499198466-LTE-Fundamentals-FinalMerged-PB5.pdf

MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Long Term Evolution
(LTE/FDD) Fundamentals
Long Term Evolution
(LTE/FDD) Fundamentals
Student Guide
80-W1738-1 Rev B

Long Term Evolution (LTE/FDD) Fundamentals 80-W1738-1 Rev A
© 2008 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
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Notes
iii

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Notes
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© 2008 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION vii
Acronyms and Abbreviations
16-QAM 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
3G 3rd G eneration
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
AAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
ACK Acknowledgment
AIPN All-IP Network
AM Acknowledged Mode
AMBR Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate
AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding
AN Access Network
A/N ACK/NAK
ARQ Automatic Repeat Request
AS Access Stratum
AT Access Terminal
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
BCH Broadcast Channel
BSR Buffer Status Report
BW BandWidth
CCCH Common Control Channel
CCE Carrier Class Ethernet
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CDS Channel Dependent Scheduling
CN Core Network
CP Cyclic Prefix
CQI Channel Quality Indicator
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
C-RNTI Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier
CS Circuit Switched
CW Code Word
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel
DCI Downlink Control Information
DL Downlink
DL-SCH Downlink Shared Channel
DM Demodulation
DM-RS Demodulation Reference Signal
DRX Discontinuous Transmission
DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel
E-AGCH Enhanced Absolute Granting Channel
E-DPCCH Enhanced Dedicated Physical Control Channel
E-DPDCH Enhanced Dedicated Physical Data Channel
E-HICH Enhanced Hybrid Indicator Channel
eNB Evolved Node B
EPC Evolved Packet Core
EPS Evolved Packet System; LTE and SAE

© 2008 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION viii
E-RGCH Enhanced Relative Granting Channel
E-UTRA Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access; PHY aspects
E-UTRAN Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network; MAC / L2 / L3 aspects
FD Full-Duplex
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
FL Forward Link
GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
GGSN GPRS Gateway Support Node
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global System for Mobiles (European standard)
GW Gateway
HA Home Agent
HARQ Hybrid ARQ
HD Half-Duplex
HLR Home Location Register
HO Handover
HRPD High Rate Packet Data
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HS-DPCCH High Speed Dedicated Control Channel
HSPA High-Speed Packet Access
HSPA+ High-Speed Packet Access evolved or enhanced
HS-PDSCH High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
HSS Home Subscriber Service
HS-SCCH High Speed Shared Control Channel
HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access
IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
IFDMA Interleaved Frequency Division Multiple Access
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
IP Internet Protocol
L1 Layer 1
L2 Layer 2
LAN Local Area Networks
LFDM Localized Frequency Division Multiplexing
LFDMA Localized Frequency Division Multiple Access
LTE Long Term Evolution
MAC Medium Access Control
MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
MBSFN Multimedia Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network
MCCH Multicast Control Channel
MCH Multicast Channel
MCS Modulation and Coding Schemes
MIMO Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output
MME Mobility Management Entity

Outline
1. Network Architecture: Evolution & Protocols
2. E-UTRA Essentials
3. Downlink Channels and Procedures
4. Uplink Channels and Procedures
5. What is Next?
Notes

1
SECTION
Network Architecture:
Evolution & Protocols
Notes

Section 1 Objectives
¾Describe 3GPP technology evolution.
¾List the key performance requirements for LTE.
¾Distinguish the evolved UTRAN network
architecture.
¾Describe the functions of the layers within the
E-UTRAN protocol structure.
Notes

3GPP UMTS and WCDMA Releases & Features
UMTS and WCDMA Releases and Features
Release 99 – Specified the first UMTS 3G networks, incorporating a CDMA air interface.
Release 4 – Introduced mainly the CS Core Network split feature plus other minor enhancements.
Release 5 – Introduced mainly IMS, HSDPA (allowing broadband services on the Downlink), and other
minor enhancements.
Release 6 – Integrated operation with Wireless LAN networks and added HSUPA (enables broadband
uploads and services), MBMS, and enhancements to IMS such as Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC), video
conferencing, messaging, etc.
Release 7 – Significant progress made in 2006 and 2007 toward completion of this release. Most documents
are under revision control. Introduced, among other features, enhancements to High-Speed Packet Access
(HSPA+), QoS, and improvements to real-time applications like VoIP.
Release 8 – In progress (expected 2009). Introducing, among others, E-UTRA (also called LTE, based on
OFDMA), All-IP Network (also called SAE), and Femto cells operation. Release 8 constitutes a re-factoring
of UMTS as an entirely IP based fourth-generation network. 3GPP RAN approved the LTE Physical Layer
specifications in September 2007. The specifications are 36.201–36.214 and are on the 3GPP site at
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm.
Each release incorporates hundreds of individual standards documents, each of which may have gone
through many revisions. Current 3GPP standards incorporate the latest revision of the GSM standards.
Standards documents are available for free on the 3GPP Web site. These standards cover the radio
component (Air Interface) and the Core Network, as well as billing information and speech coding down to
source code level. Cryptographic aspects (authentication, confidentiality) are also specified in detail. More
details about the 3GPP releases content can be found at http://www.3gpp.org/specs/releases-contents.htm
and http://www.3gpp.org/Management/WorkPlan.htm.

LTE and EPS Terminology
• Long Term Evolution (LTE): Evolution of 3GPP UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) technology
• Evolved Packet System (EPS): Evolution of the
complete 3GPP UMTS Radio Access, Packet Core and
its integration into legacy 3GPP/non-3GPP networks.
It includes:
– Radio Access Network – Evolved UTRA Network (E-UTRAN)
– System architecture – Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
• This course uses the terms LTE and E-UTRA
interchangeably.
Notes

E-UTRA Design Performance Targets
• Scalable transmission bandwidth (up to 20 MHz)
• Improved Spectrum Efficiency
– Downlink (DL) spectrum efficiency should be 2-4 times Release 6 HSDPA.
‹ Downlink target assumes 2x2 MIMO for E-UTRA and single TX antenna with Type 1
receiver HSDPA.
– Uplink (UL) spectrum efficiency should be 2-3 times Release 6 HSUPA.
‹ Uplink target assumes 1 TX antenna and 2 RX antennas for both E-UTRA and
Release 6 HSUPA.
• Coverage
– Good performance up to 5 km
– Slight degradation from 5 km to 30 km (up to 100 km not precluded)
• Mobility
– Optimized for low mobile speed (< 15 kph)
– Maintained mobility support up—to 350 kph (or even up to 500 km/h)
• Advanced TX schemes and multiple-antenna technologies
• Inter-working with existing 3G and non-3GPP systems
– Interruption time of real-time or non-real-time service handover between
E-UTRAN and UTRAN/GERAN shall be less than 300 or 500 ms.
User Throughput and Spectrum Efficiency Requirements
Detailed throughput requirements:
z Downlink:
– 5%-tile Downlink user throughput per MHz 2-3 times Release 6 HSDPA
– Average Downlink user throughput per MHz 3-4 times Release 6 HSDPA
– Downlink spectrum efficiency should be 3-4 times Release 6 HSDPA
– Downlink performance targets assume 2 transmit and 2 receive antennas for E-UTRA, and 1 transmit and
enhanced Type 1 receiver for Release 6 HSDPA
– Downlink user throughput should scale with spectrum allocation
z Uplink:
– 5%-tile Uplink user throughput per MHz 2-3 times Release 6 HSUPA
– Average Uplink user throughput per MHz 2-3 times Release 6 HSUPA
– Uplink spectrum efficiency should be 2-3 times Release 6 HSDPA
– Uplink performance targets assume 1 transmit and 2 receive antennas for both E-UTRA and Release 6
HSDPA
– Uplink user throughput should scale with spectrum allocation and mobile maximum transmit power
E-UTRA is expected to outperform Release 6 HSPA by a factor of 2-4 in user throughput and spectrum efficiency.
This assumes a maximum cell range up to 5 km. For cell ranges up to 30 km, slight degradations are expected for the
achieved performance for the user throughput targets and more significant degradation for the spectrum efficiency
targets. However, cell ranges up to 100 km should not be precluded by the specifications.

