and Gomez (1984) and mean values were
compared by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Sterility Dose Determination of Male Bactrocera dorsalis
Pupal durations after imposing gamma radiation at different pupal ages are
presented in table 1. In case of 5-day-old pupae, the highest pupal duration was
11.333±1.52 days when irradiated with 60 Gy and the lowest was 8±1 days in control
batch. In case of 6-day-old pupae, the highest pupal duration was 11±1 days when
irradiated with 60 Gy and the lowest was 7.667±0.58 days in control batch. Between
5-day-old and 6-day-old pupae the highest pupal duration was 11.333±1.52 days
when irradiated with 60Gy at 5-day-old pupae.
Normal adult emergence, deformed flies emergence and nonemegence flies
percentage after imposing gamma radiation at 5-day-old pupae were presented in
table 2. The percentage of normal emergence showed that the highest normal
emergence (93.12%) was obtained from the control batch and the lowest (0%) from
the pupae irradiated with 60Gy was which significantly differed from those of other
radiation doses. After imposing gamma radiation abnormalities consisted mainly of
wrinkled wings or wingless that failed to expand upon emergence. The percentage of
deformed flies emergence showed that the highest deformed flies emerged (18.38%)
from the pupae irradiated with 40 Gy which significantly differed from those of other
radiation doses and the lowest deformed flies emerged (1.593%) from the control
batch. The highest percent not emerged flies (94.44%) was found from the pupae
irradiated with 60 Gy which was significantly different from those of other radiation
doses and the lowest deformed flies emerged (5.287%) was found from the control
batch.
Pupal recoveries recorded at different doses of gamma irradiation are presented
in figure 1. The highest number of pupal recovery (984±9.08) was found from 6-day-
old pupae at control. This happned because not a single of oriental fruit fly emerged
from the 5-day-old pupae treated with 60 Gy which was selected as sterilizing dose.
Islam et al. (2012) reported that in case of 5-day-old pupae of fruit fly the sterility
percentage was 100 at 60 Gy. The reasons to have reduced number of pupal recovery
at higher doses are related to the damage of genetic materials (Heather and Hallman,
2008). Significant prolongation of pupal duration following radiation may be due to
hyper stimulation of the mechanism of repair to slightly damaged tissues (Balock et
al., 1963). The sterilizing dose for male B. cucurbitae was reported by Balock et al.
(1963) and Wadud et al. (2005) as 50-60 Gy which is almost similar to our present
findings with B. dorsalis.
5. 54 A. Zahan et al
Optimization of the ratios between irradiated and unirradiated males for
effective field application of SIT
In field cage trials number of pupae produced from different mating ratios of
un-irradiated and irradiated males with the virgin females of Bactrocera dorsalis are
shown in table 3. The results showed that the pupal recovery varied from 1:2, 1:5, 1:9
ratios and control batch. The highest pupal recovery was found at control batch and
the lowest pupal recovery was found in 1:9 ratio. In case of normal emergence
percentage the highest result was found in control and the lowest in 1:9 ratio (Table
4). The result showed that the number of pupal recovery and normal emergence
percentage is inversely correlated with the ratio having high irradiated male oriental
fruit fly i.e. the higher the ratio with irradiated males applied, the lower the number
of pupal recovery normal emergence percentage observed. The result agrees with
Singh et al. (2000) but they worked on melon fruit fly.
Deformed flies percentage and nonemegence percentage of oriental fruit fly
from different mating ratios of un-irradiated and irradiated males with virgin females
of Bactrocera dorsalis in field cage trials are shown in table 5 and 6. The result
showed that the percent deformed flies and nonemegence varied from 1:2, 1:5, 1:9
ratios and control batch. The highest result was observed at 1:9 ratio and the lowest
was found in control. The percent deformed flies and nonemegence at different ratios
differed significantly. The result showed that the deformed flies and nonemegence
percentage are positively correlated with the ratio having high irradiated male fruit
fly i.e. the higher the ratio with irradiated males applied, the higher the percentage of
deformed and not emerged flies observed. This finding has a good agreement with
the result of Islam et al. (2012) where percentage of normal adult emergence,
deformed flies and percent nonemegence of B. tau varied significantly at 1:1, 1:2,
1:5 and 1:9 ratios from control batches. Krishnakumar and Maheswari (2007) studied
the optimization of wild and sterile male ratio for the suppression of red palm weevil,
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in cotton and reported that the optimal wild to sterile
male ratio was 1:10. Islam et al. (2012) optimized normal versus sterile male ratio of
B. tau and reported that on an average, 534, 235, 118 and 84 pupae were recovered
from 1:1, 1: 2, 1:5 and 1:9 ratios respectively and the pupal recovery from control
group was 3,562. The results agree with that of our present findings though the
species was different. According to above parameters, 1:9 ratio (unirradiated
male:irradiated male) of oriental fruit fly is apparently an effective ratio for releasing
sterilized male fly in nature for possible field application of SIT.
CONCLUSION
Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) of pest control using area-wide releases of
sterile insects was found to be effective in controlling reproduction of oriental fruit
fly in a field population. So, it can be concluded that releasing irradiated males of
Bactrocera dorsalis treated with 60 Gy in nature at 1:9 ratio (unirradiated
6. MALE RATIO OF FRUIT FLY 55
male:irradiated male) could be the optimum ratio to suppress the wild population of
oriental fruit flies without rendering any adverse impact on agro-ecosystem.
