Corso di Aggiornamento di Ginecologia dell’Infanzia e dell’Adolescenza: Il pediatra e il ginecologo dall’infanzia all’adolescenza per la salute di domani.
25-27 Gennaio 2018, Messina.
This document summarizes key aspects of the eukaryotic cell cycle and its regulation. It discusses the main phases of the cell cycle - Mitosis, Interphase which includes G1, S, and G2 phases. Critical cell cycle regulators are also outlined, including MPF (Mitosis Promoting Factor), cdc genes, cyclins, and CDK proteins. MPF, composed of Cyclin B and Cdk1, functions as a central regulator of the G2 to M transition by accumulating and degrading cyclin B levels throughout the cell cycle. Checkpoint mechanisms ensure DNA replication and chromosome segregation errors are corrected before progression.
Clinical Trials for Ovarian Cancer: Fact vs. Fictionbkling
Courtney Hudson, CEO & Co-Founder of EmergingMed, explains the basics of clinical trials and the process of developing new treatments in the emerging age of personalized medicine and immunotherapy. Lean how to identify appropriate clinical trials, find strategies to determine your best options, and figure out which questions to ask when making your decisions. Watch the accompanying webinar: https://vimeo.com/203510985
Cell cycle regulation presentation by me and my colleagues. Not the Best work but still it will give a general idea about DNA damage checkpoints, roles of Cdk-Cyclin complexes, Rb proteins, ATM&ATR kinases, p51, etc.
Reference : Nature reviews & The Cell a molecular approach. (cooper)
This document discusses retinoblastoma, a cancer that develops in the retina. It describes the genetic and non-genetic forms of the disease. The genetic form is caused by a mutation in the RB1 gene on chromosome 13. For tumor development to occur, both copies of the RB1 gene must be inactivated. The RB protein normally acts to prevent excessive cell growth by inhibiting the cell cycle. Loss of RB function contributes to unregulated cell growth and cancer development. Nearly all cancers involve disruption of the RB pathway that controls the G1 to S phase cell cycle transition.
O documento discute o cancro, incluindo sua natureza como uma doença onde células se multiplicam descontroladamente, os sinais e sintomas do cancro, e os principais métodos de tratamento como cirurgia, quimioterapia e radioterapia. Ele também enfatiza a importância de um estilo de vida saudável para prevenir o cancro.
1) Tumor suppressor genes normally apply brakes to cell proliferation through proteins that form checkpoints to prevent uncontrolled growth. Loss of function of these genes allows tumor development.
2) The proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes regulate cell cycle control, apoptosis, and cell survival/growth through mechanisms like transcription factors, cell cycle inhibitors, and DNA damage response.
3) Famous tumor suppressor genes include RB, p53, APC, and WT1. Mutation of both copies is required for loss of function, leading to cancers like retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, colon cancer, and Wilms tumor.
The document discusses tumor suppressor genes, which help regulate cell growth and division. It defines tumor suppressor genes and describes their functions, types, and examples. Key tumor suppressor genes discussed include RB, p53, BRCA1, and BRCA2. The document also outlines stimuli that can affect tumor suppressor genes and mentions that further research may lead to improved cancer treatments.
1. Embryonic development involves cell proliferation to increase cell numbers through cleavage and cell differentiation to form different cell types through determination.
2. Gene expression, cell communication, hormones, and environmental factors control this process by regulating proliferation and differentiation.
3. Early embryonic development progresses from a single zygote to a complex organism through regulated cell proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis.
Tumor suppressor genes help repair damaged DNA and inhibit cell proliferation and cancer growth. They fall into two categories: caretaker genes that maintain genome integrity through DNA repair, and gatekeeper genes that inhibit proliferation or promote death of cells with damaged DNA. Key tumor suppressor genes include p53, Rb, APC, WT1, NF1, VHL, p15, p16, BRCA1, BRCA2, and PTEN. Mutation of both copies of a tumor suppressor gene, as with the two-hit hypothesis for retinoblastoma, can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer development.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell cycle regulation in plants. It discusses the cell cycle phases of interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitosis. Key regulators of the plant cell cycle include cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins. CDKs activate during specific cell cycle phases upon binding to cyclins. Plant hormones also influence the cell cycle through effects on CDKs, cyclins and other regulators. Precise control of the cell cycle is important for plant growth and development.
The cell cycle involves an interphase of growth and DNA replication followed by mitosis, where the cell divides. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that drive progression between phases. CDK activity increases upon binding to cyclins and decreases when cyclins are degraded. Growth hormones like auxins and cytokinins promote cell cycle progression by increasing cyclin and CDK expression, while abscisic acid inhibits the cell cycle. Together, these regulatory mechanisms precisely control cell division.
cell cycle and its check points and regulationSayanti Sau
This document provides an overview of the cell cycle and its checkpoints. It defines the cell cycle as the series of events that a cell undergoes from the time it is formed until it replicates itself. The cell cycle consists of interphase, which includes G1, S, and G2 phases, and the mitotic (M) phase. Checkpoints ensure DNA replication and cell division occur accurately. The G1 checkpoint determines if conditions allow cell division. The G2 checkpoint verifies DNA replication is complete before mitosis. The metaphase checkpoint confirms proper chromosome alignment before anaphase. Growth factors and cyclin-CDK complexes regulate progression through the cell cycle phases and checkpoints.
