LTE-Qualcomm EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES

Qualcomm Confidential and Proprietary
MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
LTE: Overview and
Deployment Considerations
80-W2691-1 Rev A
Spring 2010

80-W2691-1 Rev A Qualcomm Confidential and Proprietary MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION 1
LTE: Overview and Deployment Considerations
80-W2691-1 Rev A
QUALCOMM Incorporated
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Qualcomm Confidential and Proprietary MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
80-W2691-1 Rev A 2
Outline
Introduction
Overview of LTE
Architecture
Downlink
Uplink
LTE Deployment Considerations
Spectrum and Overlay
Emissions and Load Balancing
Coverage
Link Budget
Voice

80-W2691-1 Rev A 3
3GPP Releases & Features
DL: 384 kpps peak
UL: 384 kbps peak
Broadband uploads
Reduced end to end delay
Real-time services (VoIP,
packet VT, PTT)
Multicast (MBMS)
Enhanced capacity for real-
time service (i.e., VoIP…)
MIMO
Backward compatibility
New Radio Interface (UTRA)
FDD and TDD at 3.84 Mcps
Concurrent CS and PS Services
Multimedia Messaging
GSM/GPRS Internetworking
Basic UMTS Security
Rel-99
WCDMA
All-IP Services
Broadband
downloads
DL: 1.8-14.4 Mbps peak1
UL: 384 kbps peak
DL: 1.8-14.4 Mbps peak1
UL: 5.72 Mbps peak
Rel-5 (HSDPA) Rel-6 (HSUPA)
HSPA
DL: 14-42 Mbps peak2
UL: 11.5 Mbps peak
Rel-7 Rel-8
HSPA Evolved (HSPA +)
LTE
CDMA CDMA/TDM OFDMA
OFDMA in DL
SC-FDMA in UL
Flexible carrier bandwidths up
to 20 MHz
Common FDD & TDD modes
Higher order MIMO/SDMA
1 – 14.4 Mbps supported in standard; incremental product release expected
2 – Upper range for DL peak rates includes 64-QAM and 2x2 MIMO (Rel 8)
UMTS Mobile Broadband Evolution Path

80-W2691-1 Rev A 4
ESG Experience In LTE
Development &
Delivery of LTE
Training Material
Execution of LTE IOTs
With All Major
Infrastructure Vendors
Consulting Services
For LTE Technology
Trial & Execution of
LTE Trial
Representing
Qualcomm In LTE
Standards & LSTI
Forum
ESG is Well
Positioned To Offer
LTE Services

LTE Overview

80-W2691-1 Rev A 6
Basic EPS entities & interfaces
Overall EPS Architecture
SG
i
S6a
S1-C or
S1-MME
PCRF
Gx
S10
Other
MMEs
Rx
UE
HSS/
AuC
LTE-Uu
S11
S5
S1-U
X2
E-
UTRAN
EPC
Gx
c
eNode B
MME
S-GW P-GW
Operator's IP
Services
(e.g., Internet,
Intranet, IMS,
PSS)
Signaling
(Optional)
Data
Other
eNBs
EPS entities:
• eNB: Evolved Node B
• MME: Mobility Management
Entitiy
• S-GW: Serving Gateway
• P-GW: PDN Gateway
Other entities:
• HSS: Home Subscriber Server
• PCRF: Policy and Charging
Resource Function
• IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem
• PSS: PS Streaming Service
SPR
Sp

80-W2691-1 Rev A 7
E-UTRA Design Performance Targets
Scalable transmission bandwidth (up to 20 MHz)
Improved Spectrum Efficiency
Downlink (DL) spectrum efficiency should be 2-4 times Release 6 HSDPA.
– Downlink target assumes 2x2 MIMO for E-UTRA and single Tx antenna with Type
1 receiver HSDPA.
Uplink (UL) spectrum efficiency should be 2-3 times Release 6 HSUPA.
– Uplink target assumes 1 Tx antenna and 2 Rx antennas for both E-UTRA and
Release 6 HSUPA.
Coverage
Good performance up to 5 km
Slight degradation from 5 km to 30 km (up to 100 km not precluded)
Mobility
Optimized for low mobile speed (< 15 km/h)
Maintained mobility support up to 350 km/h (possibly up to 500 km/h)
Advanced transmission schemes, multiple-antenna technologies
Inter-working with existing 3G and non-3GPP systems
Interruption time of real-time or non-real-time service handover between
E-UTRAN and UTRAN/GERAN shall be less than 300 or 500 ms.

80-W2691-1 Rev A 8
E-UTRA Air Interface Capabilities
Bandwidth support
Flexible from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
Waveform
OFDM in Downlink
SC-FDM in Uplink
Duplexing mode
FDD: full-duplex (FD) and half-duplex (HD)
TDD
Modulation orders for data channels
Downlink: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
Uplink: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
MIMO support
Downlink: SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO (SDMA)
Uplink: SDMA

80-W2691-1 Rev A 9
UE-eNB Communication Link
Single and same link of communication for DL & UL
• DL serving cell = UL serving cell
• No UL or DL macro-diversity
– UL softer HO reception is an implementation choice
– UE’s Active Set size = 1
• Hard-HO based mobility
– UE assisted (based on measurement reports) and network controlled
(handover decision at specific time) by default
– During a handover, UE uses a RACH based mobility procedure to access
the target cell
– Handover is UE initiated if it detects a RL failure condition
• Load indicator for inter-cell load control (interference management)
– Transmitted over X2 interface

80-W2691-1 Rev A 10
E-UTRA Air Interface Peak Data
Rates
Downlink
~300 Mbps in 20 MHz
Assumptions:
4 stream MIMO
14.29% Pilot overhead
(4 Tx antennas)
10% common channel
overhead
– Note: This overhead level is
adequate to serve 1
UE/subframe.
6.66% waveform overhead
(CP + window)
10% guard band
64-QAM code rate ~1
Uplink
• ~75 Mbps in 20 MHz
• Assumptions:
– 1 Tx antenna
– 14.3% Pilot overhead
– 0.625% random access
overhead
– 6.66% waveform overhead
(CP + window)
– 10% guard band
– 64-QAM code rate ~1

80-W2691-1 Rev A 11
Cyclic Prefix (CP)
In OFDM, multipath causes loss of orthogonality
Delayed paths cause overlap between symbols
Cyclic Prefix (CP) insertion helps maintain orthogonality
Reduces efficiency (or Usable Symbol time, Tu)
CP
CP is a repetition of the modulation
symbol
Direct Path
Reflected Path
Reflected Path
Tu+TCP
Tu

80-W2691-1 Rev A 12
1ms
Radio Frame Tf = 10 ms
Subframe
(2 slots)
Slot
Tslot=0.5 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
OFDM
Symbol
CP
Time Domain Organization
CP length (config. by higher
layer)
Number of OFDM Symbols/Slot
4.69µs (Normal CP)
16.66μs (Extended CP)
33.3µs (MBSFN only)
7 OFDM/LFDM symbols
6 OFDM/LFDM symbols
3 OFDM symbols
UL
Symb
DL
Symb N
N or
Radio Frame has 2 structures:
• Type 1 (FS1) for FDD DL/UL
• Type 2 (FS2) for TDD
FS1 is considered in this
presentation
LTE Time Domain is organized as:
• Frame (10 ms)
• Subframe (1 ms)
• Slot (0.5 ms)
• Symbol (duration depending on
configuration)

80-W2691-1 Rev A 13
Frequency Domain Organization
Frequency
Channel Bandwidth
f = 15 KHz
Resource Block 1
180 KHz
DC
Subcarrier
... ...
RB
SC
N
UL
RB
DL
RB N
N or
Guard Band
LTE DL/UL air interface waveforms use several orthogonal subcarriers to
send user traffic data, Reference Signals (Pilots), and Control Information.
• ∆f: Subcarrier spacing
• DC Subcarrier: Direct Current subcarrier at center of frequency band
• : Number of DL or UL Resource Blocks (groups of subcarriers)
• : Number of subcarriers within a Resource Block
UL
RB
DL
RB N
/
N
RB
SC
N

80-W2691-1 Rev A 14
Frequency Domain Configurations
Channel Bandwidth [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
N. of Occupied Subcarriers
including DC (NSC)
73 181 301 601 901 1201
FFT Size (N) 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
Sampling Rate [MHz]
1.92
½ 3.84
3.84
7.68
2x3.84
15.36
4x3.84
23.04
6x3.84
30.72
8x3.84
N. of Resource Blocks
(NRB)
6 15 25 50 75 100
Assuming 15 KHz Carrier Spacing
• Various channel bandwidths that may be considered for LTE deployment
are shown in the table.
• One of the typical LTE deployment options (10 MHz) is highlighted.

