This document discusses the key elements of an airport, including runways, stopways, clearways, approach zones, land use, taxiways, aprons, terminal areas, and hangars. It provides details on each element, such as defining runways as cement landing strips for takeoffs and landings, stopways as paved areas at the end of runways for aborted takeoffs, and clearways as areas beyond runways for dealing with engine failures. It also discusses approach zone obstructions, appropriate land uses around airports and heliports, the purpose of taxiways and aprons, what makes up a terminal area, and the uses and sizes of hangars.

1. LD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SUBJECT :- Harbour & Airport Engineering
TOPIC :- Airport Elements
Prepared By :- Makwana Tulsi

2. AIRPORT ELEMENTS
 Runway, Stopway and Clearway.
 Approach zone and its obstructions.
 Land use around airport.
 Land use around heliports.
 Taxiways.
 Aprons.
 Terminal area.
 Hangar.
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3. RUNWAY, STOPWAY AND CLEARWAY
1) Runway:
 A cement concrete landing strip prepared for landing and take off
operations of the aircrafts is known as a runway.
 Should comply the following conditions:
 Avoid delay.
 Grant the shortest taxi distance.
 Make provisions for adequate taxiways.
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4. Continued…
2) Stopway:
 A paved area provided at the end of a runway, whose width is equal to the
width of runway and is centrally located along the extended centreline of
the runway is known as stopway.
 Designed for the use of deaccelerating the aircraft during an aborted take
off.
 Thickness less than that of the runway.
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5. Continued…
3) Clearway:
 An area beyond the end of runway, centrally located along the extended
centreline of the runway and not less than 150m in width is known as
clearway.
 Provided as an precautionary measure against engine failure.
 Clearway length < 0.5(TOD - LOD)
TOD = Take off distance
LOD = Lift off distance
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6. Runway,
Stopway
&
Clearway
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Runway Clearway
Stopway

7. APPROACH ZONES AND ITS OBSTRUCTIONS
 Approach zone:
 Zoning of flight approach areas is known as approach zones.
 Protects the flight paths also controls the development of property within
approach zones.
 Zoning laws also provide protection against the pollution sources.
 Controls the property and prevents the growth tall structures and trees.
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8. Approach Zone
Profile
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9. Continued…
 Obstructions:
 Within 4.5 km from the runway end, an object having height greater than
30 m.
 Beyond 4.5 km from runway end, an object with height above 30 m
increases by more than 7.5 m per 1.5 km.
 Any object having height more than 150 m.
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10. LANDUSE AROUND AIRPORT
 Land is divided as:
a. Cultivated and non-cultivated land.
 Agriculture permitted as long as they don’t attract the birds.
 Forest and ponds near the airport not good.
b. Municipal and transport utilities.
 Power lines beyond certain height nor permitted.
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11. Continued…
c. Residential, commercial, industrial and recreation area.
 Residential areas within 5 km of airport and particularly along the
approach and climbout surfaces are undesirable.
 Commercial or industrial use causing electronic distortions of the
Instrument Landing System (ILS) should not be provided in approach
areas.
 Delicate instruments affected by vibrations should be avoided.
 Electric plants, gas and oil facilities are not recommended.
 Public gathering places are undesirable.
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12. LANDUSE AROUND HELIPORTS
 Noise produced outside the confines of
heliports is slight as compared to the
airport.
 Helicopters can be used in all areas with
certain restrictions in residential,
commercial, retail business areas, etc.
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13. TAXIWAY
 The main function of taxiways is to provide access from the runway to
terminal area, service hangers and back.
 One way taxiways are provided on airports with heavy traffic.
 To avoid congestion a runway should have ample number of exit ways.
 Crossing with runway should be avoided as far as possible.
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14. Taxiway V(Victor)
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15. APRON
 Indicates a definite area of the airport to accommodate aircrafts for loading
and unloading of cargo and passengers, parking, refuelling, servicing, etc.
 Usually paved.
 Located generally in front of the terminal building or adjacent to hangers.
 The aprons used for loading and unloading of cargo and passengers is called
loading and unloading aprons.
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16. Apron
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17. TERMINAL AREA
 Portion of airport other than landing area.
 Includes:
 Terminal building.
 Facilities for loading and unloading the passengers, cargo, mail, etc.
 Aprons.
 Vehicle parking area.
 Cargo storage buildings.
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18. Airport Elements
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19. HANGAR
 A hangar is a closed building structure to hold aircraft, spacecraft or
helicopters, etc. in protective storage.
 Hangars are used for protection from the weather, direct sunlight.
 Also used for maintenance, repair, manufacture, assembly, etc.
 The size depends on the size of aircraft, size varies from ‘S’ to ‘XXL’.
 ‘XXL’ is build for the largest aircraft ‘Airbus 380’, ‘Boeing 747’ and ‘the
Antonov’.
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20. Airport Elements
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Hangar One

21. “
”
I always Wonder why Birds chose to
stay in the same place when they
can fly anywhere on the earth, THEN
I ask Myself the same question!
HARUN YAHYA
THANK YOU