This document provides information about an industrial training report on a hospital construction project. It includes a site profile of the Smita Memorial Hospital, which is a 416 bed multi-specialty hospital. It also discusses familiarization with relevant IS codes, concrete mix design, tests on concrete including slump and cube tests, site visits covering placing, compacting, finishing of concrete and construction of columns and beams. Finally, it discusses quality control methods and safety provisions for the construction site, including staircase safety for high rise buildings.

1. Industrial Training Report
Dept. of Civil Engineering,Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology,Vazhakulam
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1. SITE PROFILE
The proposed Smita Memorial Hospital & Research Centre at Thodupuzha is a state of
art multi-specialty Hospital located between Thodupuzha – Muvattupuzha high road and
perennial Thodupuzhayar. The total built up area is 2,55,500 sqft spread on 3.0 acres of
land. Special care has been given in the design towards environmental aspects. It is a 416 bedded
hospital with 334 single rooms, 6 operation theatres, 5 ICUs and all other amenities required
for a modern hospital. The architectural design caters for great convenience and comfort for
patients, utmost efficiency for the doctors and staff and maximum flexibility for future
expansion.
Fig.1.1. Smita Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Thodupuzha

2. Industrial Training Report
Dept. of Civil Engineering,Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology,Vazhakulam
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2. FAMILIARISATION OF IS CODES
Some of the Indian Standard codes we have gone through during industrial training are the
following,
SL.
NO
IS CODES CODES FOR
1 IS 383 : 1970 Specification for coarse aggregate and fine aggregate from
natural sources for concrete
2 IS 456 : 2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete – code for practice
3 IS 516 : 1959 Method of test for strength of concrete
4 IS 800 : 1984 Code of practice for General construction in steel
5 IS 1199 : 1959 Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete
6 IS 1200 : 1992 Methods of measurement of building and civil engineering
work
7 IS 13920 :1993 Ductile details of Reinforced concrete structures subjected
to seismic forces
28 IS 1786 : 2008 High strength deformed steel bars and wires for concrete
reinforcement- specification
9 IS 2720 : 1973 Determination of moisture content
10 IS 3385 Code of practice for measurement of civil engineering
work

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Dept. of Civil Engineering,Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology,Vazhakulam
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3. MIX DESIGN
Concrete is the basis engineering material used in most civil engineering structure. It’s popularity as
basic building material in construction is because of, its economy of use, good durability and case
with which it can be manufactured at site. The ability to mould it into any shape and size, because of
its plasticity in green stage and its sub sequent hardening to achieve strength is particularly useful.
Concrete like other engineering materials needs to be designed for properties like strength,
durability, workability and cohesion. Concrete mix design is the science of deciding relative
proportions of ingredients of concrete, to achieve the desired properties in the most economical way.
With advent of high rise buildings and prestressed concrete, use of higher grades of concrete
is becoming more common. Even the revised IS 456-2000 advocates use of higher grades concrete
for more severe conditions of exposure, for durability considerations. With advent of new generation
admixtures, it is possible to achieve higher grades of concrete with high workability levels
economically. Use of mineral admixtures like fly ash, slag, melta kaolin and silica fume have
revolutionized the concrete technology by increasing strength and durability of concrete by many
folds.mix design of concrete becoming more relevant in the above scenario. However, it should be
borne in mind that mix design adopted site should implemented with proper understanding and with
necessary precautions.
3.1 What is Mix Design?
Concrete is an extremely versatile building material because, it can be designed for strength ranging
from M10 to M100 and workability ranging from 0 mm slump upto 150mm slump. In all these cases
the basic ingredients of concrete are the same, but it is their relative proportion in that makes the
difference.
Basic ingredients of concrete
1. Cement: it is the basic building material in concrete.
2. Water: it hydrates cement and also makes concrete workable.

