This document discusses runway orientation and configuration. It notes that runway orientation is typically determined based on prevailing wind direction to maximize wind assistance during takeoffs and landings. Two common methods of wind rose analysis are described to evaluate wind data and determine optimal runway orientation. The document also outlines several basic runway configurations including single, parallel, intersecting and open-V runways. Lighting and signage used for runway guidance are briefly mentioned.

1. {
RUNWAY ORIENTATION
Teja Tallam
Vnr Vjiet
RUNWAY ORIENTATION
Teja Tallam
Vnr Vjiet

2.  “Rectangular area on an aerodrome used for landing and take
off “
 Runway orientation is important in airport planning
 Current practice is to layout a runway in the direction of
prevailing wind – wind force can be utilized
 Direction of runway controls the layout of other
facilities(passenger terminals, taxiways/aprons, circulation
roads, parking etc)
RUNWAY

3. 1) Map or area and contours – for examining the flatness of the area
and possible changes in longitudinal profile
2) Wind data – direction, duration and intensity of wind
Wind direction is variable and keeps on changing throughout the year. Wind
data can be obtained for 5 to 10 years from the Meteorological department.
Types of Wind:
 Head Wind: Wind blowing from opposite direction of head or nose of
aircraft. It provides braking effect during landing and greater lift on wings
during take-off. Thus length of runway gets decreased by 10%.
 Tail Wind: Wind which is blown in same direction as on aircraft. It
increases stopping distance and lift-off distance. Dangerous too.
 Cross Wind: makes an angle with the direction of aircraft movement
(VsinO). If this component is more then aircraft may not manoeuver safely.
Generally it should not be more than 25kmph
Data required

4. Wind components

5.  Wind Coverage: it is the % of time in a year during which
the cross wind component remains within the limit.
 ICAO and FAA recommends minimum wind coverage of 95%
 Calm Period: it is the period in which the wind intensity
remains below 6.4kmph
 Calm period = 100 – wind coverage

6.  An approach often used in determining the runway
orientation
 Area is divided into 16 parts (22.5 degree each)
 2 methods are available
 Type -1 : based on Direction and Duration of wind
 Concentric circles indicate percentage duration of wind
 Radial lines indicate direction of wind
 Type-2 : based on Direction Duration and Intensity of wind
 Radial lines indicate direction of wind
 Concentric circles indicate intensity of wind
 Deviation upto 33 degree can be allowed
WIND ROSE ANALYSIS

7. Type – 1 Wind Rose

8. Type
– 2
Wind
Rose

9.  FAA includes over 20 runway layouts
 Amongst them there are 4 basic runway patterns :
1. Single runway
2. Parallel runway
3. Dual parallel runway
4. intersecting runways
5. open-v runways
RUNWAY
CONFIGURATION

10. SINGLE RUNWAY: simplest of all
• Capacity – 50 to 100 operations per hour

11. PARALLEL RUNWAYS
• Capacity depends on no. of
runways and spacing b/w
them
• Based on spacing
• Close
• Intermediate
• Far

12. INTERSECTING RUNWAYS
• Two or more runways that cross each other are classified as
intersecting runways.
• This type of runway is used when there are relatively strong
prevailing winds from more than one direction during the
year.
• Capacity – 70 to 175 operations per hour

13. OPEN-V RUNWAYS
Runways diverging from different directions but do
not intersect and form an open-V shape are ‘OPEN-V
runways’

14. Lakshadweep

15. Colorado

16. Madeira airport

17. Nepal

18. St. Martens airport @ Caribbean

19. Ski Resort in
Alps

20. Gisborne Railway track

21. Slippery ice
runway at
Antarctica

22.  These lights are used to assist pilot in to identify the runway
 GREEN THRESHOLD LIGHTS : Line the runway edge
 RED LIGHTS : Mark the end of runway
 BLUE LIGHTS : Run alongside taxiways
 While runways have YELLOW or WHITE lights marking their
edges
RUNWAY LIGHTING

24.  Various kinds of runway signs are also used for
facilitation
 They differ according to their purpose and action
RUNWAY SIGNS

26. {
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR TIME
THE END