Corso di Aggiornamento di Ginecologia dell’Infanzia e dell’Adolescenza: Il pediatra e il ginecologo dall’infanzia all’adolescenza per la salute di domani.
25-27 Gennaio 2018, Messina.
This document summarizes key aspects of the eukaryotic cell cycle and its regulation. It discusses the main phases of the cell cycle - Mitosis, Interphase which includes G1, S, and G2 phases. Critical cell cycle regulators are also outlined, including MPF (Mitosis Promoting Factor), cdc genes, cyclins, and CDK proteins. MPF, composed of Cyclin B and Cdk1, functions as a central regulator of the G2 to M transition by accumulating and degrading cyclin B levels throughout the cell cycle. Checkpoint mechanisms ensure DNA replication and chromosome segregation errors are corrected before progression.
Clinical Trials for Ovarian Cancer: Fact vs. Fictionbkling
Courtney Hudson, CEO & Co-Founder of EmergingMed, explains the basics of clinical trials and the process of developing new treatments in the emerging age of personalized medicine and immunotherapy. Lean how to identify appropriate clinical trials, find strategies to determine your best options, and figure out which questions to ask when making your decisions. Watch the accompanying webinar: https://vimeo.com/203510985
Cell cycle regulation presentation by me and my colleagues. Not the Best work but still it will give a general idea about DNA damage checkpoints, roles of Cdk-Cyclin complexes, Rb proteins, ATM&ATR kinases, p51, etc.
Reference : Nature reviews & The Cell a molecular approach. (cooper)
This document discusses retinoblastoma, a cancer that develops in the retina. It describes the genetic and non-genetic forms of the disease. The genetic form is caused by a mutation in the RB1 gene on chromosome 13. For tumor development to occur, both copies of the RB1 gene must be inactivated. The RB protein normally acts to prevent excessive cell growth by inhibiting the cell cycle. Loss of RB function contributes to unregulated cell growth and cancer development. Nearly all cancers involve disruption of the RB pathway that controls the G1 to S phase cell cycle transition.
O documento discute o cancro, incluindo sua natureza como uma doença onde células se multiplicam descontroladamente, os sinais e sintomas do cancro, e os principais métodos de tratamento como cirurgia, quimioterapia e radioterapia. Ele também enfatiza a importância de um estilo de vida saudável para prevenir o cancro.
1) Tumor suppressor genes normally apply brakes to cell proliferation through proteins that form checkpoints to prevent uncontrolled growth. Loss of function of these genes allows tumor development.
2) The proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes regulate cell cycle control, apoptosis, and cell survival/growth through mechanisms like transcription factors, cell cycle inhibitors, and DNA damage response.
3) Famous tumor suppressor genes include RB, p53, APC, and WT1. Mutation of both copies is required for loss of function, leading to cancers like retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, colon cancer, and Wilms tumor.
The document discusses tumor suppressor genes, which help regulate cell growth and division. It defines tumor suppressor genes and describes their functions, types, and examples. Key tumor suppressor genes discussed include RB, p53, BRCA1, and BRCA2. The document also outlines stimuli that can affect tumor suppressor genes and mentions that further research may lead to improved cancer treatments.
1. Embryonic development involves cell proliferation to increase cell numbers through cleavage and cell differentiation to form different cell types through determination.
2. Gene expression, cell communication, hormones, and environmental factors control this process by regulating proliferation and differentiation.
3. Early embryonic development progresses from a single zygote to a complex organism through regulated cell proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis.
Tumor suppressor genes help repair damaged DNA and inhibit cell proliferation and cancer growth. They fall into two categories: caretaker genes that maintain genome integrity through DNA repair, and gatekeeper genes that inhibit proliferation or promote death of cells with damaged DNA. Key tumor suppressor genes include p53, Rb, APC, WT1, NF1, VHL, p15, p16, BRCA1, BRCA2, and PTEN. Mutation of both copies of a tumor suppressor gene, as with the two-hit hypothesis for retinoblastoma, can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer development.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell cycle regulation in plants. It discusses the cell cycle phases of interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitosis. Key regulators of the plant cell cycle include cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins. CDKs activate during specific cell cycle phases upon binding to cyclins. Plant hormones also influence the cell cycle through effects on CDKs, cyclins and other regulators. Precise control of the cell cycle is important for plant growth and development.
