A new airport planning of suitable data requirement . These ppt cover the maximum part of designing of new airport .

1. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERINNG
AIRPORT PLANNING AND
DESIGN
By:- Ramprasad Kumawat
(M.Tech)

2. Introduction
 Airport Engineering encompasses the planning,
design, and construction of terminals, runways, and
navigation aids to provide for passenger and freight
service.
 An airport is a facility where passengers connect
from ground transportation to air transportation
 AIRFIELD is an area where an aircraft can land
and take off, which may or may not be equipped
with any navigational aids or markings

3. Air transportation
 One system of transportation which tries to
improve the accessibility to inaccessible areas
 Provides continuous connectivity over water and
land
 Provide relief during emergencies and better
compared to others some times
 Saves productive time, spent in journey
 Increases the demand of specialized skill work
force

4. Air transportation
 Helps tourism, generates foreign reserves
 Requires heavy funds during provision and maintenance
 Highly dependent on weather conditions compared to
other modes
 Requires highly sophisticated machinery
 Adds to outward flow of foreign exchange
 Purchase of equipment, airbuses etc.
 Safety provisions are not adequate.
 Providing a support system during the flight is complicate
 Specific demarcation of flight paths and territories is
essential

5. Development of Air Transport
 1903 – First successful flight by Wilbur and Orville
Wright at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
 1909 – Louis Bleriot crossed English channel to
England
 1911 – Post was carried by air in India from
Allahabad to Naini (pilot: Henri Pequet) crossing
Ganga
 1912 – Flight between Delhi and Karachi
 1914 – Air passenger transport began in Germany

6. Development of Air Transport
 1918 – First International service between France
and Spain
 1919 – London – Paris flight
 1919 – International Commission on Air
Navigation (ICAN) was established
 1919 – 6 European airlines formed in Hague the
International Air Traffic Association (IATA) to
control the movement of air traffic and have a
coordinated approach

7.  1928 – Havana Convention on civil aviation
 1929 – Warsaw convention on civil aviation
 1944 – international civil aviation convention
 1944 – Chicago convention, establishing
provisional ICAO (International Civil Aviation
Organization)
 1945 – International Air Transport Association
(IATA) established in meeting at Havana, Cuba
 1947 – ICAO was established as a body of United
Nations

8.  27, July 1949 – worlds first jet airliner made its
journey from hatfield airport
 1954 – Boeing Dash 80 type prototype, B707 first
flight
 1969 – concorde first flight
 2006 – Airbus A328 made first flight (one of the
biggest passenger air craft i.e., 800 persons)

9. Air Transport in India
 1911 – post was carried by air in India from Allahabad
to Naini
 1912 – flight between Delhi and Karachi
 1927 – (ICAO) International Civil Aviation
Organization Department was established
 1929 – Regular air service between Delhi and Karachi
 1932 – Tata airways Ltd was setup
 1933 – Indian trans-continental airways Ltd was
formed

10.  1938 – 153 aircrafts were registered
 1946 – Air transport licensing board was
established
 1947 – Tata changed its name to Air India Ltd
 1948 – Air India International ltd was established
by government
 1953 – Air Transport Corporation bill was made,
provision for establishing two corporations, one for
the domestic services and other for the international
services.

11.  1972 - The International Airport Authority of India
(IAAI) was setup
 to coordinate the international aviation from different
locations of the country
 1981 -Vayudoot service was started. It merged into
Indian Airlines in 1993
 1985 - Air taxi policy
 1994 -Airport Authority of India (AAI) was formed
by merging International Airport Authority of India
(IAAI) and National Airports Authority (NAA).