Main drivers for the evolution:
• Faster RRM response for CDS (Channel Dependent Scheduling)
• Reduced packet latencies
• Interworking with other radio access technologies (GSM, HSPA, HRPD)
UMTS Network Architecture Evolution Concepts
Centric RRM (RNC-Based)
(Dumb Base Stations, Smarter RNCs)
Multi-hop user data forwarding
4 NW Nodes (NodeB, RNC, SGSN, GGSN)
Dual-hop user data forwarding
2 NW Nodes (NodeB, PGW)
Distributed RRM (NodeB-based)
(smarter Base Stations, not so smart RNC)
Interworking with 3GPP technologies only
Interworking with 3GPP and
non-3GPP technologies
Network Architecture Evolutionary Concepts:
Notes

3GPP Network Architecture Evolution
- 4 functional entities on
Control and User Planes
- RNC-based RRM
Control
Plane
User
Plane
R99
NodeB
RNC
GGSN
SGSN
- Flat Architecture:
2 functional entities
on User Plane
- E-NodeB-centric RRM
Control
Plane
User
Plane
E-UTRAN
E-NodeB
MME
SGW/PGW
Control
Plane
User
Plane
HSPA
RNC
RNC
NodeB
GGSN
SGSN
- Node B performs most
of RRM for High Speed
DL/UL channels
Control
Plane
User
Plane
HSPA with Direct
Tunneling
RNC
RNC
SGSN
GGSN
NodeB
- User data Packets are
directly forwarded
to GGSN
Main Drivers:
z Faster RRM response for CDS
z Reduced packet latencies
Network Architecture Evolution (decentralization process)
z From a centric RNC-Based RRM (stupid Base Stations and smarter RNCs)
z To a decentralized Base Station-based RRM (smarter Base Stations, less smart RNCs)
z From user packet data forwarding to GGSN through RNC (intermediary RNCs)
z To direct user packet data forwarding to GGSN (Direct Tunneling)

Section Overview
• 3GPP UMTS Evolution Roadmap and Terminology
• UTRAN Evolution Toward E-UTRAN
• E-UTRAN Network Nodes, Protocol Structure,
and Functionalities
• EPS Integrated Architecture
Notes

Enhanced Node B (eNB) Functions
• Radio Resource Management:
– Radio Bearer Control
– Admission/congestion control
– Connection and mobility control
– UL/DL dynamic scheduling
• IP header compression and
encryption of user data
• Selection of an MME at UE
attachment (if necessary)
• Routing of User Plane data towards
S-GW
• Routing of paging messages from
MME towards UE
• Measurement and reporting
configuration
eNB
MME / S-GW / P-GW MME / S-GW / P-GW
eNB
eNB
S1
S
1
S
1
S
1
X2
X
2
X
2
E-UTRAN
EPC
Reference 23.401
z eNB (Evolved Node B) provides the E-UTRA User Plane (PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY) and
Control Plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the UE.
z The eNBs are logically interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface.
z The eNBs are also connected by means of the S1 interface to the EPC (Evolved Packet
Core), more specifically to the MME (Mobility Management Entity) by means of the
S1-MME and to the Serving Gateway (S-GW) by means of the S1-U.
z The S1 interface supports a many-to-many relation between MMEs / Serving Gateways and
eNBs.

Serving Gateway (S-GW) & P-GW Functions
S-GW
• Local Mobility Anchor point for inter-eNB
handover
• Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobility
• E-UTRAN Idle Mode Downlink packet buffering and
initiation of network triggered service requests
• Lawful interception
• Packet routing and forwarding
• Transport level packet marking in the UL and DL
• UL and DL charging per UE, PDN, and QCI
• Termination of U-plane packets
• Switching of U-plane for support of UE
mobility
P-GW
•Per-user based packet filtering
•Lawful interception
•UE IP address allocation
•DL rate enforcement based on AMBR
For more details, see
3GPP TS 23.401
eNB
eNB
eNB
S1
S
1
S
1
S
1
X2
X
2
X
2
E-UTRAN
EPC
Notes

MME Functions
• NAS signaling and its security
• AS Security Control
• Inter CN node signaling for mobility
between 3GPP access networks
• Idle mode UE Reachability (including
control and execution of paging
retransmission)
• Tracking Area List Management (idle and
active)
• PDN GW and Serving GW selection
• MME selection for handovers with MME
change
• Idle state mobility control
• SGSN selection for 3GPP handovers
• Roaming and Authentication
• EPS bearer management
For more details, see
3GPP TS 23.401
eNB
eNB
eNB
S1
S
1
S
1
S
1
X2
X
2
X
2
E-UTRAN
EPC
Notes

E-UTRAN Protocol Stack: User Plane
eNB
S-GW
eNB
S
1
-
U
P
X2-UP
Uu
P-GW
S5
IP Networks
References:
• LTE-Uu: 36.201 (Physical Layer), 36.321 (MAC), 36.322 (RLC), 36.323 (PDCP)
• S1: 36.411 (Physical Layer), 36.414 (S1- Data Transport)
• X2: 36.421 (Physical Layer); 36.424 (X2 – Data Transport)
Transport Layer reference for the S1 and X2 Interfaces:
IP in E-UTRAN
- Used in user and control planes
- IP in E-UTRAN shall also support:
1. NDS/IP (Network Domain Security for IP): Sets up Confidentiality and Integrity for data exchange
between network entities
2. Diffserv (Differentiated Services): Enhancements of the IP protocol for QoS
References:
RFC2475, An Architecture for Differentiated Services
GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol) in E-UTRAN
- GTP goes over UDP/IP transport protocol stack
- No flow or error control or any mechanism to guarantee the data delivery of S1-U interface
- As a reminder in 3G, GTP is used over the Iu-PS interface (connection between RNC and SGSN)

E-UTRAN Protocol Stack: Control Plane
References:
• LTE-Uu: 36.331 (RRC)
• S1: 36.412 (Signaling Transport),
36.413 (Application Protocol)
• X2: 36.422 (Signaling Transport),
36.423 (Application Protocol)
• IETF RFC 2960 (Stream Control
Transmission Protocol)
About the SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol):
- It is a reliable connection-oriented transport protocol similar to TCP
- As TCP, SCTP implements Congestion and flow control, detection of data corruption and loss/duplication of packets
- SCTP connection needs to be set up connection between peers before actual data transmission (as TCP)
- From functional perspective, there are some key new features in SCTP:
1. Multi-streaming - 2. Multi-homing - 3. Message Level Framing
1. Multi-streaming:
- In SCTP protocol, a stream is a unidirectional sequence of user data delivered to upper layers
- With Multi-streaming, SCTP allows to set up several independent streams between two peers. With this feature, if transmission error occur in
one stream, it does not affect the other streams.
- This feature is important for signaling transfers between two nodes of UTRAN where, for instance, the delivery order of each user signaling
flow can be preserved, but hey can be delivered independently.
- TCP, however, in some instances can also use multiple parallel streams. Example of this is the downloading of web-pages with multiple
multimedia objects.
2. Multi-homing
- Allows SCTP endpoint to be reached through multiple network addresses
- In case of error in one of the address, the retransmitted packets may be sent to an alternate address providing redundancy operation
3. Message level Framing
- SCTP works at message level whereas TCP is octet based framing and does not preserve transmitted data structure
- In SCTP, messages are transmitted as whole set of bytes if the maximum SCTP length is not reached
- This is an advantage for E-UTRAN signaling transport
Reference Documents:
RFC2960 Stream Control Transmission Protocol

HA
S6a
S2a
IS-835
IS-835
HS/AAA
AAA
Ta
S101
S2a
1xEVDO
Abis
PDSN
RNC
AT
AN
EPS Architecture
S12
Uu
UE
SGSN
Iu CP
NodeB
RNC
S3
Iub
Gr
HLR/HSS
S6a
PCRF
S7
S1-CP
S11
IP Networks
UE
S1-U
LTE-Uu
E-NodeB
SAE-GW
(PDN-GW/S-GW)
MME
3GPP TS 23.401 V8.2.0 (2008-06)
Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access
(Release 8).
PCRF is the policy and charging control element. PCRF functions are described in more detail in
TS 23.203 [6].
z In a non-roaming scenario, there is only a single PCRF in the HPLMN associated with one
UE’s IP-CAN session. The PCRF terminates the RX interface and the Gx interface.
z In a roaming scenario with local breakout of traffic, there may be two PCRFs associated
with one UE’s IP-CAN session:
– H-PCRF that resides within the H-PLMN
– V-PCRF that resides within the V-PLMN

2
SECTION
E-UTRA Essentials
Notes

¾ Describe the E-UTRA air interface capabilities.
¾ Recognize DL and UL time/frequency organization.
Notes

E-UTRA Air Interface Capabilities
Bandwidth support
• Flexible from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
Waveform
• OFDM in Downlink / SC-FDM in Uplink
Duplexing mode
• FDD: full-duplex (FD) and half-duplex (HD)
• TDD
Modulation orders for data channels
• Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
• Uplink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
MIMO support
• Downlink: SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO (SDMA)
• Uplink: SDMA
Notes

UE-eNB Communication Link
Single (and same) link of communication for DL & UL
Effectively:
• DL serving cell = UL serving cell
• No UL or DL macro-diversity
– UL softer HO reception is an implementation choice
– UE’s “Active Set” size = 1
• Hard-HO-based mobility
– RACH-based mobility procedure to target cell
– Network controlled by default
– UE initiated under RL failure condition
• Load indicator for inter-cell load control
– Transmitted over X2 interface
Notes