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Dept. of Civil Engineering,Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology,Vazhakulam
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3. Coarse aggregate: it is building component of concrete.
4. Fine aggregate: along with cement paste it forms mortar grout and fills voids in the coarse
aggregate.
5. Admixtures: they enhance certain properties of concrete e.g. gain of strength, workability,
setting properties, imperviousness etc.
Decision variables in Mix Design
a) Water cement ratio
b) Cement content
c) Relative proportion of fine aggregate to coarse aggregates
Proportion of fine aggregate to coarse aggregate depends upon the following :
a) Fineness of sand
b) Size &shape of coarse aggregate
c) Cement content
Commonly used admixtures are as follows:
a) Plasticizers and super plasticizers
b) Retarders
c) Accelerators
d) Air entraining agents
e) Water proofing admixtures
Admixture used in this project site is Hyper Plastisizer Type G.
Design mix used in this project:
1. M25 – used for stair, slab, beam.
2. M30 – used for column, lift.

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Dept. of Civil Engineering,Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology,Vazhakulam
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4. TESTS ON CONCRETE
There are various tests conducted in the site for determining the workability and strength of
concrete. They are slump test and concrete cube test.
4.1. Concrete slump test
The concrete slump test is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete. More
specifically, it measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific batch. This test is performed
to check the consistency of freshly made concrete. Consistency is a term very closely related to
workability. It is a term which describes the state of fresh concrete. It refers to the ease with which
the concrete flows. It is used to indicate the degree of wetness. Workability of concrete is mainly
affected by consistency i.e. wetter mixes will be more workable than drier mixes, but concrete of the
same consistency may vary in workability. It is also used to determine consistency between
individual batches.
The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure.
Unfortunately, the simplicity of the test often allows a wide variability in the manner that the test is
performed. The slump test is used to ensure uniformity for different batches of similar concrete
under field conditions,[ and to ascertain the effects of plasticizers on their introduction. In Indiana
this test is conducted as per IS specification.
4.1.1. Principle
The slump test result is a slump of the behavior of a compacted inverted cone of concrete
under the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the wetness of concrete.
4.1.2. Apparatus
The test is carried out using a mould known as a slump cone or Abrams cone. The cone is placed on
a hard non-absorbent surface. This cone is filled with fresh concrete in three stages, each time it is

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Dept. of Civil Engineering,Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology,Vazhakulam
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tamped using a rod of standard dimensions. At the end of the third stage, concrete is struck off flush
to the top of the mould. The mould is carefully lifted vertically upwards, so as not to disturb the
concrete cone. Concrete subsides. This subsidence is termed as slump, and is measured in to the
nearest 5 mm if the slump is <100 mm and measured to the nearest 10 mm if the slump is >100 mm.
Fig.4.1.Concrete Slump Fig.4.2.Slump Test Sets For Concrete Testing
4.2 Concrete cube test
Compressive strength of concrete: Out of many test applied to the concrete, this is the utmost
important which gives an idea about all the characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge
that whether Concreting has been done properly or not. For cube test two types of specimens either
cubes of 15 cm X 15 cm X 15 cm or 10cm X 10 cm x 10 cm depending upon the size of aggregate
are used. For most of the works cubical moulds of size 15 cm x 15cm x 15 cm are commonly used.
This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any voids.
After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for curing. The top
surface of this specimen should be made even and smooth. This is done by putting cement paste and
spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen.
These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days
curing. Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the Specimens
fails. Load at the failure divided by area of specimen gives the compressive strength of concrete.

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Dept. of Civil Engineering,Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology,Vazhakulam
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Fig.4.3.Concrete Cube (150mmx150mmx150mm)
Fig.4.4.Copression Testing Machine

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Dept. of Civil Engineering,Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology,Vazhakulam
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5. SITE VISIT
5.1 Placing of Concrete
Concrete must be placed quickly and simply. Direct from a mixer truck is easiest and best. To do
this the truck has to back-up to two or three sides of the job. All concrete must be properly
compacted as it is placed. When a mixer truck cannot get close to the slab, means of transporting the
concrete to its final position include pump, tipper, dumper and wheelbarrow.
In this site concrete is transported using wheelbarrow and pumped using boom placer.
Fig.5.1.Placing of Concrete
5.2 Compacting
A mechanical vibrator should be used to compact the concrete every half metre over the length of
the beam and hold it in place until the concrete settles and bubbles stop rising to the surface. Hold
the vibrator straight up and be careful not to move the steel reinforcement, or damage the underlay
or formwork.
Fig.5.2.Compaction of Concrete