12. Airport Authority of India
 Controls overall air navigation in India
 Constituted by an act of parliament and it came into
being on 1st April, 1995
 Formed by merging NAA (National Airport Authority)
and IAAI (International Airport Authority of India)
 Functions of AAI
 Control and management of the Indian airspace extending
beyond the territory limits
 Design, development and operation of domestic and
international airports
 Construction and management of facilities

13.  Development of cargo ports and facilities
 Provision of passenger facilities and information
systems
 Expansion and strengthening of operating area
 Provision of visual aids
 Provision of communication and navigational aids (ex:
Radar systems)

14. Aircraft components
Reference: http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/airplane.html

15. Aircraft components

16. Aircraft components

17. Aircraft components

18. Aircraft characteristics
 Engine Type and Propulsion
 Atmospheric propulsion and trans-atmospheric propulsion
 Propulsion may be through any type of engine
 Piston engine, jet engine (turbo jet, turbo propulsion or ram
jet) or rocket engine etc.
 Piston – most conventional form, fuel is converted to
mechanical or electrical energy

19.  Jet – These have a capacity to provide a jet with a height
thrust, which is used for movement.
 Different types of jet engines exist. In case of turbo, jet
known as turbo propulsion is used. Here not simple thrust
is used, instead huge amount of air is sucked, and is
transformed into jet.
 Rocket engines used in trans-atmospheric propulsion
systems
 Speed, power increases from piston to rockets

20. Type of propulsion
Engine Speed limit Km/h
Piston 250 to 750
Ram Jet 1280 to 2400
Rocket 4600

21.  Operative altitude of aircraft depends up on
 Type of engine
 Propulsive power available to aircraft
 Piston engines – low altitudes
 Turbo jet or turbo propulsions – low to high
altitudes
 Ram jets – used in missiles at middle altitudes
 Where other type of movements are less
 Rocket jets – outside atmosphere

22.  Size of air craft:
 One of the important aspect
 Here not just the size of main body, but the size of
overall wing space is considered important
 By ICAO, FAA guidelines, air craft wing space is
considered but not main body for classifying the
airport.
 It is important to look at different aspects of size.

23. Size of Aircraft
 Size of Aircraft involves
 Fuselage length
 From nose of the aircraft to the tail of the aircraft
 Fuselage is the area which compasses the fuel which is to be
transported along the aircraft, which is used along the path,
at the same time it also encompasses the payload and that is
the passengers and the freight that will also be placed within
the fuselage length.

24.  Height and width (at tail)
 Since additional wings are provided at tail in lateral,
vertical directions
 Gear tread (distance between main gears)
 Wheel base
 Distance between nose gear (pilots location) and main
gear(at wings connection)

25.  Wing span
 Measured at the location of wings to the furthest ends of
wings
 Wing span decides
 Width of taxi way
 Clearance between two parallel traffic ways
 Size of apron and hanger
 Width of hanger gate

26. Aircraft characteristics
 tread an Length of aircraft decides
 Widening of taxi way on curves
 Sizes of apron and hanger
 Height of aircraft or empennage height
 It decides the height of hanger gate
 The gear d wheel base
 Min turning radius of the aircraft.

27. Aircraft characteristics – weight
&wheel configuration
 Pavement thickness, design, materials etc., depend
on the weight and wheel distribution of aircraft.
 Different types of weights
 Maximum gross take-off weight
 Total amount of weight when it is taking off from runway
 Maximum standard landing weight
 Fuel consumed during transport will be deducted from take-
off weight
 Operating empty weight
 Operating at zero pay load

28. Weight and wheel distribution
 Pay load
 Load for which revenues are generated (passengers +
freight)
 Zero-fuel weight
 Air craft reaching destination and fuel is getting empty
Note: (maximum is taken considering biggest aircraft allowed at airport

29.  Wheel configuration defines how the weight will
be transferred to the bottom
 More the no of wheels, lesser the stress, hence less
thickness enough.
 Different wheel combinations available based on size
of aircraft.
 Single tandem, duel tandem and multi axle tandems are
used based on the size and weight of air craft.
 Some wheel configurations are shown in the next slide.