80-W2691-1 Rev A 15
l = 0
:
:
DL
symb
l = N -1
Resource Block Group
Resource Element (RE)
One element in the time/frequency resource
grid.
One subcarrier in one OFDM/LFDM symbol for
DL/UL. Often used for Control channel resource
assignment.
Resource Block (RB)
Minimum scheduling size for DL/UL data
channels
Physical Resource Block (PRB) [180 kHz x
0.5 ms]
Virtual Resource Block (VRB) [180 kHz x
0.5 ms in virtual frequency domain]
– Localized VRB
– Distributed VRB
Resource Block Group (RBG)
Group of Resource Blocks
Size of RBG depends on the system bandwidth
in the cell
DL
symb
N OFDM symbols
l = 0
:
:
DL
symb
l = N -1
slot
T
One downlink
slot
UL/DL Resource Grid Definitions
time
frequency
:
:
DL
RB
N
X
RB
SC
N
subcarriers
Resource element (k, l)
k = 0… - 1
l = 0… - 1
RB
SC
N
subcarriers
DL
RB
N X
RB
SC
N
DL
symb
N
:
:
DL
symb
N X
RB
SC
N Resource elements
Resource block (180 KHz x 0.5 ms)
Example: Frame Structure Type 1 (FS1)
12 subcarriers (15 KHz spacing)
7 OFDM symbols
Resource block =

80-W2691-1 Rev A 16
DL
symb
N OFDM symbols
l = 0
:
:
DL
RB
N
X
RB
SC
N
subcarriers
DL
symb
l = N -1
slot
T
One downlink
slot
RB
SC
N
subcarriers
Resource Element Group
UL/DL Resource Grid Definitions
Resource Element Group (REG)
Groups of Resource Elements to carry control
information.
4 or 6 REs per REG depending on number of
reference signals per symbol, cyclic prefix
configuration.
REs used for DL Reference Signals (RS) are
not considered for the REG.
– Only 4 usable REs per REG.
Control Channel Element (CCE)
Group of 9 REGs form a single CCE.
– 1 CCE = 36 REs usable for control
information.
 Both REG and CCE are used to specify
resources for LTE DL control channels.
Antenna Port
One designated reference signal per antenna
port.
Set of antenna ports supported depends on
reference signal configuration within cell.
RS
DL
symb
N OFDM symbols
l = 0
:
:
DL
RB
N
X
RB
SC
N
subcarriers
DL
symb
l = N -1
slot
T
One downlink
slot
RB
SC
N
subcarriers
Resource Element Group
RS
RS
RS
RS
Control Channel Element
RS
RS

80-W2691-1 Rev A 17
Downlink Channelization Hierarchy
Most DL data traffic is carried on the Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) transport
channel and its corresponding Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH).
Dedicated
Data/Control
BCCH
PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH
BCH
PCH DL-SCH MCH
Downlink
Logical channels
Downlink
Transport channels
Downlink
Physical Channels
PDSCH PDCCH
PBCH PHICH
PCFICH
SCH
DL-RS PMCH
Paging
System
broadcast
MBSFN
Common
Control
Downlink
Physical Signals

80-W2691-1 Rev A 18
Synchronization Signals (PSS & SSS)
• PSS and SSS Functions
– Frequency and Time synchronization
 Carrier frequency determination
 OFDM symbol/subframe/frame timing determination
– Physical Layer Cell ID determination
 Determine 1 out of 504 possibilities
• PSS and SSS resource allocation
– Time: subframe 0 and 5 of every Frame
– Frequency: middle of bandwidth (6 RBs = 1.08 MHz)
• Primary Synchronization Signals (PSS)
– Assists subframe timing determination
– Provides a unique Cell ID index (0, 1, or 2) within
a Cell ID group
• Secondary Synchronization Signals (SSS)
– Assists frame timing determination
 M-sequences with scrambling and different concatenation
methods for SF0 and SF5)
– Provides a unique Cell ID group number among 168
possible Cell ID groups
PDSCH
Reference Signal
Embedded OFDM
Symbols
PHICH
PDCCH
6-100
RBs
1 ms
6 RBs = 72 Subcarriers
6x180KHz=1.08MHz
(PSS & SSS effectively use
only 62 Subcarriers)
5 ms
10 ms
subframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PDSCH
PDSCH
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
SSS
PSS
PBCH

80-W2691-1 Rev A 19
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
PDSCH
Reference Signal
Embedded OFDM
Symbols
PDCCH
6-100
RBs
1 ms
6
RBs
6x180KHz=1.08MHz
5 ms
10 ms
subframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PDSCH
PDSCH
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
S-SCH
P-SCH
PBCH
• PBCH Function
–Carries the primary Broadcast Transport Channel
–Carries the Master Information Block (MIB), which
includes:
 Overall DL transmission bandwidth
 PHICH configuration in the cell
 System Frame Number
 Number of transmit antennas (implicit)
• Transmitted in
–Time: subframe 0 in every frame
–4 OFDM symbols in the second slot of corresponding
subframe
–Frequency: middle 1.08 MHz (6 RBs)
• TTI = 40 ms
– Transmitted in 4 bursts at a very low data rate
– Same information is repeated in 4 subframes
– Every 10 ms burst is self-decodable
– CRC check uniquely determines the 40 ms
PBCH TTI boundary
 Last 2 bits of SFN is not transmitted

80-W2691-1 Rev A 20
Physical Control Format Indicator
Channel (PCFICH)
PDSCH
Reference Signal
Embedded OFDM
Symbols
PDCCH
6-100
RBs
1 ms
6
RBs
6x180KHz=1.08MHz
5 ms
10 ms
subframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PDSCH
PDSCH
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
PBCH
• Carries the Control Format Indicator (CFI)
• Signals the number of OFDM symbols of PDCCH:
– 1, 2, or 3 OFDM symbols for system bandwidth > 10 RBs
– 2, 3, or 4 OFDM symbols for system bandwidth > 6-10 RBs
– Control and data do not occur in same OFDM symbol
• Transmitted in:
– Time: 1st OFDM symbol of all subframes
– Frequency: spanning the entire system band
 4 REGs -> 16 REs
 Mapping depends on Cell ID
• PCFICH in Multiple Antenna configuration
– 1 Tx: PCFICH is transmitted as is
– 2Tx, 4Tx: PCFICH transmission uses Alamouti Code

80-W2691-1 Rev A 21
Physical Downlink Control Channel
(PDCCH)
PDSCH
Reference Signal
Embedded OFDM
Symbols
PDCCH
6-100
RBs
1 ms
6
RBs
6x180KHz=1.08MHz
5 ms
10 ms
subframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PDSCH
PDSCH
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
PBCH
PDCCH
• Used for:
– DL/UL resource assignments
– Multi-user Transmit Power Control (TPC) commands
– Paging indicators
• CCEs are the building blocks for transmitting
PDCCH
– 1 CCE = 9 REGs (36 REs) = 72 bits
– The control region consists of a set of CCEs, numbered
from 0 to N_CCE for each subframe
– The control region is confined to 3 or 4 (maximum)
OFDM symbols per subframe (depending on system
bandwidth)
• A PDCCH is an aggregation of contiguous CCEs
(1,2,4,8)
– Necessary for different PDCCH formats and coding rate
protections
– Effective supported PDCCH aggregation levels need to
result in code rate < 0.75

