Architecture lesson #3 the pantheon
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The Pantheon was originally built in 27 BCE as a temple honoring all gods, with the name coming from the Greek words for "all" and "god." It was rebuilt in 126 CE under Emperor Hadrian and has a circular structure under a dome opening to the sky, making it the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome nearly 2,000 years later. It was later converted to a church in the 7th century CE and remains one of the best preserved buildings from ancient Rome.
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Pantheon
The Pantheon in Rome is one of the oldest and most well-preserved ancient structures still standing today. Originally built as a temple to honor all gods in 27 BC, it was later reconstructed under Emperor Hadrian in 125 AD and converted to a Catholic church in 608 AD. The Pantheon's most distinctive feature is its large oculus opening at the top of the dome, which at nearly 30 feet in diameter was the building's only source of light. Though originally used as a pagan temple, it continues to serve as a Roman Catholic church and is still an iconic landmark attracting many visitors to Rome.
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This is the only perfectly preserved ancient building of Rome. The building has been in continuous use for some 2000 years. It was founded in 27BC as a temple for many gods. It was rebuilt by Hadrian and delicated to the 7 planetary deities. It is now a catholic church It was perfected proportioned and remained the largest dome in the world for many centuries. It has a hollowed coffer ceiling built with concrete to reduce the weight. The entrance is supported by 16 granite columns. Inside it has 7 chapelscontain the tombs of the king of Italy and Ralphael, the painter.
The most famous Roman dome, and the largest, is in the Pantheon, a building in Rome originally built as a temple. Dating from the 2nd century, it is an unreinforced concrete dome resting on a thick circular wall, or rotunda. The circular opening at the top of the dome is called the Oculus, and it provides light and ventilation for the interior. The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior walls are the same, 43.3 meters (142 ft). It remained the largest dome in the world for more than a millennium and is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome Wikipedia on Dome.
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The document provides information on Greek architecture, focusing on the Parthenon, Temple of Poseidon, and Acropolis in Athens. It describes the architectural features and history of the Parthenon, including its construction from 447-432 BC as a temple for Athena. For the Temple of Poseidon in Sounion, it outlines its dimensions and Doric order, noting it was built from 444-440 BC. Regarding the Acropolis, it details the structures built there such as the Parthenon, Propylaea, Erechtheum, and Temple of Athena Nike from the 5th century BC, as well as its later historical uses.
Parthenon&Acropolis.pdf
The document provides information on Greek architecture, focusing on the Parthenon, Temple of Poseidon, and Acropolis in Athens. It describes the architectural features and history of the Parthenon, including its construction from 447-432 BC as a temple for Athena. For the Temple of Poseidon in Sounion, it outlines its dimensions and Doric order, noting it was built from 444-440 BC. Regarding the Acropolis, it details the structures built there such as the Parthenon, Propylaea, Erechtheum, and Temple of Athena Nike from the 5th century BC, as well as a site plan labeling their locations.
2009 civil engineering historical context
This document provides information on several topics related to civil engineering and construction history:
- It discusses the origins of civil engineering as a discipline, noting that the first engineering school opened in France in 1747.
- It provides brief summaries of several famous structures from ancient times, including pyramids and temples from Egypt, Greece and Rome. Engineering details are highlighted about some of the structures.
- It also covers topics like Roman concrete and aqueduct construction, noting techniques used and some of the largest examples from the Roman era.
- The document concludes with a short section on the Industrial Revolution and some pioneering metal bridge designs from the 18th-19th centuries that pointed to the future of modern engineering
Ancient greek architecture
Ancient Greek architecture had a profound influence on Western architecture. The Greeks excelled in fields like art, music, and architecture for hundreds of years between 900 BCE to 600 CE. Their architecture is distinguished by its formal structures and ornamentation. The most common building was the temple, built with the classical orders of Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian columns. Other structures included theaters, gates, and civic buildings. Greek architectural designs and orders like the column and pediment were widely adopted by later cultures like the Romans and still influence architecture today.