The cell cycle involves an interphase of growth and DNA replication followed by mitosis, where the cell divides. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that drive progression between phases. CDK activity increases upon binding to cyclins and decreases when cyclins are degraded. Growth hormones like auxins and cytokinins promote cell cycle progression by increasing cyclin and CDK expression, while abscisic acid inhibits the cell cycle. Together, these regulatory mechanisms precisely control cell division.
cell cycle and its check points and regulationSayanti Sau
This document provides an overview of the cell cycle and its checkpoints. It defines the cell cycle as the series of events that a cell undergoes from the time it is formed until it replicates itself. The cell cycle consists of interphase, which includes G1, S, and G2 phases, and the mitotic (M) phase. Checkpoints ensure DNA replication and cell division occur accurately. The G1 checkpoint determines if conditions allow cell division. The G2 checkpoint verifies DNA replication is complete before mitosis. The metaphase checkpoint confirms proper chromosome alignment before anaphase. Growth factors and cyclin-CDK complexes regulate progression through the cell cycle phases and checkpoints.
Cell cycle is the series of events that occur in a cell leading to its division and duplication. It includes interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases) and the mitotic (M) phase. During interphase, the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. The M phase consists of karyokinesis and cytokinesis, dividing the nucleus and cytoplasm, resulting in two identical daughter cells each with the full complement of chromosomes. Key events include DNA replication in S phase, alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate during mitosis, separation of sister chromatids in anaphase, and division of the cytoplasmic contents in cytokinesis.
-Cell Division Process In Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
-Compacting DNA into Chromosomes
-Types of Cell Reproduction
-Phases of the Cell Cycle
-Mitosis
-Meiosis
-Oogenesis & Spermatogenesis
-Comparison of Divisions
La domanda di brevetto tutela delle piccole molecole non tossiche (glicomimetici), facilmente ottenibili da composti naturali (carboidrati), che possono essere utilizzate per il trattamento personalizzato delle malattie legate ai glicani
INFERTILITA': SESSUALITA' , ALIMENTAZIONE, STILI DI VITA, NUTRIZIONE E MICRONUTRIZIONE. "Le Scienze ANDROLOGICHE INTEGRATE" - Dr. Marco FIRMO Medico Chirurgo, Specialista in Andrologia e Medicina Metabolica Funzionale.
Meccanismi epigenetici e transgenerazionali nei disturbiClaudio Lombardo
Recenti scoperte suggeriscono che le modifiche epigenetiche possono mediare i cambiamenti del fenotipo e delle funzioni del cervello, manifestandosi anche di generazione in generazione. Poiché la risposta dell'organismo alle esposizioni ambientali comporta un’alterazione dell’espressione genica, identificare i “cambiamenti epigenetici regolatori” che sono coinvolti potrebbe rappresentare la chiave per prevenire ed intervenire potenzialmente su determinati fenotipi.
3. Le mutazioni tumorali interessano geni che controllano la
proliferazione, il differenziamento e la morte cellulare:
• ONCOGENI ⇒ PROTO-ONCOGENI: per mutazioni “gain
of function”, per lo più in eterozigosi, spesso mutazioni
somatiche
• GENI ONCOSOPPRESSORI: mutazioni “loss of function”
favoriscono la trasformazione neoplastica, in omozigosi
(perdita di funzione di entrambi gli alleli).
ONCOGENI/ONCOSOPPRESSORI
5. PROTO-ONCOGENI
Circa la normale funzione degli oncogeni cellulari (proto-
oncogeni) si possono raggruppare in alcune classi principali:
• fattori di crescita (SIS)
• recettori di superficie (ERBB)
• componenti del sistema intracellulare di trasduzione del
segnale (RAS, ABL)
• proteine che si legano al DNA, fattori di trascrizione (MYC,
JUN)
• cicline, chinasi ciclino-dipendenti e loro inibitori (regolatori
del ciclo cellulare)
6. L’attivazione di un proto-oncogene può essere quantitativa e/o
qualitativa
Quasi sempre sono mutazioni somatiche (quelle germinali sono
per lo più letali)
Le modalità di attivazione sono:
• amplificazione, citogeneticamente evidenziabile come double
minute o HSR (Homogenously Staining Regions), es. Myc
• mutazioni puntiformi, es Ras
• traslocazioni cromosomiche che creano geni chimerici, es.
cromosoma Philadelphia
• trasposizione in un dominio di cromatina attiva, es. linfoma di
Burkitt
PROTO-ONCOGENI
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. Tumor suppressor genes
Repression of genes essential for continuing of
the cell cycle.
Coupling the cell cycle to DNA damage. As long
as there is damaged DNA in the cell, it should
not divide. If the damage can be repaired, the
cell cycle can continue.
If the damage cannot be repaired, the cell should
initiate apoptosis
Some proteins involved in cell adhesion prevent
tumor cells from dispersing, block loss of contact
inhibition, and inhibit metastasis. These proteins
are known as metastasis suppressors.
DNA repair proteins
Increased mutation rate from decreased DNA
repair leads to increased inactivation of other
tumor suppressors and activation of oncogenes.[
12. Tumor suppressor genes
Phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) that controls
passage through G1 of the cell cycle. Control is exerted by the oncogene K-
ras and tumor suppressor genes p53 and p16 through their actions on the
cyclin-dependent kinase/cyclin complexes that regulate phosphorylation.