80-W2691-1 Rev A 22
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
(PDSCH)
Transmits DL packet data
One Transport Block transmission per UE’s
code word per subframe
A common MCS per code word per UE
across all allocated RBs
– Independent MCS for two code words per UE
7 PDSCH Tx modes
Mapping to Resource Blocks (RBs)
Mapping for a particular transmit antenna
port shall be in increasing order of:
–First the frequency index,
–Then the time index, starting with the first slot in
a subframe.
PDSCH
Reference Signal
Embedded OFDM
Symbols
PDCCH
6-100
RBs
1 ms
6
RBs
6x180KHz=1.08MHz
5 ms
10 ms
subframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PDSCH
PDSCH
PHICH
PCFICH
PDCCH
PDCCH
PDSCH
PDSCH
PDSCH
PDSCH

80-W2691-1 Rev A 23
Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
(PHICH)
Used for ACK/NAK of UL-SCH transmissions
Transmitted in:
Time
– Normal duration: 1st OFDM symbol
– Extended duration: Over 2 or 3 OFDM symbols
Frequency
– Spanning all system bandwidth
– Mapping depending on Cell ID
FDM multiplexed with other DL control
channels
Support of CDM multiplexing of multiple
PHICHs
PDSCH
Reference Signal
Embedded OFDM
Symbols
PDCCH
6-100
RBs
1 ms
6
RBs
6x180KHz=1.08MHz
5 ms
10 ms
subframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PDSCH
PDSCH
PHICH
PCFICH
PDCCH
PDCCH

80-W2691-1 Rev A 24
DL Reference Signals: 1 Tx Antenna
DL Reference Signals transmitted on 2 OFDM symbols every slot
6 subcarrier spacing
R0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
subcarrier
subframe
slot
RB
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 ms
Normal CP
OFDM
symbol
slot 0 slot 1
subframe
R0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
OFDM
symbol
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
subcarrier
RB
Extended CP
slot 0 slot 1
subframe

80-W2691-1 Rev A 25
R0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
R0
R0
R0
R1
R1
R1
R1
R0
R0
R1
R1
R1
R1
R0
R0
subcarrier
subframe
slot
RB
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 ms
Normal CP
OFDM
symbol
slot 0 slot 1
subframe
R0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
R0
R0
R0
R1
R1
R1
R1
R0
R0
R1
R1
R1
R1
R0
R0
OFDM
symbol
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
subcarrier
RB
Extended CP
slot 0 slot 1
subframe

80-W2691-1 Rev A 26
R0 R2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
R0
R0
R0
R1
R1
R1
R1
R0
R0
R1
R1
R1
R1
R0
R0
R2
R2
R2
R3
R3
R3
R3
subcarrier
subframe
slot
RB
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 ms
Normal CP
OFDM
symbol
slot 0 slot 1
subframe
R0 R2
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
R0
R0
R0
R1
R1
R1
R1
R0
R0
R1
R1
R1
R1
R0
R0
R2
R2
R2
R3
R3
R3
R3
OFDM
symbol
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
subcarrier
RB
Extended CP
slot 0 slot 1
subframe
Overheads Normal CP Extended CP
1 Tx antenna 4.76% 5.56%
2 Tx antennas 9.52% 11.11%
4 Tx antennas 14.29% 15.87%

80-W2691-1 Rev A 27
Downlink Transmission – An Example
Example of Frame Structure Type 1 (extended CP) transmission
0
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
RS
PDSCH
Physical Resource Block
(PRB)
2
1 3
Frequency
Time
Slot
Sub
Frame

80-W2691-1 Rev A 28
DL Operation: Similarities to HSPA
Shared Channel Operation
Channel Dependent Scheduling (CDS)
Requires Channel Quality Information (CQI) sent on the UL
Requires Pre-coding and Rank information sent on the UL for
MIMO
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
Requires informing the UE about allocated resources
Requires informing the UE about Modulation and Coding
Schemes (MCS)
Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)
Uses Asynchronous adaptive retransmissions
Uses Synchronous ACK/NAKs
Requires ACK/NAK sent on the UL
DL Modulation: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM

80-W2691-1 Rev A 29
• Multiple Access Dimensions:
• DL Scheduler:
– Assigns Time/Frequency resources rather than Time/Code resources.
– May coordinate with neighbor Base Stations for interference management.
• DL Reference Signals (Pilots):
– Have fixed time duration and frequency sub-band allocations.
• ARQ runs at eNode B
– ARQ architecture is conceptually similar to HSPA.
 Supports TM, UM, and AM modes
 Retransmissions are based on status reports
– Optional HARQ assisted ARQ operation is possible in LTE.
• Multiple PDSCH Tx Modes
– Requires different Channel Quality Reporting, acknowledging, and
scheduling mechanisms.
DL Operation: Differences from HSPA
LTE HSPA (R7)
Time (TDMA) Time (TDMA)
Frequency (OFDMA) Code (CDMA)
Space (SU-MIMO, SDMA/MU-MIMO) Space (SU-MIMO)

80-W2691-1 Rev A 30
Initial Acquisition Procedure
UE searches for a strong cell in the DL band
(Monitors central part of the spectrum regardless of bandwidth capability)
UE performed a rough frequency synchronization
(UE has found a good carrier candidate with strong 72 (6x12) subcarriers
which might carry the Sync signals and PBCH)
UE is switched on
UE determined:
- Exact carrier frequency
- Cell ID index within a Cell ID group (1 out of 3).
- Subframe timing (UE knows the timing of subframes 0 and 5)
- Cyclic Prefix Length (by trial and error method)
UE looks for the (PSS)
Attempts to match one out of three
possible primary Sync signals
(Cell ID index within a Cell ID Group)
UE attempts to detect (SSS)
Tries to match 1 out of 168 possible
secondary Sync signals (Cell ID Groups)
UE knows:
- Frame timing
(Generation method of S-SCH sync sequences is slightly different for
subframes SF0 and SF5)
- Cell ID group (1 out 168)
(Since the specific Cell ID within this group was identified in previous
step, physical layer Cell ID (1 out of the 504) is known now
UE acquired most essential system information.
UE can read PDCCH/PDSCH and register in the
system.
PBCH is time aligned with the Sync channels
UE can read PBCH channel now

80-W2691-1 Rev A 31
E-NodeB
E-NodeB
MME
X1
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
PFICH Physical Format Indicator Channel
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel
DL Scheduled Operation Overview
IP Network
X2
1. UE reports CQI (Channel Quality Indicator),
PMI (Precoding Matrix Index), and RI (Rank
Indicator) in PUCCH (or PUSCH if there is
UL traffic).
2. Scheduler at eNode B dynamically allocates
resources to UE:
– UE reads PCFICH every subframe to
discover the number of OFDM
symbols occupied by PDCCH.
– UE reads PDCCH to discover Tx Mode
and assigned resources (PRB and MCS).
3. eNode B sends user data in PDSCH.
4. UE attempts to decode the received packet
and sends ACK/NACK using PUCCH (or
PUSCH if there is UL traffic).

80-W2691-1 Rev A 32
Dynamic Scheduling: E-UTRAN dynamically allocates resources
(PRBs and MCS) to UEs at each TTI via the C-RNTI on PDCCH(s).
UE monitors the PDCCH(s) to find possible allocation when its Downlink
reception is enabled (activity governed by DRX when configured).
Semi-persistent Scheduling: Initially PDCCH indicates if the DL grant
can be implicitly reused in the following TTIs according to the
periodicity defined by RRC.
RRC defines the periodicity of the semi-persistent DL grant.
Characterized by a start frame number, periodicity, and packet
format (one or more may be defined).
Retransmissions are explicitly signalled via the PDCCH(s).
E-UTRA DL Scheduling Principles

80-W2691-1 Rev A 33
DL ARQ/HARQ Principles
HARQ Principles (within MAC Layer)
N-process Stop-And-Wait, Asynchronous adaptive HARQ.
Uplink ACK/NAKs are sent on PUCCH or PUSCH.
PDCCH signals the HARQ process number and whether it is a
transmission or retransmission.
Retransmissions are always scheduled through PDCCH.
ARQ Principles (within RLC Layer)
ARQ retransmits RLC PDUs or RLC PDU segments.
ARQ retransmissions are based on RLC status reports and,
optionally, ARQ/HARQ interactions.
Polling for RLC status report is used when needed by RLC.
ARQ/HARQ Interaction
Optional HARQ assisted ARQ operation.
ARQ uses knowledge from the HARQ about transmission failure
status and RLC retransmission and re-segmentation can be
initiated.

