The document discusses various components and considerations of airport engineering. It describes that airport engineering involves planning, designing, constructing, operating, and maintaining facilities for aircraft landing, takeoff, loading/unloading, maintenance, and storage. It outlines key components of an airport including runways, taxiways, terminal area, and hangars. International organizations like ICAO and IATA establish standards and regulations for civil aviation.

1. CE-325
Transportation Engineering-I
Lecture 7
Airport Engineering
Dr. Bakht Zamin
CECOS University, Peshawar

2.  The planning, design, construction, operation and
maintenance of facilities provided for the landing
and takeoff, loading and unloading, service,
maintenance, and storage of aircraft.
 It involves the design and construction of facilities
for the landing, take off, movement of aircraft on
the ground, parking of aero-planes on loading
aprons, maintenance and repairs of areas, access
roads from the city side to airport, and handling of
passengers, baggage and freight.

3.  Concern of Civil Engineer
Civil Engineers are concerned with airports and
allied facilities right from feasibility study to
maintenance, renovation and extension
 Concern of Transportation Engineer
His concern is much more. He should also possess
sufficient knowledge of air traffic and airport
elements affecting air traffic

4.  International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
 International Air Transport Association (IATA)
 Civil Aviation
◦ is one of two major categories of flying, representing
all non-military aviation, both private and commercial
Aviation means flying with the aid of a machine
heaver than air. Commercialized aviation is called
civil aviation and is controlled by civil aviation
authority

5. ICAO
 The International Civil Aviation Organization, a
UN Specialized Agency, is the global forum for
civil aviation
 ICAO works to achieve its vision of safe, secure
and sustainable development of civil aviation
through cooperation amongst its member States

6. IATA
 The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is an
international industry trade group of airlines
headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where the
International Civil Aviation Organization is also
headquartered.
 Mission. IATA’s stated mission is to represent, lead and
serve the airline industry
All the Airline rules and regulations are defined by IATA
 The main aim of IATA is to provide safe and secure
transportation to its clients

7. Airport is a place where
operations relating to flight
arrival, departure and
service are carried out.
Airport is having many
stringent guidelines issued
by international civil aviation
organization.
Airport is a generic word
used throughout the world.
Airport offers many facilities
to the passengers including
lounge, restaurants etc.
Aerodrome is any place
where flights take off and land.
Aerodrome is only having
safety guidelines.
Aerodrome is word generally
used in UK & Common wealth
countries.
Aerodrome does not offer
facilities to the passengers

9. Aeroplane Reference Field Length. The minimum field
length required for takeoff at maximum certified
takeoff mass, sea level, standard atmospheric
conditions, still air and zero runway slope

10. Clearway: An area beyond the takeoff runway that is under
the control of airport authorities where terrain or fixed
obstacles may not extend above specified limits. It is not
required to be able to support the weight of the aero-plane,
it must only be free of obstacles.

11. Threshold: The beginning of that portion of runway
useable for landing.
Touchdown Zone: The portion of runway beyond the
threshold where it is intended that the landing aero-
planes first contact the runway

15. Weight: It has a bearing on thickness of runway, taxiway and
apron pavements. It also affects the length of runway but it
is not valid to assume large aircraft weights require longer
runway length.
◦Wing Span and Fuselage Length: It is a general function of
aircraft weight. It has a bearing on gate size in aircraft
stand, configuration of terminal building, width of taxiways
and runways, distance between traffic ways, turning
radius on curves etc. Instead of increase in fuselage length,
multi deck are being preferred.

16. Fuselage is an aircraft's main body section. It
holds crew, passengers, and cargo

17. The approach flight path to the runway is an extension of
the centerline of the runway, and it is referred to as the
Track. An aircraft must fly along the track to safely reach
the runway.

18. As an aircraft approaches a runway, its Heading (direction in which
the nose is pointing) is dependent on the strength of the
component of wind blowing across (at 90 degree) the track
of the aircraft called crosswind.

20. The angle between heading and track is known as the
drift angle. Crab angle is the amount of correction an aircraft
must be turned into the wind in order to maintain the desired
course. It is opposite in direction to the drift angle and
approximately equal in magnitude for small angles.