Ra coloseum & pantheon
The Roman Colosseum was built between 70-80 AD during the reign of Emperor Vespasian. It could hold over 50,000 spectators and hosted gladiator battles and animal hunts. The Pantheon temple was rebuilt in 126 AD by Hadrian after a fire and has a magnificent interior space achieved through a dome over a drum with coffering and an oculus opening. Roman architecture was influenced by Greek styles but emphasized arches, columns, aqueducts and other innovations to create large public structures that are still standing today.
Organizationinarchitecturehumanitiesreportfinal 120507115055-phpapp02
Egyptian architecture maintained traditions over time despite foreign influences. Key features included massive pyramids and temples built with columns, courts, and inner sanctuaries. Mesopotamian architecture was characterized by ziggurats, which were terraced pyramids with successively receding stories. Greek architecture featured the post-and-lintel system and three column styles - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Roman architecture combined Greek styles with arches and domes.
Acropolis of athens
The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel located on a flat-topped rock that rises 150 meters above sea level in the city of Athens. It has been an important religious and symbolic site for Athenians for over 3,000 years, with the earliest artifacts dating back to the 6th millennium BC. During its history, many temples and structures were built and rebuilt on the Acropolis, most notably the Parthenon and Erechtheum constructed in the 5th century BC during Athens' Golden Age. The Acropolis suffered damage from invasions and warfare over the centuries but remains one of the most iconic sites representing ancient Greek architecture and civilization.
Acropolis of Lindos (Greece) - Madain Project.pdf
The Acropolis of Lindos (Lindus, Greek: Λίνδος) is a natural citadel located on a rocky outcrop which rises above the modern town. It was fortified successively by the Greeks, the Romans, the Byzantines, the Knights of St John and the Ottomans. Lindus or Lindos was one of the most important towns in ancient Rhodes. It was situated on the eastern coast, a little to the north of a promontory bearing the same name.
Similar to Architecture lesson #3 the pantheon (20)
MAPEH Grade 9 - Arts - Architecture from the Early Age, Classical Period and ...
MAPEH Grade 9 - Arts - Architecture from the Early Age, Classical Period and ...
Organization in architecture humanities report final
Organization in architecture humanities report final
grade9-arts-architecture-firstquarter-190812154909.pptx
grade9-arts-architecture-firstquarter-190812154909.pptx
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Mythology lesson 11 mercury (hermes)
Hermes is the Greek god of boundaries, travel, trade, thievery, and communication. He is the messenger of the gods and son of Zeus and Maia. He is often depicted with winged sandals and hat, and carrying the caduceus. As a youth, Hermes invented the lyre from a tortoise shell and exchanged it with Apollo for stolen cattle. He serves as a psychopomp, guiding souls to the Underworld. Hermes later helped the gods and blurred gender boundaries as the father of Hermaphroditus, who combined male and female forms. In Rome, he was worshipped as Mercury and took on additional roles related to commerce.
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The document contains a review of Latin vocabulary from chapters 31-33 including conjugations and declensions of various verbs and nouns. It also contains questions about early Roman history including the founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus, their adoption by a she-wolf, and various kings who ruled Rome like Tullus Hostilius. It asks about the mythology of the Olympian gods and heroes like Heracles.
Mythology lesson 12 venus (aphrodite)
Venus (Aphrodite) was the Greek goddess of love, beauty, pleasure and procreation. She was depicted as a beautiful woman often accompanied by Eros. She was married to Hephaestus but had numerous affairs, most notably with Ares. She had many myths associated with her including her birth from sea foam, her jealousy of Psyche's beauty that led to Psyche's tasks, and her love for the mortal Adonis that ended in his death.
Mythology lesson 11 mercury (hermes)
Hermes is the Greek god of boundaries, travel, trade, thievery, and communication. He acts as the messenger of the gods. As the son of Zeus and Maia, he was born in a cave and fashioned the first lyre from a tortoise shell. Known for his speed and trickery, Hermes engages in humorous escapades like stealing Apollo's cattle. He later becomes associated with guiding souls to the underworld. In Roman mythology, he takes on the name Mercury and becomes a patron of merchants due to associations with trade and profit.