80-W2691-1 Rev A 34
CQI/PMI/RI and ACK/NACKs multiplexing on PUCCH is possible:
Format 2:
CQI/PMI/RI not multiplexed with ACK/NAK
Format 2a/2b
CQI/PMI/RI multiplexed with ACK/NAK (normal CP)
Format 2:
CQI/PMI or RI multiplexed with ACK/NAK (extended CP)
ACK/NACK for PDSCH Transmissions
The UE shall, upon detection of a PDSCH transmission in subframe n-4
intended for the UE and for which an ACK/NAK shall be provided,
transmit the ACK/NAK response in sub-frame n.
ACK/NAKs alone can be delivered PUCCH format 1a and 1b.

80-W2691-1 Rev A 35
CQI/PMI/RI Reporting Overview
eNode B
Reporting on PUSCH
– Aperiodic and periodic reports
– Wideband CQI (multiple-PMI per sub-band)
– UE-selected sub-band CQI (No-PMI, Multiple-PMI)
– Higher layer configured sub-band CQI (No-PMI, Single-PMI)
– Frequency selective/non-selective scheduling
Reporting on PUCCH
– Periodic reports
– Wideband CQI (No-PMI, Single-PMI)
– UE-selected sub-band CQI (No-PMI, Single-PMI)
– Frequency selective/non-selective scheduling

80-W2691-1 Rev A 36
Uplink Channelization Hierarchy
No dedicated transport channels: Focus on “shared” transport channels.
Dedicated
Control/Traffic
Common
Control
UCI
Physical
Control
PUSCH
PRACH
Uplink
Physical channels
PUCCH
CCCH DCCH DTCH
UL-SCH
RACH
Uplink
Logical channels
Uplink
Transport channels
DM-RS
SRS
Uplink
Reference
Signals

80-W2691-1 Rev A 37
E-UTRA UL Channels and Signals
Signals
• Demodulation Reference Signal (DM-RS)
• Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
Control
• ACK, CQI, Rank Indicator (RI), Precoding support (PMI)
• Scheduling Request (SR)
• Single “control” channel
- Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Data
• Unicast data and data + control
• Single “data” channel
- Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Random Access
• Preamble sequences in Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

80-W2691-1 Rev A 38
E-UTRA Uplink Reference Signals
Two types of E-UTRA/LTE Uplink Reference Signals:
Demodulation reference signal
Associated with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH
Purpose: Channel estimation for Uplink coherent
demodulation/detection of the Uplink control and data channels
Transmitted in time/frequency depending on the channel type
(PUSCH/PUCCH), format, and cyclic prefix type
Sounding reference signal
Not associated with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH
Purpose: Uplink channel quality estimation feedback to the Uplink
scheduler (for Channel Dependent Scheduling) at the eNode B
Transmitted in time/frequency depending on the SRS bandwidth and
the SRS bandwidth configuration (some rules apply if there is overlap
with PUSCH and PUCCH)

80-W2691-1 Rev A 39
OFDMA versus SC-FDMA

80-W2691-1 Rev A 40
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
(PUSCH)
PUSCH
Normal Cyclic Prefix
Extended Cyclic Prefix
Demodulation-RS
Embedded SC-
FDMA Symbols
6-100
RBs
1 Subframe = 1 ms
PUSCH
PUSCH
5 ms
1 Radio Frame = 10 ms
Subframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 Time Slot
Frequency
Hopping
No
Frequency
Hopping
Frequency
diversity through
hopping
Demodulation Reference
Signal (DM-RS)
l = 0 l = 7
l = 0 l = 6
PUSCH may carry:
• UL Data
• ACK/NAK for DL
data
• CQI/PMI/RI

80-W2691-1 Rev A 41
Physical Uplink Control Channel
(PUCCH)
Demodulation-RS
Embedded SC-
FDMA Symbols
6-100
RBs
1 Subframe = 1 ms
PUCCH
PUSCH
5 ms
1 Radio Frame = 10 ms
Subframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PUCCH
PUCCH
PUCCH
PUCCH
PUCCH
PUCCH
PUCCH
Frequency
Hop at
Time Slot
Boundary
Format 2, 2a, 2b
1 Time Slot
Demodulation Reference
Signal (DM-RS)
PUCCH
l = 0
PUCCH
1 Time Slot
Format 1, 1a, 1b
l = 7 l = 0 l = 7
l = 0 l = 6 l = 0 l = 6
PUCCH may carry:
• ACK/NAK for DL data
• Scheduling Request
• CQI/PMI/RI

80-W2691-1 Rev A 42
Sounding Reference Signals (SRS)
Demodulation-RS
Embedded SC-
FDMA Symbols
6-110
RBs
1 ms
PUSCH
PUSCH
SRS
Sounding-RS
Embedded SC-
FDMA Symbols
SRS shall be transmitted on the last symbol of
the subframe.
PUSCH:
• The mapping to resource elements only considers
those not used for transmission of reference signals.
PUCCH Format 1 (SR) / 1a / 1b (HARQ-ACK):
• When ACK/NAK and SRS are to be transmitted in
SRS cell-specific subframes:
– If higher-layer parameter Simultaneous-AN-and-SRS
is TRUE => Use shortened PUCCH format.
– Else UE shall not transmit SRS.
PUCCH Format 2 / 2a / 2b (CQI):
• UE shall not transmit SRS whenever SRS and
PUCCH 2 / 2a / 2b coincide.
SRS multiplexing:
• Done with CDM when there is one SRS bandwidth, and
FDM/CDM when there are multiple SRS bandwidths.

80-W2691-1 Rev A 43
6-110
RBs
1 ms
RACH
6
RBs
RA
offset
PRB
n
PRACH
Sequence
CP
CP
T SEQ
T
• The preamble format determines the length of
the Cyclic Prefix and Sequence.
• FDD has 4 preamble formats (for different cell
sizes).
• 16 PRACH configurations are possible.
• Each configuration defines slot positions within
a frame (for different bandwidths).
• Each random access preamble occupies a
bandwidth corresponding to 6 consecutive RBs.
• is the starting RB for the PRACH.
FDD Specific RACH format
RA
PRBOffset
n

80-W2691-1 Rev A 44
E-UTRA Uplink Operation Highlights
Link Adaptation (CDS – Channel Dependent Scheduling)
Adaptive transmission Bandwidth
Adaptive Modulation and Channel Coding Rate (AMC)
Meets QoS requirements
UL Power Control
Intra-cell power control: the power spectral density of the Uplink
transmissions can be influenced by the eNB.
UL Timing Control
Objective is to compensate for propagation delay and thus time-align the
transmissions from different UEs with the receiver window of the eNB.
The timing advance is derived from the UL received timing, and sent by
the eNB to the UE. UE uses this information to advance/delay its timings
of transmissions to the eNB.
Random Access procedure
UL Data transfer and HARQ

80-W2691-1 Rev A 45
UL HARQ Principles
N-process Stop-And-Wait
N configured by higher layers
8 processes for Normal HARQ Operation
4 processes for subframe Bundling Operation
– A bundle of PUSCH transmissions consists of 4 consecutive Uplink subframes.
Synchronous HARQ
Normal HARQ Operation: PDCCH and/or PHICH will be evaluated for adjusting
PUSCH transmissions four subframes later.
subframe Bundling Operation: PDCCH in subframe n and/or PHICH in subframe
n-5, will be evaluated for adjusting PUSCH transmissions in subframe n+4.
PDCCH (DCI Format 0) carries information about UL-SCH assignments
(UL grant) as well as a 1-bit New Data indicator (NDI), which determines
if HARQ retransmission is needed.
HARQ retransmission is needed if the NDI does not toggle, and/or the
HARQ NAK is received on PHICH.
PDCCH can indicate different resource and MCS for adaptive
retransmissions.

