This document discusses different types of foundations for structures. It describes shallow foundations like spread footings, combined footings, cantilever footings, continuous footings, and raft foundations. It also describes deep foundations like piles, piers, and caissons. The key factors in selecting a foundation type are the structure's loads, subsurface soil conditions, and cost. Foundation design considers load distribution, settlement, and preventing differential movement.
This resource material is exclusively for the purpose of knowledge dissemination for the use of Civil engineering Fraternity, professionals & students.
This file contains state of art techniques adopted & practiced as per IS456 code provisions for analysis design & detailing of flat slab structural systems.
The presentation aims to provide clear,concise, technical details of flat slabs design.
The presentation deals with structural actions & behavior of flat slabs with visual representations obtained through finite element analysis.
The knowledge gained can be used for designing building structures frequently encountered in construction.
The presentation covers an important feature of slab systems supported on rigid & flexible support & clearly demarcates the minimum beam dimensions required to consider the supports to be either rigid or flexible.
The presentation alsoincludes clear technical drawings to highlight the importance of detailing w.r.t. rebar lay out - positioning & curtailment. Typical section drawing through middle & column strips are also included for visualizing rebar patterns in 3 -d views.
This presentation is an outcome of series of lectures for undergrad & grad students studying in civil engineering.
My next presentation would be on Analysis & design of deep beams.
Kindly mail me ( vvietcivil@gmail.com) your questions & valuable feedback.
What are methods of steel structure designnajeeb muhamed
There are three different methods for design of steel structure, i.e. simple design, continuous design and semi-continuous steel design.
Joints in structures have been assumed to behave as either pinned or rigid to render design calculations manageable.
In simple design the joints are idealised as perfect pins. Continuous design assumes that joints are rigid and that no relative rotation of connected members occurs whatever the applied moment.
The vast majority of designs carried out today make one of these two assumptions, but a more realistic alternative is now possible, which is known as semi-continuous design.
This resource material is exclusively for the purpose of knowledge dissemination for the use of Civil engineering Fraternity, professionals & students.
This file contains state of art techniques adopted & practiced as per IS456 code provisions for analysis design & detailing of flat slab structural systems.
The presentation aims to provide clear,concise, technical details of flat slabs design.
The presentation deals with structural actions & behavior of flat slabs with visual representations obtained through finite element analysis.
The knowledge gained can be used for designing building structures frequently encountered in construction.
The presentation covers an important feature of slab systems supported on rigid & flexible support & clearly demarcates the minimum beam dimensions required to consider the supports to be either rigid or flexible.
The presentation alsoincludes clear technical drawings to highlight the importance of detailing w.r.t. rebar lay out - positioning & curtailment. Typical section drawing through middle & column strips are also included for visualizing rebar patterns in 3 -d views.
This presentation is an outcome of series of lectures for undergrad & grad students studying in civil engineering.
My next presentation would be on Analysis & design of deep beams.
Kindly mail me ( vvietcivil@gmail.com) your questions & valuable feedback.
What are methods of steel structure designnajeeb muhamed
There are three different methods for design of steel structure, i.e. simple design, continuous design and semi-continuous steel design.
Joints in structures have been assumed to behave as either pinned or rigid to render design calculations manageable.
In simple design the joints are idealised as perfect pins. Continuous design assumes that joints are rigid and that no relative rotation of connected members occurs whatever the applied moment.
The vast majority of designs carried out today make one of these two assumptions, but a more realistic alternative is now possible, which is known as semi-continuous design.
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Foundation Module 3rd-BCT301.pdf
Building Construction Technology Course and Equipment
Lecturer’s name: Saad Talaat BILBAS
University: Erbil Polytechnic University
College: Engineering
Department: Civil
Pile foundation are essential in case where SBC is low or the load coming from superstructure is too heavy,
Topics covered includes Materials used for making piles, Type of piles, load transfer mechanism, factors affecting selection of piles, Installation methods, load carrying capacity of piles, different load tests performed and the behavior of piles as a group.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
2. • Definition: The lowest artificially built part
of a structure which transmits the load of
the structure to the ground is called
foundation.