E-UTRA Air Interface Peak Data Rates
Downlink
• ~300 Mbps in 20 MHz
• Assumptions:
– 4 stream MIMO
– 14.29% Pilot overhead
(4 TX antennas)
– 10% common channel
overhead
‹ Note that this overhead
level is adequate to serve
1 UE/subframe.
– 6.66% waveform overhead
(CP + window)
– 10% guard band
– 64QAM code rate ~1
Uplink
• ~75 Mbps in 20 MHz
• Assumptions:
– 1 TX antenna
– 14.3% Pilot overhead
– 0.625% random access
overhead
– 6.66% waveform overhead
(CP + window)
– 10% guard band
– 64QAM code rate ~1
Notes

Time Domain Organization
CP length (config. by higher
layer)
Number of OFDM Symbols/Slot
4.69µs (Normal CP)
16.66μs (Extended CP)
33.3µs (MBSFN only)
7 OFDM/LFDM symbols
6 OFDM/LFDM symbols
3 OFDM symbols
Radio Frame has two Structures:
• Type 1 (FS1) for FDD DL/UL
• Type 2 (FS2) for TDD
This presentation deals only with FS1
Time Domain Organization
Basic unit of time Ts, defined with relation to 20 MHz, 15 KHz inter-subcarrier separation and
2048 FFT size (36.211)
Ts = 1/(15e3*2048) = 32.55 ns Æ Number of samples in 10 ms is 10 ms/32.55 ns=307200
Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
Tslot = (307200/20)Ts = 15360Ts
z Half radio frame = 5 ms
– Contains one sync channel instance
– Tailoring efficient HO from GSM
z Radio frame = 10 ms
– Periodicity of sync channel
z PBCH TTI = 40 ms
– Periodicity of primary broadcast channel

Frequency Domain Organization
RB
SC
N
( )
UL
RB
DL
RB N
N or
Channel Bandwidth [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
N. of Occupied Subcarriers
including DC (NSC)
73 181 301 601 901 1201
FFT Size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
Sampling Rate [MHz] 1.92
½
3.84
3.84 7.68
2x3.84
15.36
4x3.84
23.04
6x3.84
30.72
8x3.84
N. of Resource Blocks (NRB) 6 15 25 50 75 100
For 15 KHz Carrier Spacing
LTE DL/UL air interface waveforms use a number of orthogonal subcarriers to
send user traffic data, Reference Signals (Pilots), and Control Information.
Channel Bandwidth and Transmission Bandwidth
More information can be found in TS36.101.
z OFDM uses all the subcarriers for a single user, whereas OFDMA uses different subcarriers
for different users.
z There are different types of subcarriers: Data, Pilot, Control, Null, etc.
z There are two guard bands at the edges of the OFDM/OFDMA-signal (no RF transmission in
these subcarriers). Each guard band exists to avoid interference with adjacent bands.
z Taking into account the guard band subcarriers and the DC subcarrier, the number of
available subcarriers is as shown in the table.

UL/DL Resource Grid Definitions
Resource Element (RE)
• One element in the time/frequency
resource grid
– One subcarrier in one OFDM/LFDM
symbol for DL/UL
Resource Block (RB)
• Minimum scheduling size for
DL/UL data channels
• Physical Resource Block (PRB)
– 180 kHz x 0.5 ms
‹ 12 subcarriers x 1 slot for
15 kHz subcarrier spacing
‹ 24 subcarriers x 1 slot for
7.5 kHz subcarrier spacing
time
frequency
Notes

3
SECTION
Downlink Channels
& Procedures
Notes

¾Describe DL channel structure and mapping.
¾Provide DL time/frequency OFDMA numerology.
¾Provide DL physical channels resource allocation.
¾Describe overall DL operation.
Notes

Downlink Channelization Hierarchy
Most DL data traffic is carried on the Down Link Shared Channel (DL-SCH) transport channel and
its corresponding Physical Downlink Shared Channel or PDSCH
Dedicated
Data/Control
Paging
System
broadcast
MBSFN
Common
Control
Downlink
Physical Signals
LOGICAL CHANNELS (What type of information transfer services
are offered by the MAC layer)
Different kinds of data transfer services as offered by MAC. Each logical
channel type is defined by what type of information is transferred
z Control Channels (for the transfer of control plane information)
z Traffic Channels (for the transfer of user plane information)
CONTROL LOGICAL CHANNELS (C-Plane information)
– Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
- System information
– Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
- Paging information
– Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
- Point-to-multipoint channel for MBMS control
information
– Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
- Unicast control channel
– Common Control Channel (CCCH)
- Point-to-multipoint channel used before RRC
connection established
TRAFFIC LOGICAL CHANNELS (U-Plane information)
– Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
- Unicast traffic channel
– Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)
- Point-to-multipoint channel for MBMS traffic
TRASPORT CHANNELS (How different type of information is going
to transferred over the Air Interface) The physical layer offers
information transfer services to MAC and higher layers. The physical layer
transport services are described by how and with what characteristics
data are transferred over the radio interface:
Broadcast Channel (BCH) characterised by:
- fixed, pre-defined transport format; requirement to be
broadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell.
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) characterised by:
- support for HARQ;
- support for dynamic link adaptation
- possibility to use beamforming;
- support for both dynamic and semi-static resource
allocation;
- support for UE discontinuous reception (DRX) to
enable UE power
saving;
- Support for MBMS transmission.
NOTE: The possibility to use slow
power control depends on the physical layer.
Paging Channel (PCH) characterised by:
- support for UE discontinuous reception (DRX) to enable UE
power saving (DRX cycle is indicated by the network to the
UE);
- Requirement to be broadcast in the entire coverage area of
the cell;
- mapped to physical resources which can be used
dynamically also for traffic/other control channels.
Multicast Channel (MCH) characterised by:
- requirement to be broadcast in the entire coverage area of the
cell;
- support for MBSFN combining of MBMS transmission on
multiple cells;
- support for semi-static resource allocation e.g. with a time frame
of a long cyclic prefix.
Physical Channels Control Related Information:
CFI – Control Format Indicator is transmitted in PCFICH
HI - HARQ Indicator is transmitted in PHICH
DCI – Down Link Control Indicator is transmitted in PDCCH
UCI – Uplink Control Information sent on PUCCH/PUSCH

Downlink Physical Channels LTE vs. HSPA
LTE
PDCCH
Physical Downlink
Control Channel
DL Support:
- Allocated DL resources
- Modulation Scheme
- HARQ info
- Transport Format
- C-RNTI
- Paging Indicators
UL Support:
- UL Grants with specific
allocation of resources
PCFICH
Physical Control
Format Indicator Channel
PHICH
Physical HARQ ACK/NAK
Indicator Channel
PDSCH
Physical Downlink
Shared Channel
HSPA
E-HICH
E-RGCH
HS-SCCH
E-AGCH
HS-PDSCH
Downlink Control Channels Operation Support
Support for DL Operation
z PDCCH transmits information about Resource allocation, HARQ info, Transport format, and implicitly the RNTI for the DL
transmission. Similar to HS-SSCH functionalities in HSDPA.
z In support of MIMO, there is also some additional information transmitted: 1) The codebook entry, and 2) The transmission
rank of the following DL packet.
Support for UL Operation
z PDCCH can also transmit scheduling grants to the UE. In LTE there is a need to explicitly signal the UL granted resources
differently than HSPA (CDMA-based) where only Allowed Power levels are granted. Multiple UEs cannot simultaneously
access same subcarriers in an uncontrolled manner. The scheduling grants in HSUPA are managed through E-AGCH and the
E-RGCH.
z PDCCH has many functionalities and not all of them are used at the same time. Hence, PDCCH requires flexibility with
regard to possible configurations. This results in a variable size of the PDCCH and requires an additional channel to inform
the UE of a specific configuration. The PCFICH signals how many OFDM symbols (0-3) are occupied by the PDCCH.
Support for UL HARQ
PHICH sends acknowledgments on DL for UL UE transmitted data. Similar functionality as E-HICH in HSPA.
Additional Physical Channels
z Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
– Carrying part of BCH
z Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
– Carrying MCH (MBSFN multicast)
Signals
z Reference Signal (RS) (a.k.a Pilots)
z Synchronization signals
– Primary Synchronization Signal (PSC)
– Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSC)