80-W2691-1 Rev A 46
• UE sends SR (Scheduling Request –
part of Uplink Control Information),
BSR (Buffer Status Report) and PHR
(Power Headroom Report) on PUCCH
(or starts random access if no PUCCH
is configured).
• Scheduler at eNode B dynamically
allocates UL resources to UE:
– Grant is assigned to UE on PDCCH.
– Assigned resources (PRB and MCS)
are communicated to the UE.
• UE sends user data on PUSCH.
• If eNode B decodes the Uplink data
successfully, it changes the New Data
Indicator (NDI) on PDCCH, and/or sends
ACK/NAKs on PHICH.
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
PHICH Physical HARQ ACK/NAK Indicator Channel
eNode B
eNode B
MME
X1
IP Network
X2
E-UTRA UL Scheduled Operation
(Link Adaptation)

80-W2691-1 Rev A 47
• UE transmits PUCCH or PUSCH.
• Serving eNode B monitors link quality
and takes into account the overload
indicators (over X2) from neighbor cells.
• Serving eNode B sends Transmit Power
Control commands (TPC) as part of
Downlink Control Information (DCI) on
PDCCH.
• UE adjusts transmit power levels of
PUCCH or PUSCH.
• Go back to 1.
eNode B
eNode B
MME
X1
IP Network
X2
Overload
Indicator
Single Serving Cell
No Soft Handover
No Macro-diversity
E-UTRA UL Closed Loop Power
Control

80-W2691-1 Rev A 48
Timing Advance / Alignment (TA)
units
time
s
TA T
N
TA
N
Timing Advance / Alignment compensates for the over-the-air radio
transmission round trip time, and allows all Uplink received signals
to be in sync in the time domain.
eNode B
Downlink Radio Frame #i
Uplink Radio Frame #i
TA
N
Time
Rx in Sync

80-W2691-1 Rev A 49
1. Either network indicates specific
PRACH resource or UE selects
from common PRACH
resources.
2. UE sends random access
preambles at increasing power.
3. UE receives random access
response on the PDCCH which
includes assigned resources for
PUSCH transmission.
• Physical Resource Blocks
(PRB) and Modulation and
Coding Scheme (MCS)
4. UE sends signaling and user
data on PUSCH.
eNode B
eNode B
MME
S1
PHICH Physical HARQ ACK/NAK Indicator Channel
E-UTRA Random Access
IP Network
X2

Deployment Considerations

80-W2691-1 Rev A 51
Doppler and Delay Spread Tradeoffs
Doppler, delay spread, and spectral efficiency
are competing entities
LTE specification needed to balance:
Delay Spread – larger CP size improves
tolerance
Spectral Efficiency – larger CP increases
overhead
Doppler Shift – larger Δf increases tolerance
Larger Δf – implies sample time (Ts) is smaller
Smaller Ts – implies less tolerance for delay
spread
3GPP LTE standard balances delay spread and Doppler shift, allowing full
mobility and multipath tolerance for most deployment scenarios.

80-W2691-1 Rev A 52
Doppler Shift
Doppler Shift – Changes in the received carrier frequency due to the relative motion of the
mobile to the Base Station
Doppler Frequency = fd = (v/λ) cos(θ) (Doppler Shift in Hz)
Where
» Cos (θ) = 1 is worst case direct reflection
» v = velocity in m/s
» λ = wavelength in m
Sub Carrier (1/symbol time) width affects Doppler Tolerance (Coherence Bandwidth)
3GPP Specifies Low (5 Hz), Medium (70 Hz), and High (300 Hz) Doppler
Lower frequencies
imply lower Doppler
shift

80-W2691-1 Rev A 53
RMS Delay
Total Delay Spread
h0
h1
h2 h3
0 1 2 3
Effective Channel
h0
h1
h2 h3
0 1 2 3
Sampling Within CP
Outside CP window -
Is not estimated
Estimated Channel = CP
Excess Delay Spread
The Need for Cyclic Prefix
CP mitigates the effects of
multipath
• EDS – Excess Delay Spread
– Total time delay between first and last
multipath received signal
• r.m.s. delay – root mean square
delay
– Specified tolerance in 3GPP
• CP contains all multipath, implies:
– No inter-symbol interference (ISI)
– No inter-carrier interference (ICI)
 Also called “FFT Leakage”
• Too small CP
– Implies EDS outside CP window
– Gradual reduction in orthogonality
and loss of circular convolution
– LTE specifies three CP sizes
H(t)
H(t)

80-W2691-1 Rev A 54
Bottom Line
LTE is Optimized for lower mobility
With CPnormal, LTE supports Typical Urban Multipath at Vehicle
Speeds
With CPextended, LTE supports Larger Cell Radii and Heavy
Urban Multipath
With fast sampling and lower frequency bands, LTE
supports Higher Speed Doppler Shifts, e.g.,
High Speed Train at 300 km/hr (some delay/frequency planning
required)
3GPP Covers Doppler and Delay Spread Planning in 36.101
Category Channel Model Acronym r.m.s Delay Spread (ns)
Low Delay Spread Extended Pedestrian A EPA 43
Medium Delay Spread Extended Vehicular A EVA 357
High Delay Spread Extended Typical Urban ETU 991

80-W2691-1 Rev A 55
• For 4G systems, or OFDMA
base systems, coverage is
limited by the maximum
allowable pathloss for a given
tone.
• Achievable peak data rate is
limited by the bandwidth
available and interference.
• Achievable capacity is limited
by the available bandwidth and
interference.
• Both interference management
and frequency planning should
be done.
Interference management:
Increase the geometry
available.
Frequency planning: Tradeoff
between achievable peak data
rate and system loading
(capacity).
Dimensioning
Nominal Design
Site Survey
Design for
Capacity
Design for
Coverage
Network Deployment
Initial Optimization
Project Setup
Network Requirements
Network Planning Overview – 4G

80-W2691-1 Rev A 56
LTE Coverage Planning
Select the frequency to
deploy LTE
Consider the impact of
coexistence
Consider the impact of
Frequency on coverage
Define the inputs for
Network Planning
Estimate the coverage of
LTE
Define the settings
required for LTE network
planning
Estimate the performance
of LTE in case of overlay
with exiting technology
Dimensioning
Nominal Design
Site Survey
Design for
Capacity
Design for
Coverage
Network Deployment
Initial Optimization
Project Setup
Network Requirements

80-W2691-1 Rev A 57
LTE Interference
LTE coverage can be defined in terms of interference (quality)
• Demodulation of a target radio bearer (i.e., data
rate) at the target BLock Error Rate (BLER)
– Channel model,
receiver architecture,
modulation, and
mobility need to be
taken into account
– Target data date, or
Transport Block Size
(TBS) need to be
defined in relation to
the available
bandwidth
Es/Iot also
represents the
SNR
Other
System
Iot(Noc)

80-W2691-1 Rev A 58
Frequency Deployment Scenarios
Two LTE Frequency Reuse Schemes
N=1
Same Frequency all cells (sectors)
More cell edge / overlap design
FFR – Fractional Frequency Reuse
Emulates N=1 near cell
Resource Block Planning at Cell Edge

80-W2691-1 Rev A 59
N=1
Pros
Higher spectral efficiency
Higher overall bits/Hz
Resource utilization of 100%
No frequency planning
Handoff transition more critical
Preferred choice once ICIC (Inter-Cell
Interference Coordination) available
Cons
As usage increases, interference
increases
Creates low SNR (poor CQI) at the
sector and cell boundaries
Interference mitigation via downtilting
more critical
Downtilting can reduce footprint
F1
F1
F1

80-W2691-1 Rev A 60
Future Feature: Fractional Frequency
Reuse
Pros
N=1 reuse in cell interior
Specific RB (Resource Block)
clusters reused
(reserved/scheduled) at higher
power for:
Cell Edge (Reuse=3)
Improves cell overlap SNR / CQI
Improves cell edge SNR / CQI
50 to 60% cell edge throughput
improvement
Cons
Scheduling load higher in mobility
More RF planning
Capacity Reduction
Less bits/Hz than N=1 RB Group 2 Cell Edge
N=1 Interior All RBs
RB Group 3 Cell Edge
RB Group 1 Cell Edge

80-W2691-1 Rev A 61
LTE Interference Mitigation
3GPP LTE Implementations
Radio Resource Management (RRM) Processes
Radio Bearer Control (RBC)
Radio Admission Control (RAC)
Connection Mobility Control (CMC)
Dynamic Resource Allocation (DRA) or
Packet Scheduling (PS)
Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC)
Load Balancing (LB)
Self Optimizing Network (SON)
Interference
Mitigation
Techniques
Mobile
Connection
Management
All Interference Mitigation Techniques will likely not be available in initial
releases.
Load Balancing will likely be implemented earlier than ICIC or SON.