21. In order not to be blown laterally off the track by the
wind, the aircraft must fly at an angle x from the track
known as crab angle.

22. COMPONENTS OF AN AIRPORT
1.LANDING AREA: It is the component of an airport used for
landing and takeoff operations of an aircraft. Runways and taxiways are
included in the landing area.
2. Runways: It is the most important part of an airport in the form of
paved, long and narrow rectangular strip which is actually used for loading
and takeoff operations. It has turfed (grassy) shoulders on both sides. The
width of the runway plus shoulder is called landing strip. The runway is
located at the center of the landing strip
 The length of landing strip is somewhat larger then the runway strip in
order to accommodate the stop way to stop the aircraft incase of
abandoned takeoff.
 The length of runway should be sufficient to accelerate the aircraft to the
point of takeoff and should be enough such that the aircraft clearing the
threshold of runway by 15m should be brought to stop with in the 60% of
available runway length.
 Transverse gradient should not be less then 0.5% but should always be
greater then 0.5%

23. COMPONENTS OF AN AIRPORT

24. COMPONENTS OF AN AIRPORT
3.Taxiways: Taxiway is the paved way (rigid or flexible) which
connects runway with loading apron or service and maintenance hangers
or with another runway.
 The are used for the movement of aircraft on the airfields for various
purposes such as exit for landing , exit for takeoff etc.
 the speed of the aircraft on taxiway is less then that during taking off or
landing speed.
 The taxiway should be laid in such a manner that to provide the
shortest possible path and to prevent the interference of landed
aircraft taxying towards loading apron and the taxying aircraft running
towards the runway.
 The intersection of runway and taxiway should be given proper
attention because during turning operation this part comes under
intense loading, if it is weaker then the aircraft may fell down from
taxiway.
 Longitudinal grade should not be greater then 3% while its transverse
gradient should not be less the 0.5%.

25. COMPONENTS OF AN AIRPORT
 It is also provided with a shoulder of 7.5m width paved with
bituminous surfacing. The taxiway should be visible from a distance
of 300m to a pilot at 3m height from the ground

26. COMPONENTS OF AN AIRPORT

27. COMPONENTS OF AN AIRPORT
4. Terminal Area: The transition of passengers and goods from
ground to air takes place in the terminal area. Various methods are used
to accommodate and transfer the public and its goods arriving either by
ground or by air.

28. COMPONENTS OF AN AIRPORT
Terminal area consists of the following parts
1) Terminal Building
2) Apron
3) Automobile parking area
4) Hangers
1.Terminal Building: It is the key feature of any terminal area. It should
allow smooth flow of passengers from automobiles parking area to the
aircraft. The passengers are proceeded to the aircraft standing on apron
through terminal building.
2. Apron: It is a paved area provided parallel to and in front of the terminal
building. These are used for loading, unloading, berthing, fuelling, minor
servicing and checkup of aircrafts.
Apron's are classified as
 Loading unloading apron
 Berthing apron
 Fuelling apron
 Holding apron (warm-up/run up pads)

29. COMPONENTS OF AN AIRPORT
 The size of apron depends upon the number of loading positions
required, size of the aircraft etc.
 The aircraft loading positions are designated by circles of varying
diameter depending upon wing span.
 A normal clearance of about 7.5m is allowed between loading
positions of aircraft parked adjacently.
 There are three types of parking system
1) Frontal system/Parallel System
2) Open apron
3) Finger system

30. COMPONENTS OF AN AIRPORT

31. COMPONENTS OF AN AIRPORT
3. Automobile parking area: on the city side of terminal building,
automobile parking facility should be provided. This facility should
contain taxi stand/ rent of car stand facility for the convenience of public.
It should be of sufficient capacity to serve the peak air transport.

32. COMPONENTS OF AN AIRPORT
4. Hangers: It is an enclosure for repairing, servicing and housing of an
aircraft. It may be located on one side of the terminal building in the form
of large shed. They are made of steel frames covered with sheets of
galvanized iron. The size of hanger depends on the size of aircraft and its
turning radius. The service hangers are provided with machines, stores of
spare parts etc. The hangers are of two types
1) T-type hangers(for small size aircraft)
2) Nose type hangers(for large size aircrafts)