31. Minimum turning radius
 While making a turn, the nose gear is steered and hence
it makes an angle with the axis of main gear called
angle of rotation.
 The point of intersection of axis of main gear and line
through axis of steered nose gear is called point of
rotation.
 Max angle varies between 50 to 60 degrees
 The line joining the centre of rotation and the tip of
farthest wing of aircraft is known as minimum turning
radius.
 The amount depends on size of aircraft

33. Minimum circling radius
 Related to movement of aircraft with in the air
 Radius in space required for the aircraft to take a
smooth turn
 It depends on
 Type of aircraft (size, power propulsion system etc.,)
 Air traffic volume
 Weather condition
 It is the total radius which is provided at the top of the
air port in which the aircraft will be circling if it is not
allowed to land.

34. Speed
 Air speed
 Speed of air craft in air relative to medium.
 Indicated speed
 Indicated by the instrument onboard
 2% lower than actual true speed
 The reason is it is relative speed what is true, to get the
correct value of speed 2% is reduced for resistance in
air.

35. Capacity of air craft
 No of passengers and amount of cargo it can handle
 Dependant on
 Size
 Propulsive power of aircraft
 Speed of air craft

36. Noise
 Big problem if nearer to developed areas
 Major sources of noises are
 Engine
 Machinery (more during landing)
 Primary jet (more during take-off)
 Disturbances are more during take off
 Since the inception of jet engines the noise has
been reduced to a great extent

37. Vortices at tail end
 Vortices form at tail when moving at high speed
 Have a tendency to break tail if they are heavy and
eddies are formed
 Vortices are made of 2 counter rotating cylindrical
masses of air extending along the path
 These are formed near tail ends of wings or tail end
of aircraft
 The velocity of wind in these vortices will be very
high

38. Jet blast
 This aspect belongs to aircrafts having jet engines
 This is the blast that comes out of jet engine at the rear
of air craft to provide a force for movement
 If we consider the case where air craft is standing and
jet blast is coming from back side, it is so hot and
creates severe conditions
 The severity depends on
 Height of tail pipe
 Angle of tail pipe
 Hence, blast fences are needed to control the damage to
the pavements

39. Fuel spillage
 Spilling of fuel occurs when the engine is shutdown
or loosing speed
 It is spilled fuel from the engine or other locations
into the aircraft. This may cost the speed when it is
moving on runways or taxiways or apron.

40. Influencing characteristics of
aircraft on design of airport
 Engine type and propulsion
 Size
 Aircraft weight and wheel configuration
 Minimum turning radius
 Minimum circling radius
 speed capacity
 Noise
 Vortices at tail ends
 Jet blast
 Fuel spillage

41. Engine type and propulsion
decides
 Size of the aircraft
 Speed
 length of the runway (more speed ->longer runway)
 Weight (more if bigger propulsion system)
 Carrying capacity (depends on size)
 Noise (depends on propulsion system)
 Circling radius (high power, and speed crafts have high
radius)
 Range (distance it can move without refueling)
 Maintenance facilities
 Ballast pads (required for jet propulsion)

42.  Size of aircraft influences
 Load carrying capacity
 Other facilities like apron, terminal area etc.
 Bigger the size larger are facilities to be provided at airport
terminal building
 Wing span will increase with size
 It has effect on taxiway width
 Separation between traffic lanes
 Size of gate, apron size, width of hanger etc.
 Length
 Widening of taxiway on curves, apron, hangers, width of exit
way
 Height : further influences height of hanger gate
 Wheel base, gear tread also changes

43.  Aircraft wheel configuration
 Thickness of runway, taxiway, apron
 Distribution of load to ground
 Turning (difficult for more weight in case of sharp
curves)
 Stability (depends on the support system
provided and also depends on wheel
configuration)

44.  Minimum turning radius
 Radius of taxiways
 Taxiway is the connecting pavement which is provided
between the runways and aprons
 Minimum circling radius:
 Defines the minimum distance between 2 near by airports
 For larger aircrafts it will be in kms hence more distance is
required between 2 airports
 Adjustments of timings of landing and takeoff
 Airport capacity(decrease with increased air circle time)
 Zoning laws related to height of obstruction

45.  Speed
 Reduces journey time
 Increase in frequency of operations
 Improving and broadening the air network system
 Capacity
 Processing terminals
 Passenger and baggage handling facilities
 Cargo processing
 Size of apron, special equipments etc.

