Importance of Transportation, Different modes of transportation, Overview of Road, Rail, Air and Water Transportation, Comparison of various modes of Transportation. Organizations and their functions - Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), Indian Road Congress (IRC), Railway Board (RB), Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI), Airport Authority of India (AAI), International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA).

1. “INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSPORTATION”
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PREPARED BY : ASST. PROF. VATSAL D. PATEL
MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION &
RESEARCH CENTRE, NAVSARI.

2. IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION
 Mobility is a basic human need.
 A closely associated need is the transport of raw materials
to a manufacturing unit or finished goods for consumption.
 Transportation plays major role in the development of the
human civilization.

3. IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION
 Transportation plays an important role as :
 Economic development
 Social effects
 Other effects

4. DIFFERENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
 Transportation has developed along 3 basic media :
 Land
 Water
 Air

5. DIFFERENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
 Land has given scope for transportation by roads and
railways. Water and air media have developed waterways
and airways respectively.
 Roads includes modern highways, urban arterials, city
streets, village rods, expressway etc.

6. DIFFERENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
 Railways have been developed both for long distance
transportation of goods and passengers and also for urban
travel.
 Waterways include transportation by oceans, rivers, canals
and lakes for the movement of ships and boats. The airways
help in faster transportation by aircrafts and carriers.

7. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS MODES OF
TRANSPORTATION
Characteristics Railway Transport Road Transport
Construction and
maintenance cost
higher Low as compared to
railway
Accident rate There are few accident
on Railways
The accidents on roads
are very large in
number
Transportation cost Cheap especially for
long distances.
More
Gradient Not suitable for steep
gradient
Suitable for steep
gradients also.
Suitability for hilly
region
It is not suitable for
hilly regions.
It is more suitable for
hilly regions
Employment potential less higher

8. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS MODES OF
TRANSPORTATION
Characteristics Railway Transport Road Transport
Length of haul Transport of bulk and
heavy goods like raw
materials, coal, ores,
etc. is cheaper and
convenient.
Transport of men and
materials for short
distance up to 500 km.
Load handling capacity Railways can handle
heavier loads at high
speeds.
Load handling capacity
of road vehicles is low.
Tractive resistance Tractive resistance of a
steel wheel on steel rail
is less.
Pneumatic types on
highways is to 6 times
greater than that of
railway vehicles on
steel rails.

9. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS MODES OF
TRANSPORTATION
Characteristics Railway Transport Road Transport
H.P. requirements The horse power
required per tonne is
lesser.
The horse power
required per tonne is
higher.
Right of way Width of right of way is
lesser for railways.
Highways require
greater right of way.
Operational controls Railways require a
block system and other
controls like signalling
and interlocking for
safe and efficient
movement of trains.
No such controls are
required in road
transport.

10. INDIAN ROAD CONGRESS (IRC)
 As per the recommendations of a Jaykar Committee
appointed to study the road development in India, Indian
Road Congress was established in Dec. 1934 at New Delhi.
 The council of the Indian Road Congress is the supreme
governing body. The Chief Engineers of all states PWD's,
the Engineering in Charge of CPWD, the Director General.,
the Engineering in Charge of the Army Head quarters, the
director of CRRI, and the D.G.B.R. are its members.

11. INDIAN ROAD CONGRESS (IRC)
 Six seats are also provided for the business interests
connected with the road and road transport industry
besides suitable representations of Municipalities, Local
bodies and members elected by the general body.

12. CENTRAL ROAD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(CRRI)
 In the year 1950, the Central Road Research Institute
(CRRI) was established at New Delhi for research in
various aspects of highway engineering. It may be indicated
that one of the recommendation of Jaykar committee
report was to set up a central organisation for research and
dissemination of information.

13. CENTRAL ROAD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(CRRI)
 The CRRI is one of the laboratories of the council of
scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
 The institute is mainly engaged in applied research and
offers technical advice to state government and the
industries on various problems concerning roads.

14. CENTRAL ROAD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(CRRI)
 Organisation of CRRI:
 BAS = Bridges and structure
 GTE = Geotechnical Engineering
 HRP = Human Resource Planning
 PEM = Pavement Engineering and Materials
 RDS = Research and Development Service
 TTP= Traffic and Transportation Planning

15. RAILWAY BOARD (RB)
 The Indian Railways are broadly organized from functional
groups within the Indian Railway Service.
 India's rail system is managed at a regional level since
Indian Railways have divided themselves into eighteen
zonal railways.
 Each zone, headed by a General Manager, is semi-
autonomous & this creates a, matrices organization. Where
the functional branches are under dual control.
 At the apex of the management organization is the Railway
Board, a part of the Ministry of Railways.