Synchronization Signals (SCH)
Used for Initial System Acquisition
• Time/frequency synchronization
– Carrier frequency determination
– OFDM symbol/subframe/frame timing
• Cell ID determination (504 Possible cell IDs)
– Cell-IDs are grouped into 168 unique physical-
layer cell-identity groups, each group
contains 3 unique IDs (168*3 = 504)
Transmitted in
• Time: subframe 0 and 5 in every radio-frame
• Frequency: middle 1.08MHz (6 RBs)
Primary synchronization signal (TX on P-SCH)
• Provides the cell ID within the cell ID group (1 of 3)
• Transmitted in last OFDM symbol of subframes
0 and 5 (provides sub-frame timing)
Secondary synchronization signal (TX on S-SCH)
• Provides the 168 cell ID group information
• M-sequences with scrambling (different “generation”
method for SF0 and SF5, provides frame timing)
PDSCH
PDCCH
6-100
RBs
6
RBs
6x180KHz=1.08MHz
PDSCH
PDSCH
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
S-SCH
P-SCH
Cell ID Determination using P-SCH and S-SCH Signals
There are 504 unique physical-layer cell identities. The physical-layer cell identities are grouped into 168 unique physical-layer cell-
identity groups, each group containing 3 unique identities (168*3 = 504) . The grouping is such that each physical-layer cell identity is part
of one and only one physical-layer cell-identity group. A physical-layer cell identity is thus uniquely defined by a number in the range of 0
to 167, representing the physical-layer cell-identity group, and a number in the range of 0 to 2, representing the physical-layer identity
within the physical-layer cell-identity group.
Acquisition Procedure
z The initial cell search begins after the UE is switched on. At this time the UE does not know anything about the
cells around it and it begins to look for strong cells in the DL band.
z Once the UE has found a good candidate with strong 72 subcarriers (6x12) that might carry the synchronization
sequences and the BCH, the UE performs a rough frequency synchronization.
z The UE looks for the Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH). Once it has found it, it knows the exact carrier
frequency and the timing of the slot 0 or 10. By trial and error, the UE also knows the CP configuration.
z During the previous process, the UE also performed the first step to find the Physical Layer cell ID. Each of the 3
P-SCH sequences is linked to one group member of the 168 different cell ID groups.
z The next step is to detect the S-SCH. The SCH is transmitted 1 OFDM symbol before the
P-SCH. Once S-SCH is detected, the radio frame and the Physical Layer cell ID are perfectly known.
z The UE is ready to read BCH at this time and can also read the PLMN ID from the system information on the
BCCH.
z UE registers in the cell.
Additional information about Synchronization Sequences
Primary Synchronization Signal uses:
- Frequency domain Zadoff-Chu sequence of length 62
Secondary Synchronization Signal uses:
- Interleaved concatenation of two length-31 binary sequences. The concatenated sequence is scrambled with a scrambling
sequence given by the primary synchronization signal.
- The combination of the two length-31 sequences defining the secondary synchronization signal differs between subframe 0 and
subframe 5. according tothe method of interleaving (This difference helps the UE to identify the start of a new frame)

Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
Carries the Broadcast Transport Channel
• Overall DL transmission bandwidth
• Number of transmit antennas
• DL-RS Transmit Power
• System Frame Number, etc
Transmitted in
• Time: subframe 0 in every radio-frame
– 4 OFDM symbols in the subframe
• Frequency: middle 1.08MHz (6 RBs)
TTI = 40 ms
• Transmitted in 4 bursts at a very low data rate
Transmission such that
• Every burst is self-decodable
• CRC check uniquely determines the 40ms
PBCH TTI boundary
PDSCH
PDCCH
6-100
RBs
6
RBs
6x180KHz=1.08MHz
PDSCH
PDSCH
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
S-SCH
P-SCH
PBCH

Physical Control Format Indicator (PCFICH)
Used for Signaling the PDCCH control
region:
• 1, 2 or 3 OFDM symbols for overall TX BW
> 10 RBs
• Control region quantized to full OFDM
symbols
– Control and data do not occur in same
OFDM symbol
Transmitted in:
• Time: 1st OFDM symbol of all subframes
• Frequency: spanning the entire system
band
– 4 REGs Æ 16 REs
– Mapping depending on Cell ID
Reference Signal
Embedded OFDM
Symbols
1 ms
5 ms
10 ms
subframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Notes

Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
Used for:
• DL/UL Resource Assignments
• Multi-user Transmit Power Control
(TPC) commands
• Paging indicators
Different PDCCH formats are defined:
• 1-3 OFDM symbols in a sub-frame
• PCFICH using the first OFDM symbol
of each subframe informs PDCCH specific
format
PDCCHs are constructed as follows
• CCE is defined as a unit of 36 REs
• A PDCCH instance is constructed as
1, 2, 4 or 8 CCEs
Reference Signal
Embedded OFDM
Symbols
1 ms
5 ms
10 ms
subframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PDCCH Carries DCI – Downlink Control Information
z Uplink assignments:
– RB assignment, transport block size, retransmission sequence number, power control command, cyclic shift
of DM RS for SDMA, etc.
z Downlink assignments:
– RB assignment, transport block size, HARQ process number, Redundancy Version index, Uplink power
control command
z Uplink Power Control Commands
z Paging Indicator
L1/L2 control channel for:
z DL scheduling, including:
– Regular unicast data
– Scheduling of Paging messages
‹ Acting as a “paging indicator”
– Scheduling of SIBs
– Scheduling of random access responses
z UL grants, including:
– Regular unicast data
– Requests for aperiodic CQI reports
z Multi-user TPC commands:
– TPC commands for PUCCH or PUSCH for multiple UEs

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Used to transmit DL packet data
• One Transport Block transmission per UE’s
code word per subframe
• A common MCS per code word per UE
across all allocated RBs
– Independent MCS for two code words per UE
• 7 PDSCH TX modes
Mapping to Resource Blocks (RBs)
• Mapping for a particular transmit antenna
port shall be in increasing order of:
– First the frequency index and then the
time index, starting with the first slot in
a subframe. Reference Signal
Embedded OFDM
Symbols
1 ms
5 ms
10 ms
subframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Notes

Physical HARQ Indicator PHICH
Used for ACK/NAK of UL-SCH transmissions
Transmitted in
• Time
– Normal duration: 1st OFDM symbol
– Extended duration: Over 2 or 3 OFDM symbols
• Frequency
– Spanning all system bandwidth
– Mapping depending on Cell ID
FDM multiplexed with other DL control channels
Support of CDM multiplexing of multiple PHICHs
• PHICHs mapped to same resources constitute a PHICH group.
• Coding: ACK bit repeated 3 times before “spreading”
• Spreading of coded bits using Hadamard codes
– SF = 4 for normal CP (results in 12 RE)
– SF = 2 for extended CP (results in 6 RE)
Reference Signal
Embedded OFDM
Symbols
1 ms
5 ms
10 ms
subframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Notes

DL Reference Signals: 1 TX Antenna
DL RS transmitted on 2 OFDM symbols every slot
• 6 subcarrier spacing
subcarrier
subcarrier
RB
Cell-specific DL Reference Signal (Common Pilots, FS1 and FS2)
z Time and Frequency resource allocations:
– Allocated on a per Antenna port basis: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} physical antenna ports
– Antenna 0 and 1 transmitted on 2 OFDM symbols every slot
‹ 6 subcarrier spacing and 2x staggering (45 kHz freq sampling)
– Antenna 2 and 3 transmitted on 1 OFDM symbol in every slot
‹ 6 subcarrier spacing with 2x staggering across slots
– Same frequency spacing for normal and extended CP numerologies

subcarrier
subcarrier
RB
Notes

Overheads Normal CP Ext CP
1 Tx antenna 4.76% 5.56%
2 Tx antenna 9.52% 11.11%
4 Tx antenna 14.29% 15.87%
subcarrier
subcarrier
RB
Notes

Downlink Transmission – An Example
Example of Frame Structure Type 1 (extended CP) transmission
0
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
RS
PDSCH
Physical Resource Block
(PRB)
2
1 3
Frequency
Time
Slot
Sub
Frame
Downlink Transmission – An Example
The slide shows how a subframe FS1 (extended CP) ends up being transmitted. Observe the first
OFDM symbol cell-specific reference signal, PCFICH, informing the assigned UEs of the
corresponding PDCCH format. Also PDCCH is transmitted in the first 1-3 OFDM symbols
carrying resource allocation and MCS to the corresponding allocated UEs.

Section Overview
• E-UTRA DL Channelization Hierarchy and Mapping
• Downlink Physical Channel Resource Allocations
• DL Operation Procedures (Link Adaptation)
• DL Transmission Chain
Notes

DL Operation Highlights: Similarities to HSPA
• Shared Channel Operation
• CDS (Channel Dependent Scheduling)
–Requires Channel Quality Information (CQI) sent on the UL
–Requires Pre-coding and Rank information sent on the UL for MIMO
• AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding)
–Requires informing the UE about allocated Resources
–Requires informing the UE about Modulation and Coding Schemes
(MCS)
• HARQ (Hybrid ARQ)
–Uses Asynchronous adaptive retransmissions
–Uses Synchronous ACK/NAKs
–Requires ACK/NAK sent on the UL
• DL Modulation: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
Notes

• Multiple Access Dimensions:
• DL Scheduler:
–Assigns Time/Frequency resources, rather than Time/Code resources
–May coordinate with neighbor Base Stations for interference management.
• DL Reference Signals (Pilots):
–Have fixed time duration and frequency sub-band allocations.
• ARQ runs at E-NodeB
–ARQ architecture is conceptually similar to HSPA. (It supports TM, UM, and
AM modes and retransmissions are based on status reports.)
–Optional HARQ assisted ARQ operation is possible in LTE.
• Multiple PDSCH Tx Modes
- Requires different Channel Quality Reporting, acknowledging and
scheduling mechanisms
DL Operation Highlights: Differences from HSPA
LTE HSPA (R7)
Time (TDMA)
Frequency (OFDMA)
Space (SU-MIMO, SDMA/MU-MIMO)
Time (TDMA)
Code (CFDMA)
Space (SU-MIMO)
Notes