Mythology lesson 10 diana (artemis)
Leto gave birth to Diana (Artemis) on the island of Delos after being forced to wander by Hera. Diana later helped deliver her twin brother Apollo. Niobe boasted that she deserved more tribute than Leto since she had more children, angering Diana and Apollo who killed all of Niobe's children. Diana was the virgin goddess of the hunt, wilderness, and childbirth often depicted carrying a bow and arrow. She had symbols including deer, cypress trees, and the crescent moon.
Mythology lesson 9 apollo
This document provides information about the Greek god Apollo through a series of sections: [1] Apollo's birth and early life, including his mother Leto's difficult pregnancy and his twin sister Artemis; [2] Apollo's attributes and symbols as the god of reason, music, prophecy, medicine and the sun; [3] Apollo's killing of the serpent Python and establishment of the Oracle at Delphi; [4] Apollo's role in various myths including the death of Niobe's children and the Trojan War.
Mythology lesson 8 minerva (athena)
Athena was the Greek goddess of wisdom, war, arts, and justice. She was born from Zeus's forehead fully grown and armed after he swallowed her mother Metis. Her birth established her close bond with Zeus and showed her prowess, wisdom, and masculine nature as a virgin. She was depicted in the Parthenon and had titles like Tritogeneia and Pallas Athena. The Roman goddess Minerva was equivalent to Athena and was the goddess of poetry, medicine, wisdom and crafts.
Mythology lesson 7 ceres (demeter)
Demeter was the Greek goddess of the harvest and agriculture. One of the most famous myths about her involves Hades abducting her daughter Persephone. This caused Demeter to place a drought on the earth. She later established the Eleusinian Mysteries, a series of secret religious rites and ceremonies held annually in the city of Eleusis in honor of her and Persephone. The document then provides details about the myths, symbols, and rituals associated with Demeter and the Eleusinian Mysteries, including their spread to Rome.
Mythology lesson 6 vesta (hestia)
Hestia was the Greek goddess of the hearth, home, and family. She was one of the original Olympian gods but gave up her seat to Dionysus to maintain harmony. Hestia vowed eternal virginity and became the goddess of the sacred hearth fire, which was an important symbol for daily needs and religious ceremonies in primitive societies. In Rome, every home had a tribute to Hestia and other household gods like the Lares and Penates, who protected the family and Roman state. The Vestal Virgins tended the sacred public hearth fire in the Temple of Vesta in Rome.
Mythology lesson 5 pluto (hades)
Hades was the god of the Underworld and the brother of Zeus and Poseidon. He abducted Persephone, daughter of Zeus and Demeter, making her his wife and queen of the Underworld. This caused Demeter to lament and stop crops from growing, until Zeus intervened to have Persephone return part of each year. The realm of Hades included rivers like Acheron and Styx, the dog Cerberus guarding the entrance, and places like Elysium for heroes and Tartarus for punishment of sinners.
Mythology lesson 13 mars (ares)
Ares was the Greek god of war, violence, and bloodlust. He represented the brutality of war in contrast to his half-sister Athena, who represented tactical warfare. Ares had affairs that resulted in children representing war-like concepts. In battle, Ares usually fought for the Trojans but switched sides when his son was killed fighting for the Greeks. Mars was the Roman equivalent of Ares, seen as a defender and representing war as a means to peace.
Architecture lesson #6 theatrum marcelli
The Theater of Marcellus was an ancient open-air theater in Rome built and named after Marcus Claudius Marcellus, who died before its completion. Finished in 17 BC, it could hold up to 14,000 spectators and hosted drama and song performances. Over time it was used as a fortress and later had apartments built atop its ruins, with surroundings now used for small concerts.