16. RAILWAY BOARD (RB)
 The board is headed by a Chairman who directly reports to
the Railway Minister.
 The board has seven other members.
 The General Managers of the zonal railways and the
production units report to the Board.

17. RAILWAY BOARD (RB)
 The members oversee areas related to mechanical, traffic,
engineering, electrical and staff, besides a finance
commissioner.
 Apart from its functions as the top Railway executive body
for the administration, technical supervision and direction
of the Railways, the Railway Board function also as a
Ministry of the government of India and exercises all the
powers of Central Government in relation to the Railways.

18. RAILWAY BOARD (RB)
 Railway board work under Minister of Railways as given
below :

19. INLAND WATERWAYS AUTHORITY OF
INDIA (IWAI)
 India has an extensive network of inland waterways in the
form of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks.
 The total navigable length is 14,500 km, out of which about
5200 km of the river and 4000 km of canals can be used by
mechanized crafts.

20. INLAND WATERWAYS AUTHORITY OF
INDIA (IWAI)
 Freight transportation by waterways is highly under-
utilized in India compared to other large countries and
geographic areas like the United States, China and the
European Union.
 The total cargo moved (in tonne kilometres) by the inland
waterway was just 0.1% of the total inland traffic in India,
compared to the 21% figure for United States.
 Cargo transportation in an organized manner is confined to
a few waterways in Goa, West Bengal, Assam, and Kerala.

21. INLAND WATERWAYS AUTHORITY OF
INDIA (IWAI)
 Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is the
statutory authority in charge of the waterways in India. It
was constituted under NHAI Act-1985 by parliament of
India. Its headquarters is located in Noida, UP.
 It does the function of building the necessary infrastructure
in these waterways, surveying the economic feasibility of
new projects and also administration.

22. AIRPORT AUTHORITY OF INDIA (AAI)
 The Airport Authority of India (AAI) was constituted by an
Act of Parliament and came into begin on 1st April 1995 by
merging National Airports Authority (NAA) and
International Airport Authority of India (IAAI).

23. AIRPORT AUTHORITY OF INDIA (AAI)
 Airports Authority of India (AAI) manages a total of 126
Airports which includes 14 international Airports and 86
Domestic Airports.
 AAI also provides Air Traffic Management Services (ATMS)
over entire Indian Air Space and adjoining oceanic areas
with ground installations at all Airports and 25 other
location to ensure safety of Aircraft operations.
 The Airport of Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Calicut, Guwahati,
Jaipur, Trivendrum, Kolkata & Chennai which today are
established as International Airports are open to operations
even by Foreign international Airlines.

24. AIRPORT AUTHORITY OF INDIA (AAI)
 Beside the international flights National Flag carriers
operate from Coimbatore, Tiruchirappalli, Varanasi and
Gaya Airports.
 Not only this but also the Tourist Charters now touch Agra,
Coimbatore, Jaipur, Lucknow, Patna Airports etc.

25. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION
ORGANIZATION (ICAO)
 In 1944, the delegates from 52 nations meet in Chicago,
U.S.A., to consider the problems of International Civil
Aviation.
 A permanent body called "International Civil Aviation
Organisation" (ICAO) was created on April 4, 1947. with its
headquarter in Montreal, Canada. It is a specialised agency
of the UNO.

26. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION
ORGANIZATION (ICAO)
 ICAO works in close cooperation with other specialist
institutions such as :
 World Meteorological Organisation (WMO)
 International Civil Airports Association (ICAA)
 International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
 International Air Transport Association (IATA)
 Agency for Air Navigation Safety

27. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION
ORGANIZATION (ICAO)
 To fulfil its objectives, ICAO develops 'standards' and
'recommended' practices for :
 Personal licensing
 aircraft registration
 Rules of the air & meteorology
 Air traffic services
 Aircraft accident inquiries
 Search and rescue
 Aerodromes
 Aircraft noise, etc.

28. DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CIVIL
AVIATION (DGCA)
 The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) is the
regulatory body in the field of Civil Aviation.
 The post of DGCA was established in 1945.

29. DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CIVIL
AVIATION (DGCA)
 The functions of DGCA are :
 Regulation of air transport services to/from and within
India.
 Licensing of Pilots and other Personnel.
 Registration of Civil aircrafts.
 Coordination of tie work relating to ICAO.
 Investigation of incidents.
 Approval of tariffs/schedules.
 Supervision of training activities of flying/gliding clubs.
 Monitoring of light crew standards.
 Type certification of aircraft.

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