Downlink Data Transfer (1 of 3):
Functionality Split across Layers
PDCP (ROHC, Security)
HSPA (DL)
Logical
Channels
MAC-d
Flows
Transport
Channels
Packets from GGSN
RLC (ARQ)
MAC-d
HARQ
Multiplexing
Scheduling &
Priority Handling
Physical Layer
RNC
Node B
MAC-hs
Radio
Bearers
Iu Iterface
HS-DSCH
HS-PDSCH
Downlink Data Transfer: Functionality Split Across Layers
HARQ Principles (within MAC Layer):
z N-process Stop-And-Wait, Asynchronous adaptive HARQ
z Uplink ACK/NAKs are sent on PUCCH or PUSCH.
z PDCCH signals the HARQ process number and if it is a transmission or retransmission.
z Retransmissions are always scheduled through PDCCH.
ARQ Principles (within RLC Layer):
z ARQ retransmits RLC PDUs or RLC PDU segments.
z ARQ retransmissions are based on RLC status reports and optionally ARQ/HARQ
interactions.
z Polling for RLC status report is used when needed by RLC.
ARQ/HARQ Interaction:
z Optional HARQ assisted ARQ operation
z ARQ uses knowledge from the HARQ about transmission failure status and RLC
retransmission and re-segmentation can be initiated.

Downlink Data Transfer (2 of 3)
Functionality split across physical layer
• Max Code Words: 2
– 1 Code Word for rank 1 Transmission
– 2 Code Words for rank 2/3/4 Transmissions
• Layer Mapping: Fixed mapping between code words to layers
• Max Tx Antennas: 4
– Potentially up to 4 layers
• Pre-coding:
– Code book based precoding
• Channel Dependant precoding and Rank Indicator reported by the
UE for closed loop MIMO
Mapper
OFDM signal
generation
Layer
Mapper
Scrambling
Precoding
Modulation
Mapper
Modulation
Mapper
OFDM
Mapper
OFDM signal
generation
Scrambling
code words antenna ports
OFDM
layers
•DL Multiple Antenna Transmission: Generalized PDSCH TX
A brief description of the generalized transmission blocks
z scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a physical channel
z modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols
z mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers
z precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for transmission on the antenna ports
z mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to resource elements
z generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for each antenna port
Multiple Antenna Transmission/Reception (MIMO) schemes were inherent in the design of E-UTRA (R8)
MIMO classifications from the Number of Code Words Perspective:
Single Code Word (SCW) -> Use one Channel Coder per user
Multiple Code Word (MCW) -> Use Multiple Channel Coders per user
MCW offers better performance relative to SCW at the expense of additional complexity and signaling
LTE employs MCW (up to two Code Words) for MIMO transmissions.
Advantages and disadvantages of using either SCW or MCW
The SCW scheme has simple HARQ identical to SISO, simple ACK/NACK messaging identical to SISO, and low complexity MMSE receiver. The drawback of SCW is
that it is not capacity achieving and suffers from a throughput loss in low rank channels, such as, spatially correlated channels or LOS channels with high Rician K-factor.
MCW allows Per Antenna Rate Control (PARC) and Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC). the MCW transmission with a successive interference cancellation
(SIC) receiver is capacity achieving and hence optimal in performance. A successive interference cancellation (SIC) receiver is used to decouple the M layers providing
higher throughput and more tolerance to spatial correlation. However, MCW with SIC comes at the cost of increased signaling overhead, receiver complexity and
memory requirements. The signaling overhead for the Reverse Link and Forward Link Control channels are larger than a SCW transmission since the channel quality
CQI, coding and modulation, and acknowledgements have to be signaled for each MIMO layer. Furthermore, the SIC receiver memory requirements are high since the
MIMO channel and received signals have to be stored for all HARQ transmissions. The receiver processing is more complicated and bursty since lower layers can not be
decoded until the upper layers are decoded.
M.M. Mao, et.al, “Multi-Antenna Techniques in Ultra Mobile Broadband Communication Systems,” IEEE Communications Networks and Services
Conference, 2008

Mode 1: Single-antenna port; port 0
• Transmissions using a single Tx antenna at eNodeB (“conventional” approach)
Mode 2: Transmit diversity
• transmissions using Alamouti alike transmit diversity schemes
Mode 3: Open-loop spatial multiplexing
• transmissions using spatial multiplexing (up to two codewords), but no PMI feedback
• Also exploits Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) transmissions
Mode 4: Closed-loop spatial multiplexing
• transmissions in closed loop SU-MIMO configuration (PMI and RI feedback)
• Up to two codewords, 4 layers, 4 antennas
Mode 5: Multi-user MIMO
• Closed loop MU-MIMO or Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) configuration
• Different users can use same time/frequency resources in different location within a cell
Mode 6: Closed-loop Rank=1 precoding
• Same as Mode 4 without the need of Rank reports
Mode 7: Single-antenna port; port 5
• Same as Mode 1 using UE-specific Reference Signals
PDSCH TX mode is signaled using different DCI Types over PDCCH
Downlink Data Transfer (3 of 3)
PDSCH Multiple Transmission Modes
A UE not configured to receive PDSCH data transmissions based on one of the transmission modes may receive
PDSCH data transmissions with DCI format 1A signalled by a PDCCH in its UE specific search spaces or the common
search spaces.
-Multi-antenna transmission with 2 and 4 transmit antennas is supported.
-The maximum number of codeword is two irrespective to the number of antennas with fixed
mapping between code words to layers.
-Spatial division multiplexing (SDM) of multiple modulation symbol streams to a single UE using
the same time-frequency resource, also referred to as Single-User MIMO (SU-MIMO) is
supported. When a MIMO channel is solely assigned to a single UE, it is known as SU-MIMO.
-Spatial division multiplexing of modulation symbol streams to different UEs using the same time-
frequency resource, also referred to as MU-MIMO, is also supported. There is semi-static
switching between SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO per UE.

E-NodeB
E-NodeB
MME
X1 PDSCH
multiple TX modes
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
PFICH Physical Format Indicator Channel
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel
DL Scheduled Operation Overview
PFICH
PDCCH
PUCCH or PUSCH
IP Network
X2
1. UE reports CQI (Channel Quality
Indicator), PMI (Pre-coding Matrix
Index) and RI (Rank Indicator) in
PUCCH (or PUSCH if there is UL traffic)
2. Scheduler at E-NodeB dynamically
allocates resources to UE:
- UE reads PCFICH every subframe
and finds out the number of OFDM
symbols occupied by PDCCH
- UE finds about TX Mode and assigned
resources (PRB and MCS) reading
PDCCH
3. E-NodeB sends user data in PDSCH
4. UE attempts to decode the received
packet and sends ACK/NACK using
PUCCH (or PUSCH if there is UL traffic)
Basic Scheduler Operation:
- MAC in eNB includes a dynamic resource scheduler that allocate physical layer resources for the DL-SCH and UL-SCH transport channels
- Different schedulers operate on DL-SCH and UL-SCH
- The scheduler takes into account the traffic volume and the QoS requirements of each UE and associated radio bearers when sharing resources
between UEs
- DL Scheduler also assign resources taking into account the radio conditions as identified by the UE through reported measurements
- Radio resource allocations can be valid for one or multiple TTIs
- Resource assignment consists of physical resource blocks (PRB) and MCS
- Allocations for time periods longer than one TTI might also require additional information (allocation time, allocation repetition factor…).
- In the downlink, E-UTRAN can dynamically allocate resources (PRBs and MCS) to UEs at each TTI via the C-RNTI on L1/L2 control channel(s)
- A UE always monitors L1/L2 control channel(s) in order to find possible allocation when its downlink reception is enabled (activity governed by
DRX)
- In addition, E-UTRAN can allocate persistent downlink resources for the first HARQ transmissions to UEs. When required, retransmissions are
explicitly signalled via the L1/L2 control channel(s).
- In the sub-frames where the UE has persistent resource, if the UE cannot find its C-RNTI on the L1/L2 control channel(s), a downlink
transmission according to the persistent allocation that the UE has been assigned in the TTI is assumed.
- Otherwise, in the sub-frames where the UE has persistent resource, if the UE finds its C-RNTI on the L1/L2 control channel(s), the L1/L2 control
channel allocation overrides the persistent allocation for that TTI and the UE does not decode the persistent resources.