• The foundation of a structure is always
constructed below ground level to increase
the lateral stability of the structure.
2
4. Types of Foundations
Foundations can be broadly classified into the following two
categories:
– Shallow foundations
– Deep foundations
1. Shallow Foundations :- The foundations provided immediately
beneath the lowest part of the structure, near to the ground
level are known as shallow foundations.
Shallow foundations are further classified into the following types:
» Spread or Isolated footings
» Combined footing
» Cantilever footing
» Continuous or wall footing
» Raft foundation
4
5. Spread or Isolated Footings: used to support individual
column.
• These are the most common type of foundation,
primarily because of their cost and ease of construction.
• They are most often used:
–in small to medium size structures,
– on sites with moderate to good soil conditions,
–on some large structures when they are located
at sites underlain by exceptionally good soil or
shallow bedrock.
• Isolated footings are stepped type, simple type or slope
type
5
8. Combined Footing: supports two or sometimes
three column in a row.
• Combined footing is used when property lines,
equipment locations, column spacing or other
considerations limit the footing clearance at the
column locations.
• Combined footing can be:
• rectangular in shape if both the columns carry equal
loads, or
• trapezoidal if there is a space limitation and they
carry unequal loads.
8
11. Cantilever or Strap Footing: consists of two
individual footings connected by a beam called a
strap.
• Cantilever footing may be used:
• where the distance between the columns is so
great that a trapezoidal combined footing
becomes quite narrow, with resulting high
bending moments.
• The strap beam does not remain in contact with
soil so a strap doesn’t transfer any pressure to the
soil.
11
14. Continuous or wall footing or strip
footing:
• In this type of footing, a single continuous
reinforced concrete slab is provided as
foundation of load bearing wall.
• A strip footing is also provided for a row of
columns which are so closely spaced that their
spread footings overlap or nearly touch each
other.
14
17. Mat (Raft) Foundation: is a combined footing that
covers the entire area beneath a structure and
supports all the columns.
• Foundation engineers often consider mats when
dealing with any one of the following conditions:
– The structural loads are so high or the soil
conditions so poor that spread footings would be
exceptionally large.
As a general rule of thumb, if spread footings would cover
more than 50 percent of the building footprint area, a mat
or some type of deep foundation will usually be more
economical.
– The soil is very erratic and prone to excessive
differential settlement.
– The structural loads are erratic, and thus increase
the likelihood of excessive differential settlement.
17
18. – The lateral loads are not uniformly distributed through
the structure and thus may cause differential horizontal
movement in spread footings.
– The uplift loads are lager than spread footings can
accommodate.
– The bottom of the structure is located below ground
water table, so waterproofing is an important concern.
Because mats are monolithic, they are easier to
waterproof.
18
19. Flat plate mat foundation Two-way beam and slab
(Ribbed mat)
19
21. 2.Deep Foundations: When the soil at or near the
ground surface is not capable of supporting a structure,
deep foundations are required to transfer the loads to
deeper strata.
• Deep foundations are, therefore, used
»when surface soil is unsuitable for shallow
foundation, and a firm stratum is so deep
that it cannot be reached economically by
shallow foundations.
• The most common types of deep foundations are piles,
piers and caissons.
• Pile: is a slender structural member made of steel,
concrete or wood.
• A pile is either driven into the soil or formed in-situ
by excavating a hole and filling it with concrete.
•
21
22. • Pier: A pier is a vertical column of relatively large
cross-section than a pile.
»A pier is installed in a dry area excavating a
cylindrical hole of large diameter to the
desired depth and then backfilling it with
concrete.
• Caisson: A caisson is a type of foundation of the shape
of hollow prismatic box, which is built above the
ground and then sunk to the required depth as a single
unit.
• It is a watertight box or chamber used for laying
foundation under water.
• A pier and caisson differ basically only in the method of
construction
22
24. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF FOUNDATION DESIGN
• The usual approach to a normal foundation-engineering
problem is:
• To prepare a plan of the base of the structure showing the
various columns, load-bearing walls with estimated loads,
including dead load, live load, moments and torques
coming into the foundation units.
