The Pantheon in Rome was commissioned in 118-126 CE and has remained remarkably well preserved. It has a large central dome with an oculus opening and a diameter of 43.3 meters. The dome is the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. The Pantheon was an important architectural achievement due to its geometric proportions and use of concrete construction techniques.

1. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

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15. THE PANTHEON -ROME

17. PANTHEON ROME – 118 – 126 CE
(LATE IMPERIAL- 96 – 476 CE)

18. THE PANTHEON , ROME
an adjective understood as "[temple consecrated to all gods")
is a building in Rome, Italy, commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the
reign of Augustus as a temple to all the gods of ancient Rome, and
rebuilt by the emperor Hadrian about 126 AD.
The building is circular with a portico of large granite Corinthian columns
(eight in the first rank and two groups of four behind) under a pediment.
A rectangular vestibule links the porch to the rotunda, which is under
a coffered concrete dome, with a central opening (oculus) to the sky.
Almost two thousand years after it was built, the Pantheon's dome is still
the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome.
The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the
same, 43.3 metres (142 ft).

19. GEOMETRY OF THE PANTHEON

20. PARTS OF THE PANTHEON

22. OPTICAL ILLUSION
AND CONSTRUCTION
OF THE DOME

23. PANTHEON ROME – 118 – 126 CE
(LATE IMPERIAL- 96 – 476 CE)
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

24. PANTHEON ROME – 118 – 126 CE
(LATE IMPERIAL- 96 – 476 CE)
The floor of the Pantheon is concave towards the
center and has a total of 20 drains on the floor

28. The Caracalla bath complex of buildings was more a leisure
centre than just a series of baths.
The "baths" had a public library within the complex.
Like other public libraries in Rome, there were two separate
and equal sized rooms or buildings; one for Greek
language texts and one for Latin language texts.
The baths consisted of a central frigidarium (cold room) under
three groin vaults , a double pool tepidarium (medium), and
a caldarium (hot room), as well as two palaestras (gyms where
wrestling and boxing were practiced). The north end of the
bath building contained a natatio or swimming pool.
The natatio was roofless with bronze mirrors mounted
overhead to direct sunlight into the pool area.
The entire bath building was on a raised platform 6 metres
(20 ft) high to allow for storage and furnaces under the
building.

29. COLLOSEUM – ROME 70 – 80 CE

31. PLAN OF LOWER
AND UPPER LEVEL

32. PLAN OF THE SUBTERRANEAN
LEVEL