CQI/PMI/RI Reporting Overview
E-NodeB
PUSCH
PUCCH
Reporting on PUSCH
- Aperiodic Reports
-Wideband CQI (multiple-PMI per subband)
-UE Selected Subband CQI (No-PMI, Multiple-PMI)
-Higher Layer Configured Subband CQI (No-PMI, Single-PMI)
-Frequency selective/non-selective scheduling
Reporting on PUCCH
-Periodic Reports
-Wideband CQI (No-PMI, Single-PMI)
-UE Selected Subband CQI (No-PMI, Single-PMI)
-Frequency selective/non-selective scheduling
Aperiodic CQI/PMI/RI reporting is defined by the following characteristics:
- The report is scheduled by the eNB via the PDCCH
- Transmitted together with uplink data on PUSCH
- From the frequency span perspective these reports can be:
- Frequency selective: UE Selected Subband CQI and Higher Layer Configured Subband CQI
- Frequency non-selective: Wideband CQI reports
- When a CQI report is transmitted together with uplink data on PUSCH, it is multiplexed with the
transport block by L1 (i.e. the CQI report is not part of the uplink the transport block).
Periodic CQI/PMI/RI reporting is defined by the following characteristics:
- Periodic CQI reports are sent on PUCCH
- From the Frequency span perspective these reports can be:
- Frequency selective: UE Selected Subband CQI
- Frequency non-selective: Wideband CQI reports
A UE can be configured to have both periodic and aperiodic reporting at the same time
- In case both periodic and aperiodic reporting occurs in the same subframe, only the aperiodic
report is transmitted in that subframe.
Observe that both types of reports: Periodic over PUCCH and Aperiodic over PUSCH enable efficient
Frequency-Diverse Scheduling (FDS) and Frequency-Selective Scheduling (FSS).
Frequency-diverse (non-selective) scheduling (FDS)

Dynamic Scheduling: E-UTRAN dynamically allocates resources
(PRBs and MCS) to UEs at each TTI via the C-RNTI on PDCCH(s)
• UE monitors the PDCCH(s) in order to find possible allocation when
its downlink reception is enabled (activity governed by DRX when
configured)
Semi-persistent Scheduling: Initially PDCCH indicates if the DL
grant can be implicitly reused in the following TTIs according to
the periodicity defined by RRC
• RRC defines the periodicity of the semi-persistent DL grant
– Characterized by a start frame number, periodicity and packet format
(one or more may be defined)
• Retransmissions are explicitly signalled via the PDCCH(s).
E-UTRA DL Scheduling Principles
For persistent assignments
z In the sub-frames where the UE has semi-persistent downlink resource, if the UE cannot find
its C-RNTI on the PDCCH(s), a downlink transmission according to the semi-persistent
allocation that the UE has been assigned in the TTI is assumed.
z in the sub-frames where the UE has semi-persistent downlink resource, if the UE finds its C-
RNTI on the PDCCH(s), the PDCCH allocation overrides the semi-persistent allocation for
that TTI and the UE does not decode the semi-persistent resources.

DL ARQ/HARQ Principles and Interaction
HARQ Principles (within MAC Layer)
• N-process Stop-And-Wait, Asynchronous adaptive HARQ
• Uplink ACK/NAKs are sent on PUCCH or PUSCH.
• PDCCH signals the HARQ process number and whether it is a
transmission or retransmission.
• Retransmissions are always scheduled through PDCCH.
ARQ Principles (within RLC Layer)
• ARQ retransmits RLC PDUs or RLC PDU segments.
• ARQ retransmissions are based on RLC status reports and
optionally ARQ/HARQ interactions.
• Polling for RLC status report is used when needed by RLC.
ARQ/HARQ Interaction
• Optional HARQ assisted ARQ operation
• ARQ uses knowledge from the HARQ about transmission failure
status and RLC retransmission and re-segmentation can be
initiated.
Notes

CQI/PMI/RI and ACK/NACKs multiplexing on PUCCH is possible:
• Format 2:
– CQI/PMI/RI not multiplexed with ACK/NAK
• Format 2a/2b
– CQI/PMI/RI multiplexed with ACK/NAK (normal CP)
• Format 2:
– CQI/PMI or RI multiplexed with ACK/NAK (extended CP)
ACK/NACK for PDSCH Transmissions
The UE shall, upon detection of a PDSCH transmission in subframe n-4
intended for the UE and for which an ACK/NACK shall be provided,
transmit the ACK/NACK response in subframe n.
ACK/NACKs alone can be delivered PUCCH format 1a and 1b

4
SECTION
Uplink Channels
& Procedures
Notes

¾ Describe channel structure and mapping for UL.
¾ Provide time/frequency SC-FDMA numerology for UL.
¾ Describe physical channel resource allocation for UL.
¾ Describe overall UL operations.
Notes

E-UTRA UL Channels and Signals
Signals
• Demodulation Reference Signal (DM-RS)
• Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
Control
• ACK, CQI, Rank Indicator (RI), Precoding support (PMI)
• Scheduling Request (SR)
• Single “control” channel
- Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Data
• Unicast data and data + control
• Single “data” channel
- Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Random access
• Preamble sequences in Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

E-UTRA UL Waveform: SC-FDM
• OFDM based UL transmission would lead to higher Peak-to-
Average Power Ratio (PAPR) than the SC-FDM (TR25.814
Section 9.2.1.4).
• Single Carrier Waveform (SC-FDM or DFT-spread OFDM)
– Requires Data and control channels to be multiplexed
prior to the DFT operation at the transmitter
• “Price” of maintaining Single Carrier Waveform
– 32 channel combinations == Multiplexing “rules”
» Data, ACK, CQI, SRS, SR
» No channel can be transmitted independently of the other
• Data and UL Demodulation Pilots (Reference Signals) are
TDM
In OFDM each sub-carrier carries information from a specific modulation symbol and given the
nature of this OFDM signal the PAPR due to the simultaneous transmission of multiple carriers can
be significant.
In SC-FDM each sub-carrier carries information from all transmitted modulation symbols since the
latter are spread by the DFT operation and then mapped to each sub-carrier. This single carrier
transmission achieved by an IDFT operation followed by an FFT operation results in a lower
PAPR.
Careful multiplexing of data and control information is required for SC-FDM transmission.

Uplink Channelization Hierarchy
No dedicated transport channels: Focus on “shared” transport channels
Dedicated
Control/Traffic
Common
Control
UCI
Physical
Control
E-UTRA Uplink Channel Structure
TS36.321 Section 4.5 MAC specifications include the details about the mapping of logical channels onto transport
channels, and TS36.212 Section 4 about the mapping of transport channels on physical channels.
Logical Channels:
z Common Control Channel (CCCH)
– For Idle Mode (RRC_IDLE) connection establishment (e.g., call setup, registration)
z Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
– For Connected Mode (RRC_CONNECTED) signaling
z Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
– For Connected Mode (RRC_CONNECTED) user data traffic
Transport Channels:
z Random Access Channel (RACH)
– Uplink random access
z Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
– Signaling and traffic are multiplexed onto UL-SCH
Physical Channels:
z Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
z Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
– For carrying physical control information – Uplink control information (UCI) if PUSCH is not configured
z Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
– For carrying dedicated control/traffic as well as UCI

LTE
PUCCH or PUSCH
Physical Uplink Control Channel
(used to carry Control
Information)
DL Support:
- Channel Quality Information
(CQI and/or PMI)
- HARQ ACK/NAK
- Rank Indication
UL Support:
- Scheduling request
- Buffer Status Report
- Power Headroom Report
- Transport Format
- Uplink HARQ information
- C-RNTI MAC Control Element
PRACH
Physical Random Access
Channel
PUSCH
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
(used to carry user data)
HSPA
E-DPDCH
HS-DPCCH
PRACH
E-DPDCH
E-DPCCH
Uplink Physical Channels LTE vs. HSPA
Uplink Physical Channels LTE vs. HSPA
Uplink Control Information (UCI) contains:
z Channel Quality Information (Channel Quality Indicator - CQI and/or Precoding Matrix Indicator - PMI)
– For HSPA, this is sent on HS-DPCCH.
z HARQ-ACK (Acknowledgements)
– For HSPA, this is sent on HS-DPCCH.
z Rank Indication
– For HSPA+, rank information is sent in extended CQI range on HS-DPCCH.
z Scheduling Request, Buffer Status Report and Power Headroom Report
– For HSPA, scheduling information (SI) is sent in-band on E-DPDCH.
z Transport Format and Uplink HARQ Information
– For HSPA, the transport format and Uplink HARQ information is sent on E-DPCCH.
z C-RNTI MAC Control Element
– There is no equivalent information needed in HSPA due to the use of dedicated transport and physical
channels.
UCI may be mapped onto PUSCH or PUCCH.
z PUSCH can carry user data and Uplink Control Information (UCI).
z PUCCH carries only the Uplink Control Information (UCI), and is used only when UE is not transmitting
PUSCH.