80-W2691-1 Rev A 62
Interference – Transmitter Emission Model
Fundamental emission:
Fundamental emission is defined on the basis of a modulation envelope model with
respect to the bandwidth of transmission covering 250% of the necessary bandwidth.
Out of band emission (OOBE):
OOBE is an unwanted emission immediately outside the channel bandwidth resulting
from the modulation process and non-linearity in the transmitter, but excluding spurious
emissions.
OOBE requirement is specified in terms of a spectrum emission mask and adjacent
channel leakage power ratio for the transmitter.
Spurious emission:
Spurious emissions are caused by unwanted transmitter effects such as harmonics
emission, parasitic emission, intermodulation products and frequency conversion
products, but exclude out of band emissions.
E-UTRAACLR1 UTRA ACLR2 UTRAACLR1
RB
E-UTRA channel
Channel
ΔfOOB
Source3GPP TS 36.101 V8.5.1 (2009-03) Section 6.6.2.3
OOBE Fundamental
Spurious

80-W2691-1 Rev A 63
Interference – Receiver Response Model
Interfering signals fall into the following basic categories:
Co-Channel Interference (CCI): Emissions with frequencies
that exist within the narrowest pass band of the receiver.
– Out-Of-Band Emission interference (OOBE): OOBE contribution
from aggressor that falls within the victim’s receiver bandwidth.
Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI): Unwanted signals with
frequency components that exist within or near the receiver pass
band.
ACI and OOBE are the primary areas needed for inter-system co-
existence studies.

80-W2691-1 Rev A 64
Interference – 3GPP Terminology
Adjacent Channel Interference Power Ratio (ACIR)
ACIR is the ratio of the total power transmitted from a source to the total
interference power affecting a victim receiver, resulting from transmitter and
receiver imperfections.
Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio (ACLR)
ACLR is the ratio of the transmitted power to the power measured after a
receiver filter in the adjacent RF channel.
Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS)
ACS is a measure of a receiver’s ability to receive a signal at its assigned
channel frequency in the presence of a strong modulated signal in the adjacent
channel.
ACS
ACLR
ACIR
1
1
1
The tolerable level of ACIR at any 3GPP receiver is defined as the point where
a 5% degradation in system throughput occurs.

80-W2691-1 Rev A 65
ACIR
Adjacent signal have 2 impacts:
Desensitization (ACS) and
Leakage into the desired bandwidth
(ACLR)
Combination of both results in ACIR
Transmission in Adjacent
Channels
Adjacent
Signal
Desired Signal
ACS: Receiver Desens. ACLR: Inband interfering power

80-W2691-1 Rev A 66
Near-Far Effect
BTS of
Operator 1
with F1
Mobile of
Operator 2
with F2
High ACI
from F2
BTS of
Operator 2
with F2
Operator 1
with F1
Minimum F1 signal
from each mobile
Required at BTS
BTS of
Operator 1
with F1
High ACI
from F2
Wanted Signal
Wanted Signal
High ACI
from F1
F1 mobile connecting to distant F1 BTS is experiencing significant ACI at the BTS
from the F2 mobile transmitting at high power to distant F2 BTS and vice versa.
Mobile of
Operator 2
with F2
Mobile of
Operator 1
with F1
Minimum F1 Signal
from each mobile
required at BTS
Minimum F2 Signal
from each mobile
required at BTS

80-W2691-1 Rev A 67
Co-Existence Scenarios
LTE deployments will co-exist with GSM, UMTS, CDMA
among others.
• Co-Location Scenarios addressed in 3GPP TR 36.942 V8.1.0:
• Smaller bandwidths (1.4, 3, and 5 MHz) are worst case
co-location cases due to limited guard bands. 10, 15,
and 20 MHz relaxed slightly.
Many more scenarios exist:
EV-DO
Public Safety
….Case-by-case studies necessary
E-UTRA E-UTRA E-UTRA EUTRA
E-UTRA
(FDD)
EUTRA
(TDD)
E-UTRA GSM
E-UTRA
Pico /
Femto
E-UTRA 1XRTT
Aggressor Victim

80-W2691-1 Rev A 68
3GPP LTE Operating Bands
LTE LTE UMTS GSM C2K WIMAX Common Common Duplex Region
Launch Operating Operating Operating Band Operating Name Name Separation Country
Potential Band Band Band Class Band 3GPP 3GPP2 (MHz)
1 I 6 IMT 2.1 GHz 1920 1980 2110 2170 190 Europe, Asia, Japan, Australia, New Zealand
2 II PCS-1900 1 or 14 PCS US PCS 1.9 1850 1910 1930 1990 80 North America
4 Korean PCS 1750 1780 1840 1870 Korean PCS Band
3 III DCS-1800 8 DCS 1800 MHz 1710 1785 1805 1880 95 Europe, Asia
4 IV 15 AWS AWS 1710 1755 2110 2155 400 USA, Canada
T-GSM-810 10 Secondary 800 806 901 851 866
5 V GSM-850 0 CLR 800 MHz 824 849 869 894 45 North America, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines
6 VI 830 840 875 885 45 Japan
3 JTACS Band 887.0125 924.9875 832.0125 869.9875
T-GSM-900 12
T-GSM-
900 800 MHz PAMR 870.0125 874.4875 915.0125 919.4875
R-GSM-900
R-GSM-
900 876 915 921 960
2.6 GHz 7 VII 13 Y IMT-E
2.5 GHz IMT-2000
Extension 2500 2570 2620 2690
120
Europe (IMT Extension Band)
8 VIII
P-GSM
E-GSM-900 2 GSM (TACS Band) 880 915 925 960
45
Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand
9 IX 1749.9 1784.9 1844.9 1879.9
95
Japan
10 X 1710 1770 2110 2170 400
11 XI 1427.9 1452.9 1475.9 1500.9
48
12 XII GSM-710 SMH 698 716 728 746 30 USA Lower 700 MHz A,B & C Bands 2 x 6MHz
716 768 716 768 N/A USA Lower D & E Block (FLO TV)
700 Upper 13 XIII GSM-750 7 SMH Upper 700 MHz 777 787 746 756 31 USA Upper 700 MHz C Block 2 x 11 MHz
14 XIV SMH 788 798 758 768 30 USA Upper 700 MHz D Block 2 x 5 MHz
700 Lower 17 704 716 734 746 30 USA Lower 700 MHz B & C Bands 2 x 6MHz
33 Y 1900 1920 1900 1920 N/A
34 Y 2010 2025 2010 2025 N/A
35 Y 1850 1910 1850 1910 N/A
36 Y 1930 1990 1930 1990 N/A
37 Y 1910 1930 1910 1930 N/A
2.6 GHz 38 Y Y 2570 2620 2570 2620 N/A
39 1880 1920 1880 1920 N/A
40 Y Y 2300 2400 2300 2400 N/A
TDD
TDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
Uplink (UL) operating
BS receive
UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating
BS transmit
UE receive
FDL_low – FDL_high
FUL_low – FUL_high
FDD
FDD
LTE
Duplex
Mode
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
Highly Likely
Operators Announced LTE - No Spectrum Plan
Unknown or Unlikely

80-W2691-1 Rev A 69
Likely Co-Existence Scenarios
Known LTE Bands
700 MHz Bands (3GPP Bands 12-17)
LTE 10MHz <> LTE 5 MHz
LTE 5 MHz <> LTE 5 MHz
LTE 5 MHz <> MediaFLO
LTE 5 MHz <> LTE TDD 5 MHz
LTE 5 MHz <> Public Safety
2.6 GHz IMT Ext. (3GPP Band 7)
(FDD/TDD)
(FDD/TDD)
LTE 5 MHz <> LTE 5 MHz
(FDD/TDD)
LTE <> WIMAX
LTE 5/10 <> UMTS
LTE – Longer Term Bands
800, 900, 1800, 1900, 2.1 and AWS
Bands
• LTE 5/10 MHz <> UMTS
• LTE 5 MHz <> GSM
800 & 1900 Additional to Above
• LTE 5/10 MHz <> C2K
Many potential co-existence scenarios exist, and several are similar between
various bands.
The 4 highlighted in red are provided as examples for LTE collocation
engineering herein.