46.  Vortices at tail ends
 Hazardous to aircraft
 Stresses at fuselage and other joints
 Pressure under wings producing lifts and drags
 Jet blast
 Inconvenience to passengers
 May do harm to airport runways and other
components of airport
 Fuel slippage
 Badly effects bitumen pavements
 Causes slip of wheels

47. Selection of site for airport
 Air traffic potential
 Magnitude of passenger and freight traffic expected
 Adequate access
 Sufficient airspace
 Circling radius should be taken care
 Sufficient land
 Various facilities, terminal buildings, security systems
 Atmospheric and meteorological conditions
 Availability of land for expansion
 Availability of utilities

48.  Development of surrounding area
 Ground accessibility
 Presence of other airports
 Regional plan
 Soil characteristics
 Surrounding obstructions
 Use of air port

49.  Atmospheric and meteorological conditions
 Visibility
 Fog, smoke, haze
 Affected by wind
 Development of area (industrial)
 Causes reduction in frequency and hence in capacity
handling
 Wind
 Direction and intensity
 Associated topographical features (hills, valley)
 Windward/leeward side
 Locating development w.r.t site of airport

50.  Availability of land for expansion
 Future prediction of air traffic
 Land for parking vehicles, providing facilities
 Land cost at later stage
 Availability of land at later stage
 Availability of utilities
 Water, power etc.,
 Sewerage, communication etc.

51.  Development of surrounding area
 Residential or sensitive area
 Industrial development
 Height of development
 Zoning laws
 Noise pollution
 Movement of air pollution
 Birds and hits at engines

52.  Economy of construction
 Alternate sites to be examined
 Availability of local construction material
 Terrain even or not
 Problematic areas
 Water logging areas
 Reclaimed areas

53.  Ground accessibility
 Travel time in air vs on ground
 Easily approachable using all modes
 Proximity to areas of trip generation
 Facilities for private vehicle users
 Efficient transport system

54.  Presence of other airport
 Traffic volume
 circling radius
 Types of air crafts in different airports
 Type of operating facility
 Instrumental flight rules, design flight rules
 Separation distance between radii
 May cause
 Accidents, reduction in capacity

55.  Characteristics of soil
 Strength of soil sub grade
 Drainage of soil
 Level of water table and its impact
 Sub-soil drainage effects
 Valley side may have flooding
 Soil with good amount of pervious material like
sand or gravel is considered good

56.  Use of airport
 Civil or for military
 Adaptability for other usage during emergencies
 Surrounding area obstructions
 Clear air space for take off and landing
 High rise buildings not allowed
 High trees are cleared off
 Zoning laws are made to take care

57. Factors affecting the size of airport
 Size of airport
 Defined by the space for operators, controlling systems,
facilities, manpower etc.
 Controlled by peak aircraft traffic, aircraft characteristics
 Elevation of airport size above MSL
 density and air pressure reduces
 Effects runway requirements, lift, drag etc.
 Aircraft performance varies altitude, air density, pressure ,
temperature
 Meteorological conditions
 Wind, temperature
 Effects runway orientation, length and no of runways reqd.
 Performance characteristics of aircraft
 Volume of air traffic (peak hour volume, size of aircraft,
nature of air traffic, runways, taxiways etc.,)

58.  Thanks for watching.
 EMAIL ID : ramkumawat001@gmail.com
 Mobile NO. : 09407156723