E-UTRA Uplink Reference Signals
•Two types of E-UTRA/LTE Uplink Reference
Signals:
• Demodulation reference signal
– Associated with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH
– Purpose: Channel estimation for uplink coherent
demodulation/detection of the uplink control and data channels
– Transmitted in time/frequency depending on the channel type
(PUSCH/PUCCH), format, and cyclic prefix type
• Sounding reference signal
– Not associated with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH
– Purpose: Uplink channel quality estimation feedback to the uplink
scheduler (for Channel Dependent Scheduling) at the e-NodeB
– Transmitted in time/frequency depending on the SRS bandwidth
and the SRS bandwidth configuration (some rules apply if overlap with
PUSCH and PUCCH)
Notes
•The same set of base sequences is used to generate demodulation and sounding reference signals
•The base sequences and the reference signals are derived from Zadoff-Chu sequences
•Cyclic shifts can be applied to a base sequence to obtain multiple reference signal sequences

Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
PUSCH
Normal Cyclic Prefix
Extended Cyclic Prefix
Demodulation-RS
Embedded SC-
FDMA Symbols
1 Subframe = 1 ms
PUSCH
PUSCH
5 ms
1 Radio Frame = 10 ms
Subframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 Time Slot
Frequency
Hopping
No
Frequency
Hopping
Frequency diversity
through hopping
Demodulation Reference
Signal (DM-RS)
l = 0 l = 7
l = 0 l = 6
PUSCH
More information can be found in TS36.211.
z Details about Demodulation Reference Signal on PUSCH can be found in §5.5.2.1.2.
z Details about Demodulation Reference Signal on PUCCH can be found in §5.5.2.2.2.
The reference signal sequence shall be multiplied with the amplitude scaling factor and mapped
resource elements. The resource element mapping shall be in increasing order of first k (sub-
carrier), then l (symbol), and finally the slot number.

PUSCH Frequency Hopping
Demodulation-RS
Embedded SC-
FDMA Symbols
6-100
RBs
1 Subframe = 1 ms
PUSCH
PUSCH
5 ms
Subframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PUSCH
Intra- and
Inter-
Subframe
Hopping
6-100
RBs
Inter-
Subframe
Hopping
PUSCH Frequency Hopping
More information about PUSCH frequency hopping can be found in TS36.211 §5.3.4.

PUSCH Transmission
UL data transmission
• One Transport Block transmission per codeword per
subframe
Mapping to resource elements
• Mapping shall be in increasing order of first the frequency
index, then the time index, and finally the slot number
(i.e., starting with the first slot in the subframe).

Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Demodulation-RS
Embedded SC-
FDMA Symbols
6-100
RBs
1 Subframe = 1 ms
PUCCH
PUSCH
5 ms
Subframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PUCCH
PUCCH
PUCCH
PUCCH
PUCCH
PUCCH
PUCCH
Frequency
Hop at
Time Slot
Boundary
Format 2, 2a, 2b
1 Time Slot
Demodulation Reference
Signal (DM-RS)
PUCCH
l = 0
PUCCH
1 Time Slot
Format 1, 1a, 1b
PUCCH uses one resource block in
each of the two slots in a subframe.
l = 7 l = 0 l = 7
l = 0 l = 6 l = 0 l = 6
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
The physical Uplink control channel, PUCCH, carries Uplink control information (UCI), and is never transmitted
simultaneously with the PUSCH from the same UE.
A maximum of 4 resource blocks are reserved for PUCCH in this example. The physical resources used for PUCCH
depend on parameters given by higher layers.
The following combinations of Uplink control information (UCI) are supported on PUCCH:
z HARQ-ACK using PUCCH format 1a or 1b
z Scheduling request (SR) using PUCCH format 1
z HARQ-ACK and SR using PUCCH format 1a or 1b
z CQI/PMI or RI using PUCCH format 2
z CQI/PMI or RI and HARQ-ACK using PUCCH format
– 2a or 2b for normal cyclic prefix
– 2 for extended cyclic prefix

PUCCH – ACK and CQI
time
ACK
CQI

Sounding Reference Signals (SRS)
SRS shall be transmitted at the last symbol
of the subframe.
PUSCH:
• The mapping to resource elements only
considers those not used for
transmission of reference signals.
PUCCH Format 1a and 1b (HARQ-ACK):
• One SC-FDMA symbol on PUCCH shall
be punctured.
PUCCH Format 1 (SR) and 2, 2a, 2b (CQI):
• A UE shall not transmit SRS whenever
SRS collide with PUCCH format 1 (SR),
and 2, 2a and 2b (CQI).
Sounding Reference Signals
Details about UE sounding procedure can be found in TS36.211 and TS36.213 §8.3.
The reference signal sequence shall be multiplied with the amplitude scaling factor and mapped
resource elements. The resource element mapping shall be in increasing order of first k, then l, and
finally the slot number.
There are many FDD sounding reference signal subframe configurations as per TS36.211 §5.5.3.3.
The sounding reference signal shall be transmitted at the last symbol of the subframe according to
36.211.
A UE shall not transmit SRS whenever SRS and CQI transmissions happen to coincide in the same
subframe.
A UE shall not transmit SRS whenever SRS and SR transmissions happen to coincide in the same
subframe.
When a UE is configured by higher layers to support both A/N and SRS transmissions in the same
subframe, then the UE shall transmit A/N using a shortened PUCCH format where the A/N symbol
corresponding to the SRS location is punctured.

RA
offset
PRB
n
PRACH
CP
T SEQ
T
PRACH:
• The preamble format determines the
length of the Cyclic Prefix and Sequence
• FDD has 4 preamble formats (for
different cell sizes) and 16 RA slot
configurations (for different bandwidth)
• The start of Random Access Preamble
transmission assumes Timing Advance = 0
except for handover that UE can assume a
time difference between current cell and
target cell
• Each random access preamble occupies a
bandwidth corresponding to 6 consecutive
resource blocks
• The diagram considers RACH structure for
FDD
PRACH
The transmission of a random access preamble, if triggered by the MAC layer, is restricted to
certain time and frequency resources. These resources are enumerated in increasing order of the
subframe number within the radio frame and the physical resource blocks in the frequency domain
such that index 0 correspond to the lowest numbered physical resource block and subframe within
the radio frame.
Note that cyclic prefix is extended to cope with large delay uncertainty (for different cell sizes).
More information can be found in TS36.211 Section 5.7.
Preamble format CP
T
SEQ
T
0 s
3168 T
⋅ s
24576 T
⋅
1 s
21024 T
⋅ s
24576 T
⋅
2 s
6240 T
⋅ s
24576
2 T
⋅
⋅
3 s
21024 T
⋅ s
24576
2 T
⋅
⋅
4
(frame structure type 2 only)
s
448 T
⋅ s
4096 T
⋅

Section Overview
• SC-FDMA in E-UTRA Uplink Waveform
• E-UTRA UL Channelization Hierarchy and Mapping
• UL Physical Channels Resource Allocation
• UL Operation Procedures
Notes

E-UTRA Uplink Operation Highlights
• Link Adaptation (CDS – Channel Dependent Scheduling)
– Adaptive transmission Bandwidth
– Adaptive Modulation and Channel Coding Rate (AMC)
– Meets QoS requirements
• UL Power Control
– Intra-cell power control: the power spectral density of the
Uplink transmissions can be influenced by the eNB.
• UL Timing Control
– Objective is to compensate for propagation delay and thus
time-align the transmissions from different UEs with the
receiver window of the eNB.
– The timing advance is derived from the UL received timing and
sent by the eNB to the UE. UE uses this information to
advance/delay its timings of transmissions to the eNB.
• Random Access procedure
E-UTRA UL Operation Highlights
Uplink link adaptation is used to guarantee the required minimum transmission performance of
each UE such as the user data rate, packet error rate, and latency, while maximizing system
throughput.
Three types of link adaptation are performed according to the channel conditions, the UE
capability such as the maximum transmission power and maximum transmission bandwidth, etc.,
and the required QoS such as the data rate, latency, and packet error rate, etc. Three link adaptation
methods are as follows:
z Adaptive transmission bandwidth
z Transmission power control
z Adaptive modulation and channel coding rate
Uplink Power control: Intra-cell power control: the power spectral density of the Uplink
transmissions can be influenced by the eNB.
Uplink timing control
z The timing advance is derived from the UL received timing and sent by the eNB to the UE.
The UE uses this to advance/delay its timings of transmissions to the eNB to compensate for
propagation delay and thus time-align the transmissions from different UEs with the receiver
window of the eNB.
z The timing advance command is on a per need basis with a granularity in the step size of
0.52 μs (16×Ts).

E-UTRA Uplink Operation Highlights (continued)
Link Adaptation differences from HSPA:
• Shared Channel Operation
– Dedicated logical channels are mapped onto shared transport/physical channels
• UL Multiple Access Dimensions:
– frequency/time/space in LTE; code/time in HSPA
• UL scheduler
– Uplink time/frequency resources are monitored/managed at the E-NodeB.
– HSPA, in contrast, monitors/manages Uplink Interference (Rise Over Thermal).
– LTE scheduler assigns UL Time/Frequency resources, rather than UL TX
Traffic/Pilot Ratios as in HSPA.
– As in HSPA, Uplink scheduling is based on Scheduling Requests (SR), Buffer
Status Report (BSR), and Power Headroom Reports (PHR).
– It may coordinate with neighbor Base Stations for Interference management
• Requires UL timing control to keep UL orthogonal
E-UTRA UL Operation Highlights (continued)
From TS36.201, transmissions with multiple input and multiple output antennas (MIMO) are
supported with configurations in the Downlink with two or four transmit antennas and two or four
receive antennas, which allow for multi-layer transmissions with up to four streams. Multi-user
MIMO, i.e., allocation of different streams to different users, is supported in both UL and DL.

