Airport: Classification, Master plan, Site selection, Zoning laws, imaginary surfaces. Aircraft Component parts, Importance and Purpose: Wind rose diagram, Runway Orientation, Taxiway, Apron, terminal building, Marking and lighting on Runway, Taxiway and Apron

1. “AIR TRANSPORTATION”
1
PREPARED BY : ASST. PROF. VATSAL D. PATEL
MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION &
RESEARCH CENTRE, NAVSARI.

2. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 One system of transportation which
tries to improve the accessibility to
inaccessible areas
 Provides continuous connectivity over
water and land
 Provide relief during emergencies and
better compared to others some times
 Saves productive time, spent in
journey
 Increases the demand of specialized
skill work force.
 Helps tourism, generates foreign
reserves
 Requires heavy funds during
provision and maintenance
 Highly dependent on weather
conditions compared to other modes
 Requires highly sophisticated
machinery
 Adds to outward flow of foreign
exchange
 Purchase of equipment, airbuses
etc.
 Safety provisions are not adequate.
 Providing a support system during
the flight is complicate
ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES
of AIR TRANSPORT

3. CLASSIFICATION of AIRPORTS
• Heliports: Meant for helicopters.
• STOL ports: Meant for short take off and landing.
• Conventional: Meant for normal commercial
aircraft.
BASED ON FUNCTION
• Public: owned by Government.
• Private: Owned by individuals.
• Military: Used for military purpose only.
• Joint Use: Used by both civil and military aviation.
BASED ON USAGE OR
OWNERSHIP
• Number and type of runway.
• Navigational aids.
BASED ON FACILITIES
AVAILABLE
• Basic Utility airports: Accommodates single engine
and light twin engine aircrafts.
• General Utility airports: Accommodates medium
twin engine aircraft under 5670kg.
• Basic Transport airport: Handles business jets
under 27200 kg.
• General Transport airport: Accommodates anything
that flies.
BASED ON TYPE OF
AIRCRAFT

4. MASTER PLAN
 An airport master plan represents the planner's idealized
concept of the form and structure of the ultimate
development of the airport.
 It effectively represents the research and logic from which
the plan was evolved and artfully displays the plan in a logic
and written report.
 Master plans are applied to the modernisation and
expansion or the existing airports and to the construction of
new airports.

5. MASTER PLAN
 Objectives of master plan as per Federation
Aviation Agency (FAA) :
 To provide an effective graphical representation of the
ultimate development of the airport and of the anticipated
land uses adjacent to the airport.
 To establish a schedule of priorities and phasing for the
various improvements proposed in the plan.
 To present the data and details gathered to develop the
master plan.
 To describe various concepts and alternatives which are
considered in the finalising of the master plan.

6. COMPONENTS of
AEROPLANE
• The schematic diagram
of an aeroplane with its
various components
are shown in this
figure.
• The chief parts of an
aeroplane are:
 Engine.
 Propeller.
 Fuselage.
 Wings.
 Three controls
 Flaps
 Tricycle under
carriage.

7. ENGINE
• Providing force for
propelling the aircraft
through air.
• Classification of aircrafts
as per propulsion
• Piston Engine:-
Low altitude, moderate
speed, reciprocating
engine.
• Turbo Jet:-
Compressor rotated with
motor, speed 800
Km/hr.
• Turbo Prop:-
Same as turbo jet +
Propeller provided.
• Rocket Engine:-
Engine carries its own
supply of oxygen

8. • Provided in
conventional piston
engine and turbo
prop engine.
PROPELLER
FUSELAGE
• Main body of aircraft
( pilots cockpit+
space for passengers
+ Cargo + Tail)

9. WINGS
• The purpose of an
aircraft wing is to
support the machine in
the air when the engine
has given it the necessary
forward speed.
• The term AEROFOIL is
used to mean a wing like
structure which may be
flat or curved and is
designed to obtain
reactions upon its
surface from the air
through which it moves
the wings slightly curved
in section and are set at a
small angle of incidence
to the horizontal.