• To study the tentative allowable bearing pressures
allocated for the various strata below the ground level, as
given by the soil investigation report.
24
25. • To determine the required foundation depth. This may
be the minimum depth based on soil strength or
structural requirement considerations.
• To compute the dimensions of the foundation based
on the given loading and allowable bearing pressure.
• To estimate the total and differential settlements of
the structure.
If these are excessive the bearing pressure will have to
be reduced or the foundation taken to a deeper and
less compressible stratum or the structure will have
to be founded on piles or other special measures
taken
25
26. Loads on Foundation
• A foundation may be subjected to two or more of the
following loads.
• a) Dead load:
• Weight of structure
» All material permanently attached to structure
» Static earth pressure acting permanently against the
structure below ground surface.
» Water pressure acting laterally against basement walls and
vertically against slab.
• b) Live load: temporary loads expected to
superimpose on the structure during its useful life.
26
27. • c) Wind load:- lateral load coming from the action of wind.
-Local building codes provide magnitude of design
wind pressure.
• d) Earth-quake load:- lateral load coming from earth- quake
motion.
-The total lateral force (base shear) at the base of a
structure is evaluated in accordance with local
building code.
• e) Dynamic load:- load coming from a vibrating object
(machinery).
– In such case, separate foundation should be provided. The
impact effect of such loads should be considered in design.
27
28. Pressure Distribution Beneath Foundations
• This is the distribution of the pressure between the base of the
foundation and the ground.
• The pattern of the distribution varies according to the stiffness
of the foundation.
28
Pressure distribution under a rigid footing
a) On cohessionless soil
b) On cohesive soil
a)
b)
34. .
eb
ea
a
b
max
= P/ab (16eb/b 6ea/a)
min
For contact pressure to remain (+) ve
everywhere,
0
.
1
6
6
+
L
e
B
e L
B
34
35. Settlement of Foundations
35
Ground Level
Original foundation level
max
1
2
3
l1
l2 l3
1,2,3 = Differential sett., = Greatest differential sett.
max = maximum total sett., l1,l2,l3= Bay width, /l = angular distortion
36. NO SETTLEMENT * TOTAL SETTLEMENT * DIFFERENTIAL
SETTLEMENT
Uniform settlement is usually of little consequence in a building, but
differential settlement can cause severe structural damage
36
38. • From statistical analysis Skempton and MacDonald concluded
that as long as the angular distortion , /l of a building is less
than 1/300, there should be no settlement damage.
1. Recommendation of Skempton and MacDonald
i) Settlements on sand
a) isolated footings /l = max/600, max 2inches
b) rafts /l = max/750, max 2 1/2inches
ii) Settlements on clay
a) isolated footings /l = max/1000, max 3.3inches
b) rafts /l = max/1250, max 4 1/4inches
38
39. 2. Recommendation of Bowles
Types of soil Type of foundations
Isolated Rafts
Sand 3.8cm 3.8-6.4cm
clay 6.4cm 6.4cm-10.2cm
39
40. 3. Recommendation of EBCS7-1995
Types of
soils
Isolated rafts
Sand 5.0cm 5.0cm
clay 7.5cm 7.5cm
40
41. Selection of Foundation Type
• In selecting the foundation type the following points must be
considered
• Function of the structure
• Loads it must carry
• Subsurface conditions
• Cost of foundation in comparison with the cost of the
superstructure.
• Having these points in mind one should apply the following
steps in order to arrive at a decision.
• Obtain at least approximate information concerning
the nature of the superstructure and the loads to be
transmitted to the foundation
• Determine the subsurface condition in a general way.
41
42. • Consider each of the usual types of foundations in order to judge
whether or not
• They could be constructed under existing conditions.
• They are capable of carrying the required load.
• They experience serious differential settlements.
• The types that are found to be unsuitable should then be
eliminated.
• Undertake a detailed study of the most promising types. Such a
study may require additional information on loads and subsurface
conditions.
• Determine the approximate size of footing or the approximate
length and number of piles required
• Prepare an estimate for the cost of each promising type of
foundation.
• Select the type that represents the most acceptable compromise
between performance and cost.
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42