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Dept. of Civil Engineering,Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology,Vazhakulam
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5.3 Finishing
When the concrete compaction is done, the slab should be roughly floated with a trowel to give a
smooth surface. After floating, The slab should be left to set hard enough so that a man standing on
his heels will not sink more than 5 mm into the concrete.
Free water (bleed water) will rise to the surface of the slab after it is leveled. Wait until the
surface water dries before the final float or trowel finishing. On a cold day the bleed water may have
to be dragged off by pulling a rope or hose over the surface. Never spread dry cement or sand over
the slab to absorb the bleed water as this will make the finished surface weak and dusty
Fig.5.3.Finishing Of Concrete
5.4 Column Construction
Column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits,
through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other
words, a column is a compression member. The term column applies especially to a large round
support (the shaft of the column) with a capital and a base or pedestal and made of stone or
appearing to be so. A small wooden or metal support is typically called a post, and supports with a
rectangular or other non-round section are usually called piers.

10. Industrial Training Report
Dept. of Civil Engineering,Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology,Vazhakulam
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For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral
forces. Other compression members are often termed "columns" because of the similar stress
conditions. Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of
walls or ceilings rest. In architecture, "column" refers to such a structural element that also has
certain proportional and decorative features. A column might also be a decorative element not
needed for structural purposes; many columns are "engaged", that is to say form part of a wall.
Fig.5.4.Column Construction
5.5 Column Reinforcement
A column is a slender, vertical member that carries a superimposed load. Concrete
columns, especially those subjected to bending stresses, must always be reinforced with steel. In
concrete columns, vertical reinforcement is the principal reinforcement. However, a
loaded column shortens vertically and expands laterally; hence, lateral reinforcements in the
form of lateral ties are used to restrain the expansion. Columns reinforced in this manner are called
tied columns. If the restraining reinforcement is a continuous winding spiral that encircles the core
and longitudinal steel, the column is called a spiral column.

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Dept. of Civil Engineering,Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology,Vazhakulam
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Fig.5.5.Column and Slab Reinforcement
Coupling of reinforcements: Lapped joints are not appropriate, particularily when large diameter
bars are involved. The use of couplers can simplify the design and construction of reinforced
concrete, and reduce the amount of reinforcement being used.
Fig.5.6.Coupling of Reinforcement

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Dept. of Civil Engineering,Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology,Vazhakulam
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Fig.5.7.Coupler
5.6 BEAM CONSTRUCTION
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending.
The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external loads, own
weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending moment. Beams are
characterized by their profile (shape of cross-section), their length, and their material.
Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural elements, but
smaller structures such as truck or automobile frames, machine frames, and other mechanical or
structural systems contain beam structures that are designed and analyzed in a similar fashion.
Fig.5.8.Beam Construction

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Dept. of Civil Engineering,Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology,Vazhakulam
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6. QUALITY CONTROLMETHODS AND SAFETYIN THE
CONSTRUCTION SITE
6.1 Quality Control
Quality control and safety represent increasingly important concerns for project managers. Defects
or failures in constructed facilities can result in very large costs. Even with minor defects, re-
construction may be required and facility operations impaired. Increased costs and delays are the
result. In the worst case, failures may cause personal injuries or fatalities. Accidents during the
construction process can similarly result in personal injuries and large costs. Indirect costs of
insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due to these increased direct costs. Good
project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and that no major accidents
occur on the project.
As with cost control, the most important decisions regarding the quality of a completed
facility are made during the design and planning stages rather than during construction. It is during
these preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications and functional
performance are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring
conformance to this original design and planning decisions.
While conformance to existing design decisions is the primary focus of quality control, there
are exceptions to this rule. First, unforeseen circumstances, incorrect design decisions or changes
desired by an owner in the facility function may require re-evaluation of design decisions during the
course of construction. While these changes may be motivated by the concern for quality, they
represent occasions for re-design with all the attendant objectives and constraints. As a second case,
some designs rely upon informed and appropriate decision making during the construction process
itself. For example, some tunneling methods make decisions about the amount of shoring required at
different locations based upon observation of soil conditions during the tunneling process. Since
such decisions are based on better information concerning actual site conditions, the facility design
may be more cost effective as a result.