80-W2691-1 Rev A 70
Process for Co-Existence Planning
Identify Victim Technology
• Frequency Band
• Bandwidth
Obtain Site Specifics
• Physical Location
• Antenna Azimuth/ AGL
/HBW/VBW/Gain
• Manufacturer – Receiver ACS
• Identify 5% Capacity ACIR
Calculate
• Adjacent Channel Interference
(ACI)
• ACLR – PL at Victim Receiver
(OOBE)
• Tolerable interference: ACIR (< 5%
Throughput Loss )
• Intermodulation Products

80-W2691-1 Rev A 71
Clutter Vector
Ortho Image DEM/DTM
GIS Data

80-W2691-1 Rev A 72
Coverage Objectives
Coverage objectives can be a single
continuous area or separate coverage
priority area within a given area.
In each case, clutter and frequency
specific parameters should be defined:
Coverage Probability
Building Penetration Loss
Body Loss
Car Loss
During network planning, coverage
verification can be based on:
Fixed threshold (per Link Budget),
or
Clutter-related coverage probabilities

80-W2691-1 Rev A 73
Site Specific Information
For initial planning (and, later on, for detailed planning),
site-specific or area-specific information is required.
Friendly sites:
Select sites for which the achievable configuration is known
For each site, possible configuration (antenna height,
antenna orientation, shared or separate antenna) should be
known
Tuned RF propagation models
At a minimum, area-specific model is required
For a large area, several models and the applicability of the
models should be defined
During detailed planning, a site or cluster specific model can
be developed

80-W2691-1 Rev A 74
Improved Coverage Design
ESG has developed a method for more accurate coverage estimation
Network Planning
Tool (e.g. Atoll)
path-loss
model
cell sites
distribution
Calculated
Static
Geometry
Link/System level
simulator
fading
model
Transmission
Mode
Throughput
distribution
for each
Geometry
range
Throughput
prediction
coverage maps
in Network
Planning Tools
(e.g. Atoll)
Simulations for the
defined inputs generate
look-up tables.
LTE
Configuration
Result is a throughput range,
corresponding to a geometry number

80-W2691-1 Rev A 75
Improved Capacity Design/Dimensioning
Capacity Forecast
Cluster Information
from Network Planning
Tool
QUESTTM Simulations - Baseline Capacity
• Select Representative Cluster for Morphology
of Interest
- Urban, Rural, etc.
• QUESTTM to Generate Cell Capacity Curves
- Use Given Device / Application Mix
- Increase Number of Users Until Minimum
Requirements Met for Throughput / Latency
• Use Curves as Library Inputs
Compare Projected Traffic
Using Baseline Curves –
Per Cluster/Cell Cluster/Cell Meets Traffic Demand
• No New Cells
• Hardware Resources
Cluster/Cell Cannot Meet Traffic Demand:
Identify Limiting Resources / Solutions
• New Carrier / Site / Hardware
• Redistribute Traffic with New Site
- Use QUESTTM Prediction
• Estimate Long Term Budget Needs
• Device Mix
• Application Mix
• User Experience
Criteria
Takes advantage of sophisticated
system simulation tool, QUEST
Capacity Dimensioning

80-W2691-1 Rev A 76
Case Study : LTE-2600 Reference Signal
Very strong RSRP distribution
was obtained for the indoor
scenario.
~74% of the target area was found
to have indoor RSRP above -100
dBm.

80-W2691-1 Rev A 77
RF Propagation Models
Sample RF propagation models that can be used for LTE
Indoor Propagation Models
• ITU Indoor Path-loss Model
• Log-Distance Path Loss
Model
• Keenan-Motley Model
Outdoor Propagation Models
• Okumura-Hata Model
• COST-231 Model
• Walfisch-Ikegami Model
• Lee’s Model
• Standard Propagation Model
• Multi-Breakpoint Model
• ITU-R P.1546
• ERCEG / SUI Path-loss
Model
• Ericsson 9999 Model

80-W2691-1 Rev A 78
Link Budget – Definition
An LTE Link Budget is utilized to quantify the Maximum Allowable
Path Loss (MAPL) between the transmitter and the receiver in both
the Downlink and Uplink. The resulting calculations enable the
network designer to determine coverage dimensioning.
The Link Budget is based on the following inputs:
• Gains, margins, and losses factor in each link
• Expected network configuration
• Target values (e.g., Data rate at cell edge) which should be
translated into requirements (e.g., required SNR or Eb/Nt)
The key design outputs of a LTE Link Budget are:
• Identification of the limiting link
• Resulting Maximum Allowable Path Loss per Morphology
• Estimated Cell Radius and Service area per Morphology to
estimate the Required Cell Count(s) to serve specific Coverage
Objective Area(s)

80-W2691-1 Rev A 79
Link Budget – Limitations
A Link Budget represents a quick account of gains, margins, and
losses present in each link. This assessment has some limitations:
1. Any formal network design also needs to consider capacity aspects, which also
affect network resources
A Link Budget reflects only coverage aspects of dimensioning
A Link Budget is limited to specific channel types; it does not consider a
mixed environment, custom demand, or specific subscriber distribution
2. Site configuration is differentiated only by morphology (representing the minimum
resolution) which does not represent a realistic scenario
In particular, a link budget consider that a given morphology is contiguous
3. A Link Budget does not utilize GIS data (digital elevation model (DEM) terrain, land
use mapping, building data, etc). The coverage objectives are only represented by
its area. The resulting accuracy is lower than a well configured prediction tool.
But a Link Budget allow to quickly perform sensitivity analysis

80-W2691-1 Rev A 80
Link Budget – Channels Considered
The following Downlink Channels are considered:
• Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): Estimate the extend of the
achievable coverage boundary.
• Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH): Estimates the maximum
achievable data rate under the specified design targets.
The following Uplink Channels are considered:
• Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH): Can utilize different
modulations (QPSK, 16-QAM or 64-QAM)
Estimates the maximum achievable data rate under the specified
design targets.
For both UL (PDSCH) and DL link budget
(PUSCH) only 1 single channel model is
considered (c.f. 36.942)

