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1. The
Pantheon
-Apolodoro de Damasco
HISTORY OF PANTHEON
 In the year 27 BC, the first Pantheon was built by Marco Vipsanio
Agrippa, General of Emperor Caesar Augustus in the first century
before Christ. It was destroyed by a fire in the year 80.
 Architect : Apolodoro de Damasco.
 Location : Rome, Italy next to the site
 Built in : 118 - 125
 Approximately at the end of the year 118, Hadrian was ordered to
build a new temple in the name of Agrippa, on the site of the temple
that was destroyed by the fire.
 In the year 608, the emperor Foca of the East donated the temple to
Pope Bonifacio IV, who transformed it into a Catholic church dedicated
to the Virgin Mary.
 It was the first instance of a Pagan temple being converted into a
Catholic one.
The project was commissioned to the great architect, Apolodoro de
Damasco. He built a circular temple dedicated to all the gods of Rome.
CONCEPT
The proportions and structure of the
Pantheon are representative of this
Roman religious conception.
of the ancient Agrippa thermal baths,
of which remains still emerge in the
excavations of the ground at the rear
of the temple.
next to the site of the ancient Agrippa
thermal baths, of which remains still emerge in
the excavations of the ground at the rear of
the temple.
In today’s time this historic building is
surrounded by commercial building
The circular hall was a perfect
sphere, representing the
cosmogonic conception of Aristotle.
On one side, the intralunar world is
represented by the lower half of the
building.
The supralunar world, the
celestial sphere, is shown in the
rounded space, in which the central
oculus represents the sun.
SITE AND SURROUNDINGS
PLAN
The measurements of the circular floorplan
are such that if the dome continued its circular
trajectory to complete a sphere, it would fit
exactly inside the temple and we would have
the celestial globe resting on the floor, as the
height of the interior space of the dome is also
43.2 metres.
 The Corianthian octastyle portico 33.53
wide and 18.29 deep in the centre, which
forms the entrance to the temple.
The Rotunda is circular with internal
diameter as well as height of 43.43m and rests
on a circular foundation of 4.5 m deep.
The thickness of wall of the circular drum is
about 6m.
SECTIONS
exteriors
FRONT ELEVATION
ARIAL VIEW
From above, the Pantheon’s 19
foot oculus, the hole at he top of the
dome, is an obvious opening to the
elements.
The pediment with the portico
below it can also be seen
Name : Madhu Mallapur
Class : 4th sem b Section
MEASURED DRAWING AND DOCUMENTATION CASE STUDY

2. MEASURED DRAWING AND DOCUMENTATION CASE STUDY
Name : Madhu Mallapur
Class : 4th sem b Section
EXTERIORS
Portico and octastyle pronaos
DRUM OCULUS
The rectangular portico of the entrance, at the North side,
is of the classic style and obscures the view of the circular
space beyond, meaning the magnitude of the temple cannot
be appreciated from the exterior.
In the portico there are the first eight large columns, 12
metres in height, joined by the other eight columns distributed
laterally in rows of four, which make up the characteristics of an
octastyle pronaos.
It is 34.20 by 15.62 metres in dimension and is reached by
five steps at a height of 1.32 metres above the level of the
Piazza.
Portico and octastyle pronaos
It is divided in three parts: a larger, central vault and two
lateral lintels of equal size that end in separate apses.
The portico is covered by a gabled roof.
Corianthian Columns
The exterior columns as well as the interior ones are Corinthian
in style, considered an evolution of the Ionic style and
characterised by having more height, due to an extra drum.
The Drum, dome and oculus
The internal space of the rotunda is constructed of a cylinder
covered by a semi-sphere. The cylinder has a height equal to its
radius, so that an entire sphere can be traced within the interior
space.
The diameter of the dome is 43.2 metres, which became the
largest in history, that in Saint Peter’s in the Vatican being
slightly smaller.
The sunlight enters through the oculus and changes it’s position
dependent on the time of day, alternatively illuminating each of
the altars of the various gods.
INTERIORS
Niches
The distribution of the loads allows for eight niches to be open in
the interior of the cylinder; one occupied by the main entranceway
and the other seven alternating between rectangles and
semicircles.
The rectangles are at the extremities of the axes and the
semicircles at the diagonals. Two columns, Pavonazzetto in the
semicircular niches and Giallo Antico in the rectangles, close the
respective bays.
Coffered Dome
The dome uses a system divided in parallels and meridians, as
seen in the form of the coffers, where between concentric rings a
self-supporting construction system is produced, whereby in
making the whole ring, the “key” can be left in while the
scaffolding can be disassembled and moved to make the next
ring.
The Pantheon is a marvel of construction ingenuity- the result of a
century of experimentation with the use of advanced building
elements such as the relieving arch,coffered ceiling, lightweight
cement, and step rings.
 What is particularly unique to the Pantheon however is the
method by which these elements were incorporated into a
structural system that has allowed the largest unreinforced concrete
dome ever built to stand for almost two millennia.
Until the 20th century, the Pantheon was the largest concrete
structure in the world. And it remains the world’s largest
CONSTRUCTION TEChniques
MATERIALS USED
Section of The pantheon
Temple Showing various
materials used at different
levels of the monument.
 Lighter materials
were used towards the
top of the dome. And
over the lowest level
the heaviest material
were used.
 This use of lighter
materials helps the
basal part of the
monument to hold the
immense weight of
the dome.