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Dept. of Civil Engineering,Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology,Vazhakulam
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With the attention to conformance as the measure of quality during the construction process,
the specification of quality requirements in the design and contract documentation becomes
extremely important. Quality requirements should be clear and verifiable, so that all parties in the
project can understand the requirements for conformance. Much of the discussion in this chapter
relates to the development and the implications of different quality requirements for construction as
well as the issues associated with insuring conformance.
Safety during the construction project is also influenced in large part by decisions made
during the planning and design process. Some designs or construction plans are inherently difficult
and dangerous to implement, whereas other, comparable plans may considerably reduce the
possibility of accidents. For example, clear separation of traffic from construction zones during
roadway rehabilitation can greatly reduce the possibility of accidental collisions. Beyond these
design decisions, safety largely depends upon education, vigilance and cooperation during the
construction process. Workers should be constantly alert to the possibilities of accidents and avoid
taken unnecessary risks.
6.2 Safety Provisions for High Rise Buildings
6.2.1. Staircase
(1) Every high rise building shall have at least two staircases.
(2) The height of the handrail in the staircase shall not be less than 90 cms. and if balusters are
provided no gap in the balusters shall be more than 10 cms wide.
6.2.2. Guard rails or parapets
Every slab or balcony overlooking any exterior or interior open space which is 2 metres or more
below shall be provided with parapet walls or guard rails of height not less than 1.20 metres and
such guard rails shall be firmly fixed to the walls and slabs and may also be of blank walls, metal
grills or a combination of both, provided that if metal grills are used they shall not be made of

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Dept. of Civil Engineering,Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology,Vazhakulam
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continuous horizontal members to prevent climbing on them and provided further that guard rails
shall not be made of glass or any similar material which are not reinforced to prevent breaking.
6.2.3. Fire escape stairway
(1) Every high rise building shall be provided with a fire escape stairway.
(2) Fire escape stairway shall be directly connected with public or common areas on all
floors and shall lead directly to the ground.
(3) At least one side of the stairway shall be an external wall either with large openings or
with break open glass to facilitate rescue operations during an emergency.
(4) External fire escape staircase shall have straight flight not less than 75 cm wide, with 20 cm
treads and risers not more than 19 cm. the number of risers shall he limited to 16 per flight.
(5) The height of handrails shall be not less than 100 cm and not more than 120 cm.
(6) The use of spiral staircase as external fire escape stairway shall be limited to buildings
with height not exceeding 10 metres.
(7) A spiral fire escape stairway shall be not less than 150 cm in diameter and shall be so
designed as to give adequate headroom.
6.2.4. Ducts
Every opening provided to ducts from the interior of a building shall be closed with strong materials.
6.2.5. Lift for residential apartments
Every high rise apartment building having more than 16 dwelling units shall be provided with at
least one lift capable of carrying a stretcher.Provided that if only one lift is required for the building
as per the rule 48, that lift shall be one capable of carrying a stretcher.

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Dept. of Civil Engineering,Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology,Vazhakulam
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6.2.6. Parapets to terrace floor
Where access is provided over the terrace floor or to the terrace floor, the edges of the terrace floor
shall be provided with parapet walls made of stable materials to a height of not less than 120 cms.
6.2.7. Structural design
Application for construction or reconstruction or addition or alteration of any high rise building shall
be accompanied by one set of structural design, including that regarding seismic forces as per the
provisions contained in the National Building Code of India as amended from time to time and
drawings and a structural stability certificate prepared and issued by a registered engineering
Fig.6.1.Safety Provisions for Workers

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Dept. of Civil Engineering,Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology,Vazhakulam
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7. CONCLUSION
It was a wonderful experience at construction site of smita memorial hospital, Thodupuzha for 10
days. We gained a lot of insight regarding almost every aspect of site. We were given exposure in
almost all the department at the site. The friendly welcome from all the employees is appreciating,
sharing their experience and giving their peace of wisdom which they have gained in long journey
of work. We hope this experience will be surely helping us in our future and also shaping our career.