Architecture lesson #5 sepulcra romana
The document discusses Roman burial practices and tomb architecture. It describes how Romans practiced both cremation and inhumation, though burial became more popular over time. Wealthy Romans had elaborate tombs, sometimes in unusual shapes like pyramids. The tomb of Caecilia Metella along the Appian Way was a large cylinder that held her burial casket and dominated the landscape. The tomb of the baker Eurysaces had detailed reliefs showing bread making and was one of the largest freedmen monuments.
Architecture lesson #4 circus maximus
The Circus Maximus was the largest and most important chariot racing arena in ancient Rome. Built in the 6th century BC, it could hold over 270,000 spectators and featured starting gates, tiered seating, and an central dividing barrier decorated with monuments. Chariot races with teams of different colored factions competing were hugely popular spectator events, though dangerous for participants. The arena fell out of use in the 6th century AD.
Architecture lesson #2 thermae caracallae
The Baths of Caracalla in Rome were large public baths constructed between 212-216 AD during the reign of Emperor Caracalla. The complex featured rooms for changing, exercise, warming up, bathing, and cooling down. It could accommodate over 1,600 bathers and also had space for entertainment. While bathing was a daily activity for Romans, the Baths of Caracalla were on a grand scale and included features like underground furnaces, pools, and mosaics.
Architecture lesson #7 arcus titi
The Arch of Titus is one of two remaining arches in Rome built in honor of Emperor Titus to commemorate his siege of Jerusalem. Emperor Domitian built the arch in 81 AD after Titus' death. The arch depicts reliefs from Titus' triumphal procession including spoils from the second temple. Over time the arch deteriorated and was restored in the 19th century to preserve its original design.
amphitheatrum flavium
The Colosseum in Rome was the largest amphitheater ever built in the Roman Empire, seating 50,000 spectators. Constructed in the 1st century AD under Emperors Vespasian and Titus, it hosted gladiatorial fights and executions. Throughout its history, it was damaged by fires, earthquakes, and later used as a quarry for materials like marble and stone for other buildings such as St. Peter's Basilica and the defenses of the Tiber River.
Neptune
1) Poseidon is the Greek god of the sea and water who carries a trident.
2) He is known as the "Earthshaker" due to his ability to cause earthquakes and flooding with his trident.
3) In a contest with Athena to be the patron god of Athens, Poseidon created a salt water spring while Athena created the olive tree, so the Athenians chose Athena.
Juno
Juno was the wife and sister of Jupiter and queen of the gods. She was the mother of Mars and Vulcan and was particularly worshipped in Rome as a patron goddess. Juno often took on a warlike appearance and was portrayed as both majestic and vengeful, seeking to thwart those who offended her like Aeneas in Virgil's Aeneid. She also took actions against Zeus's lovers and offspring like Heracles, using tricks and violence in attempts to kill him.
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Architecture lesson #3 the pantheon
- 1. The Pantheon
- 2. Pantheon or ΠΑΝΘΕΟΝ • comes from 2 Greek words – παν = all – θεος = god • temple to all the gods
- 3. -originally built by Marcus Agrippa in 27 B.C.E. -rebuilt by the Emperor Hadrian in 126 C.E.
- 6. -M·AGRIPPA·L·F·COS·TERTIVM·FECIT -standing for Latin: Marcus Agrippa, Lucii filius, consul tertium fecit -Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, Consul for the third time, built this
- 7. -converted to a church dedicated to St. Mary and the Martyrs in the 7th century C.E.
- 9. South east view of the Pantheon from Piazza della Minerva
- 14. The building is circular with a portico of huge granite columns under a pediment opening into the rotunda A rotunda (from Latin rotundus) is any building with a circular ground plan, often covered by a dome
- 16. Under the Portico of the Pantheon
- 17. The rotunda is under a coffered, concrete dome, with a central opening (oculus) to the sky. Almost two thousand years after it was built, the Pantheon's dome is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. Oculus
- 18. oculus
- 19. oculus
Editor's Notes
- located on Piazza della Rotunda