• UE sends SR (Scheduling Request – part
of Uplink Control Information), BSR
(Buffer Status Report) and PHR (Power
Headroom Report) on PUCCH (or starts
random access if no PUCCH is
configured).
• Scheduler at E-NodeB dynamically
allocates UL resources to UE:
– Grant is assigned to UE on PDCCH.
– Assigned resources (PRB and MCS)
are communicated to the UE.
• UE sends user data on PUSCH.
• If E-Node B decodes the Uplink data
successfully, it changes the New Data
Indicator (NDI) on PDCCH, and/or
sends ACK/NAKs on PHICH.
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
PHICH Physical HARQ ACK/NAK Indicator Channel
E-NodeB
E-NodeB
MME
X1
PUSCH
PHICH
PUCCH
IP Network
X2
PDCCH
E-UTRA UL Scheduled Operation
(Link Adaptation)
E-UTRA Uplink Scheduled Operation
The following information is transmitted by means of the Downlink Control Information (DCI) format 0 on PDCCH
for the scheduling of PUSCH:
z Flag for format0/format1A differentiation
z Hopping flag
z Resource block assignment and hopping resource allocation
z Modulation and coding scheme and redundancy version
z New Data Indicator (NDI)
z TPC command for scheduled PUSCH
z Cyclic shift for DM RS
z CQI request – 1 bit
The details about grant value and its relationship to PUSCH power can be found in TS36.213 § 5.1.1.1.
The UE ACK-NAK procedure is described in TS36.213 § 8.3.
New Data Indicator (NDI) can be found in the Downlink Control Information (DCI) format 0 on PDCCH together with
the Uplink scheduling assignment.
HARQ ACK/NAKs are sent on the Downlink PHICH. Retransmissions shall be needed if the NDI has not changed or
if PDCCH is not detected.
Uplink Scheduling at E-Node B is based on:
z Serving Cell Uplink Noise Rise (Rise-over-Thermal)
z Overload Indicators from other E-Node Bs
z UE Scheduling Requests (SR)
z UE Buffer Status (BSR)
z UE Power Headroom Report (PHR)
z UE Capabilities

E-UTRA User-Plane UL Data Transfer
Functionality Split across Layers
MAC-es/e
Notes

• UE transmits PUCCH or PUSCH.
• Serving E-NodeB monitors link quality
and takes into account the overload
indicators (over X2) from neighbor cells.
• Serving E-NodeB sends Transmit Power
Control commands (TPC) as part of
Downlink Control Information (DCI) on
PDCCH.
• UE adjusts transmit power levels of
PUCCH or PUSCH.
• Go back to 1.
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
E-NodeB
E-NodeB
MME
X1
PUSCH
PUCCH
IP Network
X2
PDCCH
PDSCH
Overload
Indicator
Single Serving Cell
No Soft Handover
No Macro-diversity
E-UTRA UL Closed Loop Power Control
E-UTRA Uplink Closed Loop Power Control
Uplink power control determines the average power over a DFT-SOFDM symbol in which the
physical channel is transmitted.
Uplink power control controls the transmit power of the different Uplink physical channels.
A cell wide overload indicator (OI) is exchanged over X2 for inter-cell power control.
DCI format 0 provides two bits of TPC command for PUSCH.
DCI format 1, 1a and 2 provides two bits of TPC command for PUCCH.
DCI format 3 is used for the transmission of TPC commands for PUCCH and PUSCH with 2-bit
power adjustments.
DCI format 3A is used for the transmission of TPC commands for PUCCH and PUSCH with single
bit power adjustments.

E-UTRA Random Access
•Random Access can be triggered by:
• PDCCH order (i.e., handover)
• UE MAC sublayer (i.e., initial access)
•Two types of Random Access:
• Synchronized:
– The PDCCH order or RRC optionally indicate a Random Access
Preamble and PRACH resource
– When Random Access Preamble and PRACH resource are
explicitly signaled, it is contention free
• Unsynchronized
– UE selects a Random Access Preamble and PRACH resource
‹ Select one of the two groups of Random Access Preambles
configured by RRC
‹ Randomly select a Random Access Preamble within the selected
group
‹ Contention resolution is needed
E-UTRA Random Access
More information can be found in TS36.321 Section 5.1.

E-UTRA Synchronized Random Access
•The E-UTRA Random Access procedure is specified
mainly in the MAC layer only!
Preamble
Initial Received
Target Power
Power
Ramp Step
Preamble
Received
Target Power
…
MAC (Layer 2)
PHY (Layer 1)
Power
Ramp Step
Preamble
Transmission
Counter
1 2 3 …
Time
Random Access
Response
(on PDCCH assoc
with RA-RNTI)
TTI Window +
Backoff
Random Access
Preamble Identifier
Match
Random Access procedure
successfully completed
[TTI Window]
≤ Preamble
Trans Max
• Timing Advance
/ Alignment (TA)
value
• Uplink grant
value
• Temporary C-
RNTI
E-UTRA Synchronized Random Access
Before the random access procedure can be initiated, the following information is assumed to be available:
z - the available set of PRACH resources for the transmission of the Random Access Preamble and their
corresponding RA-RNTIs.
z - the groups of Random Access Preambles and the set of available Random Access Preambles in each
group.
– There are 64 preambles available in each cell.
z - the thresholds required for selecting one of the two groups of Random Access Preambles.
z - the parameters required to derive the TTI window [RA_Window_Begin – RA_Window_End].
z - the power-ramping factor POWER_RAMP_STEP.
z - the parameter PREAMBLE_TRANS_MAX [integer > 0].
z - the initial preamble power PREAMBLE_ INITIAL_RECEIVED_TARGET_POWER.
z - the parameter Maximum number of Message3 HARQ transmissions.
Note that the diagram above is only for illustration of the random access sequence, and the exact transmission timing of
the random access preamble should be determined according to the selection of the PRACH resources (specified in
time and frequency domain) as per TS36.321 Section 5.1.2.
E-UTRA Random Access Response
More information can be found in TS36.321 Section 5.1.4.
Once the Random Access Preamble is transmitted, the UE shall monitor the PDCCH associated with the RA-RNTI
defined below in the TTI window [RA_WINDOW_BEGIN—RA_WINDOW_END] for Random Access Responses
identified by the RA-RNTI.

Cell Switching (1/2)
Only one serving cell per UE
ƒ Same for UL and DL
»UE does not receive DL data or UL ACKs from multiple cells
ƒ UE cannot transmit to multiple cells with single Tx chain in asynchronous
deployments
»Single carrier waveform in uplink
L2 handover
ƒ Network based
» UE assisted
ƒ UE based
»UE performs HO autonomously

Comments/Notes

5
SECTION
What is Next?
Notes

LTE Advanced
LTE Targets (3GPP TS25.913) LTE Advanced Targets (3GPP TR36.913)
Latency
• U-plane latency: < 5 ms (unloaded)
• C-plane latency:
ƒ < 100 ms from Idle to Active
ƒ < 50 ms from Dormant to Active
Data Rate
• DL peak rate:
ƒ 100 Mbps (20 MHz)
• UL peak rate:
ƒ 50 Mbps (20 MHz)
Latency
•U-plane latency: lower than LTE
•C-plane latency:
ƒ < 50 ms from Idle to Active
ƒ < 10 ms from Dormant to Active
Data Rate
• DL peak rate:
ƒ Low mobility: 1 Gbps
ƒ High mobility: 100 Mbps
• UL peak rate: 500 Mbps
Spectrum Efficiency
• DL: 3-4 X 3GPP Release 6
• UL: 2-3 X 3GPP Release 6
Scalable Bandwidth
1.25 to 20 MHz
Extend Bandwidth Scalability
up to 100 MHz
Spectrum Efficiency
• DL: Peak: 30 bps/Hz
ƒ Avg: 2.4 - 3.7 bps/Hz
ƒ Cell Edge: 0.07 – 0.12 bps/Hz
• UL: Peak: 15 bps / Hz
ƒ Avg: 1.2 - 2.0 bps/Hz
ƒ Cell Edge: 0.04 – 0.07 bps/Hz
June
2008
LTE Advanced
LTE requirements are described in 3GPP TR25.913, while LTE Advanced requirements are
described in 3GPP TR36.913.
Note that all minimum requirements for UTRA found in TR25.913 would apply to E-UTRA / LTE
if not described in TR36.913.

499198466-LTE-Fundamentals-FinalMerged-PB5.pdf

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