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(ed.). Proceedings: Area-Wide Control of Fruit Flies and Other Insect Pests.
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male sterility dose and optimization of male ratios of Pumpkin fly, Bactrocera tau
(Walker) (Diptera:Tephritidae) in support of sterile insect technique application.
Bangladesh Journal of Entomology, 22(2): 93-101
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(Paradacus) depressa (Shriaki) in Chonbuk province. Korean journal of soil zoology,
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trials for the control of the melon fruit fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coq. infesting snake
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1064-1169
Wadud, M. A., Hossain, M. A and Islam, M. S. 2005. Sensitivity of the melon fruit fly, Dacus
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UK. pp. 1–601
8. MALE RATIO OF FRUIT FLY 57
Table 1. Pupal duration after imposing gamma radiation at different pupal ages of
oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis
Dose (Gy) Pupal duration in days (Mean±SE)
5-day-old pupae 6-day-old pupae
Control 8.00±1.00 7.67±0.58
30 8.67±0.58 8.33±0.58
40 9.33±0.58 8.67±0.58
50 10.00±1.00 9.67±0.58
60 11.33±1.52 11.00±1.00
LSD(0.05) 1.65 1.29
CV (%) 9.88 8.07
Means having the same letter in each column do not differ significantly at p<0.05 by LSD test.
Table 2. Normal emergence, deformed flies and nonemegence percentage of
oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis at different radiation doses
Dose Normal emergence (%) Deformed flies (%) nonemegence flies (%)
Control 93.12 1.59 5.29
30 87.67 4.59 7.73
40 58.08 18.38 23.55
50 16.34 15.35 68.31
60 0.00 5.55 94.44
LSD(0.05) 6.43 8.48 11.25
CV (%) 6.60 49.54 14.99
Means having the same letter in each column do not differ significantly at p<0.05 by LSD test.
9. 58 A. Zahan et al
Table 3. Number of pupae produced from different mating ratios of unirradiated
and irradiated males with the virgin females (300) of oriental fruit fly
Bactrocera dorsalis in field cage trials
Means having the same letter in each column do not differ significantly at p<0.05 by LSD test.
Table 4. Percent normal emergence of oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis from
different mating ratios in field cage trials
Means having the same letter in each column do not differ significantly at p<0.05 by LSD test.
Ratios
Adult age (days)
14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th
Control 857.00±7.55 905.67±5.69 826.00±20.07 871.33±27.06 937.00±18.25 875.33±14.57 902.00±10.00
1:02 660.33±10.02 587.33±11.68 578.67±16.29 658.67±26.31 598.67±22.01 566.00±5.29 653.33±21.73
1:05 230.67±15.14 243.33±4.62 193.00±25.00 217.33±24.66 199.67±37.98 236.33±21.22 185.67±28.04
1:09 44.00±7.21 64.33±22.59 52.67±4.51 67.67±19.01 65.00±9.54 74.00±2.65 47.67±11.59
LSD (0.05) 19.99 24.02 41.44 52.97 53.94 28.42 43.18
CV (%) 2.23 2.67 5.03 5.84 6.00 3.25 4.83
Ratios
Adult age (days)
14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th
control 99.96 99.93 99.43 99.84 99.71 99.60 99.70
1:02 97.53 96.87 97.31 96.68 96.82 97.55 97.96
1:05 68.42 68.86 51.49 73.50 67.88 72.65 66.45
1:09 52.61 56.54 55.11 59.04 58.54 55.03 54.88
LSD (0.05) 1.02 6.51 29.80 6.62 3.39 5.90 3.42
CV (%) 5.06 4.04 19.67 4.03 2.10 3.64 2.15
10. MALE RATIO OF FRUIT FLY 59
Table 5. Percent deformed flies of oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis from
different mating ratios in field cage trials
Means having the same letter in each column do not differ significantly at p<0.05 by LSD test.
Table 6. Percent nonemergence of oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis from
different mating ratios in field cage trials
Means having the same letter in each column do not differ significantly at p<0.05 by LSD test.
Ratios
Adult age( days)
14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th
control 0.00 0.07 0.11 0.15 0.07 0.17 0.03
1:02 0.73 1.04 0.88 1.03 0.92 0.87 1.08
1:05 20.09 18.04 18.32 16.08 21.47 15.85 18.97
1:09 28.75 27.17 29.25 28.64 29.86 26.95 25.84
LSD
(0.05) 2.21 4.20 2.52 5.43 1.71 4.89 2.33
CV (%) 8.94 18.17 10.41 23.68 6.55 22.34 10.18
Ratios
Adult age( days)
14th 15th 14th 17th 14th 19th 14th
control 0.04 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.21 0.10 0.26
1:02 1.72 2.07 1.87 2.27 2.24 1.56 0.94
1:05 12.05 13.08 12.18 12.40 10.62 11.49 14.56
1:09 18.61 16.36 15.63 12.31 11.58 18.01 18.48
LSD(0.05) 2.50 4.07 3.66 5.40 3.52 1.89 3.08
CV (%) 15.43 25.85 24.34 10.08 28.56 12.17 17.99
11. 60 A. Zahan et al
Figure 1. Mean number of pupal recovery of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis irradiated
at different doses (Gy) of gamma radiation