80-W2691-1 Rev A 81
DL Link Budget – Overall Process
1
3
4

80-W2691-1 Rev A 82
Link Budget (DL) – Inputs and
Assumptions
1 2
3
4

80-W2691-1 Rev A 83
Link Budget (UL) – Inputs and
Assumptions
1 2 3
4

80-W2691-1 Rev A 84
Estimation of the Limiting Link

80-W2691-1 Rev A 85
DL Budget Terms: Required SNR Based
• The standard link budget
incorporate all powers, gains and
losses of all elements that are part
of the Cell to/from UE path
• Some variables will depend on the
specific LTE implementation like:
Total available Bandwidth and Sub-
Carrier Spacing
• SNR specification should be
defined based on the target Cell
Edge Data Rate
• The radio Channel Losses and
Margins group of parameters
should specify Cell Edge
Probability, Standard Deviations
and Mean BPL
• Relation and units associated to
MAPL computation are provided on
the table and spreadsheet
Item Formulation Values Unit
ERP
Total Power Per Cell A = Input 43.00 dBm
Channel Power Offset B = Input 0.00 dB
Total Available Bandwidth C = Input 10.00 MHz
Sub-carrier Spacing D = Input 15.00 KHz
Bandwidth for Maximum Power E = 10*Log10(C*106
) 70.00 dB-Hz
Number of Resource Blocks (RBs) F = Input from Mapping Table 50.00 N/A
Power per Sub-carrier G = A + 10*Log10((D*103
)/(C*106
)) + B 14.76 dBm
Cell associated Losses
(Cable+Connectors+Combiner)
H = Input -3.00 dB
Transmit Antenna Gain I = Input 17.00 dBi
Per Sub-carrier EIRP I = G + H + I 28.76 dBm
UE Sensitivitty and MAPL at UE
Thermal Noise K = 10*Log10(290*1.38*10-23
*103
) -173.98 dBm/Hz
Receiver Noise Figure L = Input 9.00 dB
Noise Floor M = K + 10*Log10(D*103
) + L -123.22 dBm
Required SNR O = Input -3.00 dB
Sensitivitty S = M + O -126.22 dB
Estimated SNR -3.00 dB
Geometry (Ior/Ioc) @ Full Load P = Input -2.00 dBm
Load Percentage Q = Input 100.00 % %
Other-to-Same Cell Interference (Ioc/Ior),
considering Loading
N = P-1
2.00 dB
MAPL at the UE See training material 146.44 dB
Propagation and Rx Gain and Losses
Receive Antenna Gain U = Input 0.00 dBi
UE associated Losses
(Cable+Connectors+Combiner)
V = Input 0.00 dB
Receive Gain and Losses W = Input 0.00 dB
Cell Edge Reliability X = Input 90.00 % %
Log Normal Fading Standard Deviation Y = Input 8.00 dB
Mean Building Penetration Losses A' = Input 10.00 dB
Building Penetration Loss St. Dev Y' = Input 8.00 dB
Body Loss B' = Input 0.00 dB
Combined St. Dev Y"=sqrt(Y^2+Y'^2) 11.31 dB
BPL and Log Normal Fading Z = -NORMINV(X,B'+A',Y") -24.50 dB
Final Path Loss to cell border D' = J - S + W + Z 121.9 dB

Voice and LTE

80-W2691-1 Rev A 87
Voice Over LTE
VoIP
Capacity
Latency Issues
Possible Solutions
IMS Availability
Robustness Issues
CSFB Issues
Fall back to 2G/3G
R99 / cdma2000 / CS over HS on HSPA
Multiple RF chains
Can one get a voice call while on a data session
Volga
No clear cut way forward
Vendors pushing their own solution
Each operator has their own view

80-W2691-1 Rev A 88
VoIP Capacity in LTE
Phy/MAC Issues
DL Capacity: ~250 VoIP calls / 5 MHz
UL Capacity: ~200 VoIP calls / 5 MHz
Bottleneck: Uplink
Network Issues
Lack of Forward Handover
No SHO – Call must be torn down and re-established
Typical Handover Delay
DL: 360 ms (Aggressive: ~260ms)
UL: 185 ms (Aggressive: ~105ms)
Possible Proprietary Forward Handover Solutions
IMS Issues
Too many options
Voice One has a good suggested profile
No IMS Networks available today – design very mature

80-W2691-1 Rev A 89
Introduction to IMS
• IP Multimedia Subsystems: 3GPP, 3GPP2, and ITU-T (NGN)
• IMS defines a framework for delivering multimedia services over IP
• Framework provides following
• Architecture (Defines Functional Entities and Interfaces)
• Security (Authentication, Authorization, Integrity Protection)
• Accounting (Offline, Online)
• Defines Application Server Architecture
• IMS is Access Network Agnostic
• Single IMS core can cater to devices on different access networks e.g. LTE,
cdma2000, WLAN, UMTS, cable-modem etc.
Uses protocols defined by IETF
SIP, SDP, Diameter
Defines Open Architecture
Services are delivered over IP
End to end IP between and UE and network – avoid transcoding if possible
Enables interaction of dissimilar user devices
Facilitates convergence of multimedia services, e.g., gaming, web browsing, voice …

80-W2691-1 Rev A 90
IMS

80-W2691-1 Rev A 91
Voice over LTE (VoLTE)
Previously called One Voice
A minimum feature set of IMS requited to support VoIP over LTE
Includes support for call waiting, conference, etc.
Started as an industry effort – led by operators
Currently being specified in GSMA
Uses SIP for call setup
SIP = Session Initiation Protocol
Proposal from
AT&T, Orange, Telefonica, TeliaSonera, Verizon, Vodafone, Alcatel-Lucent,
Ericsson, Nokia Siemens Networks, Nokia, Samsung Electronics, Sony Ericsson
AMR is the default codec
IMS and VoLTE support by end of next year
SMS not part of this profile
Violates IMS philosophy!
Meant to work on LTE only
Can be extended to support HSPA

80-W2691-1 Rev A 92
Other VoIP Solutions
IMS Defines call set-up
Can use other PS apps for voice
How to do QoS?
Question is who has control
Is there a standard software that operators can produce just to use the
existing the current network?
Skype over LTE
Can use LTE interface
1x for Skype users, and charge voice minutes
Other similar applications possible
More information awaited …

80-W2691-1 Rev A 93
Robustness Issues
No SHO in LTE
Every call switch is a hard handoff
Calls must be torn down and brought up
Can cause outage and Radio Link Failure (RLF)
Need to see performance in cases where there are lot of handoffs
Tokyo downtown
High speed trains
Ping-pong situations
Possibility to tweak network settings per morphology
Only Backward Handover present in LTE
Causes large handover delay
Forward handover can be done
Proprietary solutions
Reduces call set up time

80-W2691-1 Rev A 94
CSFB objective
CS Fallback enables provisioning of CS voice and other
CS domain services when UE is served by E-UTRAN
E-UTRAN supports PS domain services only
CSFB enabled terminal may use UTRAN, GERAN or 1xRTT to
establish CS domain services
Thus CSFB is needed by operators not supporting IMS PS voice
services over E-UTRAN
When operators upgrade their networks to support IMS
PS voice and other IMS services
Need for CSFB will be obsolete
CSFB may be needed only for a limited period of time

80-W2691-1 Rev A 95
Other Solutions
Support Voice on HSPA/cdma2000
In data call – voice arrives, will network downgrade?
Two RF chains – cost an issue
Circuit Switch Fallback
Existing Networks
Two RF Chains?
Ix / R99 for voice
Possibly overlay with DO
No clear cut way forward
Vendors pushing their own solution
Each operator has their own view
Volga - interim solution
Uses the 3GPP Generic Access Standard (GAN)
Uses the circuit switched network with LTE air interface
Entity between GSM call module and MAC layer of LTE
Expect to fit the bill till voice IMS is available – One Voice - blow to them

Epilogue

80-W2691-1 Rev A 97
Epilogue
Tremendous Challenge in deploying LTE
Overlay over existing network
Need to create proper profile deployment
Trials and vendor selection
Parameter optimization
Coverage and Capacity Estimation
Interference Mitigation
Load Balancing
Mobility
Optimized for low mobile speed (< 15 km/h)
Maintained mobility support up to 350 km/h (to ~500 km/h?)
Robustness and handover
Voice over LTE
Inter-working with existing 3G and non-3GPP systems

LTE Training

80-W2691-1 Rev A 99
WCDMA/LTE Course Map

80-W2691-1 Rev A 100
LTE Courses
LTE Air Interface Overview (3 days)
Overview of LTE/E-UTRAN network architecture and protocols
Principles of OFDMA - DL and UL channels, signals and operations
MAC, RLC and PHY layers of the LTE air interface
LTE Call Processing (1 day)
Control plane signaling and user plane setup in EPS framework
EPS Call Processing in detail to support different UE procedures
camping, call setup, registration, handover etc.
Signaling messages across all interfaces of EPS: Information Elements (IE) /
parameters.
Includes OTA signaling, information exchange with HSS, PCRF and AF.
Example of a real network deployment scenario
LTE Network Planning (1 day)
RF network planning for LTE networks.
Coverage: Link budget analysis / review of typical overlay examples
Interference analysis, link budgets, and propagation models.
Practical Aspects: spectrum, PN and neighbor list planning, 1-1 and non 1-1 overlays with
2G/3G networks

Thank You.
For questions please contact:
Hussein Hachem
hhachem@qualcomm.com
+971 50 188 830 (Dubai)
+965 9736 6505 (Kuwait)

LTE-Qualcomm EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES

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