10. THREE
CONTROLS
• There are three axes
about which an aircraft
in space may move.
These axes and the
possible aircraft
movements are shown in
the Figure.
• The movement of
aircraft about the X axis
is called lateral or rolling
movement.
• The movements about Y
and Z axes are called
pitching and yawing
movements respectively.
• To control these
movements, the airplane
is provided with three
principal controls, viz.,
(i) elevator
(ii) rudder and
(iii) aileron.

11. Cont...
 Elevator –
 Controls pitching
 Controls pitching/up/down movement
 Control during take off and maneuvers
 Helps in loosing speed and turning
 Rudder-
 Controls yawing
 Consists of flap
 Provided at tail end of the fuselage, can move 300.
 Ailerons:
 Produces rolling motion
 Hinged flaps, One wing rises, the ailerons on the other wing goes down,
 Enables the pilot to restore it level to flight when it is tilted by a gust of wind.
 Stabilizing agents for plane

12. FLAPS
 Flaps at rear end of wings.
Similar to aileron.
 Used as air brakes when
turned down.
 Used for increasing the lift
on aerofoils.
 Powerful resistance causing
quick drop in flying speed.

13. TRICYCLE
UNDER
CARRAIGE
• It is a structure to
support the aircraft
while it is in contact
with the ground, It
has two principal
functions to
perform as listed
below
1. To absorb landing
shocks while an
aircraft lands.
2. To enable the
aircraft to
manoeuvre on
ground

14. SITE SELECTION for AIRPORTS
• Peak hour volumes of passengers and cargo at
present and in future.
• The type of aircraft that will use the airport.
• Type of airport, it’s size and shape, facilities to
be provided for the passengers, baggage and
cargo.
• The type of operation controls used.
Data Required
before Site
Selection
• Requirement of land area.
• Evaluation of factors affecting airport location.
• Preliminary office study of possible sites.
• Site inspection.
• Environmental study.
• Review of potential sites.
• Preparation of outline plans.
• Estimates of costs and revenues.
• Final evaluation and selection of site.
• Report and recommendations.
Steps in Site
Selection

15. FACTORS AFFECTING AIRPORT
SITE SELECTION
Regional Plan Airport Use
Presence of
other airports
Topography of
the Area
Ground
Accessibility
Obstructions Visibility Wind
Noise
nuisance
Geographical
factors
Environmental
factors
Future
development
Availability of
resources
nearby
Social
considerations
Economic
considerations
Avoiding
hazards

16. ZONING LAWS
 Definition: Restriction to development of the area
surrounding the airports so that no structures protrudes
above obstruction clearance line.
ZONING LAWS
Height zoning
Object exceeding their
limiting heights above
ground surfaces
Height zoning : Protect
approaches, permissible
height
Land use Zoning
Object protruding
above certain
imaginary surfaces
Land use zoning: Govern
type of development

17. Factors affecting Zoning Laws
Legal
interest
• Protect the
interest of both
AAI and owners
Nature or
ordinance
• Should not oppose,
unreasonable,
welfare of public.
Zoning
map
• Prepare zoning map showing property
lines
• Land use pattern
• Permissible height of building
• Limit of applicability of zoning.

18. IMAGINARY SURFACES
 The imaginary surfaces are the established surfaces in
relation to the airport and to each runway above which no
obstruction should protrude. The Size of the imaginary
surfaces will depend on the category of each runway and on
the type of approach planned for that runway.

19. AIRPORT
LAYOUT
• The airport layout plan is
a graphical representation
to scale of existing and
proposed airport
facilities, their locations
on the airport and the
pertinent clearance and
dimensional information.
• It gives the configuration
of runways, taxiways and
aprons and should set
aside area for terminal
facilities.

20. ELEMENTS
OF
AIRPORT
• Runway, stopway
and clearway.
• Approach zone and
its obstruction
• Land use around
airport
• Land use around
heliport
• Taxiway
• Apron
• Terminal area
• Travel by
passengers and
baggage area

21. Runway, Stopway and Clearway
 A cement concrete landing strip prepared for landing and
take off operations of aircrafts is known as a runway.
 Stopway may be defined as a paved area provided at the
end of a runway, whose width is equal to the runway and is
centrally located along the extended centre line of runway.
 Clearway is provided as a precautionary measure against
engine failure. It may be defined as an area beyond the end
of runway, centrally located along the extended centre line
of runway and not less than 150m in width.

24. Terminal
Building
 Also known as airport terminal, these buildings are the
spaces where passengers board or alight from flights.
 These buildings house all the necessary facilities for
passengers to check-in their luggage, clear the customs and
have lounges to wait before disembarking.
 The terminals can house cafes, lounges and bars to serve as
waiting areas for passengers.
 Ticket counters, luggage check-in or transfer, security checks
and customs are the basics of all airport terminals.
 Large airports can have more than one terminal that are
connected to one another through link ways such as
walkways, sky-bridges or trams. Smaller airports usually have
only one terminal that houses all the required facilities.

25. APRON
Aircraft aprons are the
areas where the aircraft
park. Aprons are also
sometimes called ramps.
They vary in size, from
areas that may hold five or
ten small planes, to the
very large areas that the
major airports have.
AIRCRAFT
STAND
A portion of an apron
designated as a taxiway
and intended to provide
access to aircraft stands
only.

26. TAXIWAY
• A taxiway is a path
on an airport
connecting runways
with ramps, hangers,
terminals and other
facilities.
• They mostly have
hard surface such as
asphalt or concrete,
although smaller
airports sometimes
use gravels or grass.
Taxiway

27. RUNWAY ORIENTATION
 It is usually oriented in the direction of prevailing winds.
 The wind i.e. The direction of wind opposite to the direction
of landing and take off, provides greater lift on the wings of
the aircraft when it is taking off.
 During landing of an aircraft, the head wind provides a
breaking effect and the aircraft comes to a stop in a smaller
length of runway.

28. RUNWAY ORIENTATION
 Preliminary information required:-
 Maps in the area in the vicinity of the airport showing
contours at suitable intervals.
 Records of direction, intensity and duration of the wind
in the vicinity.
 Fog characteristics of the area for as long a period as
possible.

29. Factors affecting Runway
Orientation
 The following are the factors that affect the runway
orientation:
Wind direction
Location of neighbouring airports
Obstructions and topography
Visibility
Built up areas and noise
Type and amount of traffic

30. WIND ROSE
 The wind data i.e., direction, duration and intensity are
graphically represented by a diagram called wind rose.
 Data collection : 5 Year study, preferable is 10 year
 Observation taken at or near site selected
 Irregular shape resembling rose
 Help to determine suitable orientation and proposed
capacity.
 Wind rose diagrams can be plotted in two types
Type I : Showing direction and duration of wind
Type II : Showing direction, duration and intensity of
wind

31. Wind
Direction
Duration of Wind, Percent Total in each
direction
percent
6.4 - 25 Kmph 25 - 40 Kmph 40 - 60 Kmph
N 7.4 2.7 0.2 10.3
NNE 5.7 2.1 0.3 8.1
NE 2.4 0.9 0.6 3.9
ENE 1.2 0.4 0.2 1.8
E 0.8 0.2 0.0 1
ESE 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.4
SE 4.3 2.8 0.0 7.1
SSE 5.5 3.2 0.0 8.7
S 9.7 4.6 0.0 14.3
SSW 6.3 3.2 0.5 10
SW 3.6 1.8 0.3 5.7
WSW 1.0 0.5 0.1 1.6
W 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.5
WNW 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.3
NW 5.3 1.9 0.0 7.2
NNW 4.0 1.3 0.3 5.6

34. RUNWAY MARKINGS
Runway designation marking
Runway centerline marking
Runway touchdown zone marking
Runway aiming marking
Runway side strip marking
Runway threshold
marking

35. TAXIWAY MARKINGS
Taxiway
centerline
marking
Taxiway
edge
marking

36. Taxiway
shoulder
marking
Apron
Marking

37. AIRPORT LIGHTING

38. AIRPORT LIGHTING

39. AIRPORT LIGHTING

40. TAXIWAY LIGHTING

42. 42