The document discusses various bacterial pathogens commonly found in wounds such as Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus agalactiae. It describes the virulence factors and strategies used by these bacteria to evade the immune system, including the production of biofilms. The summary also outlines approaches to reducing bacterial bioburden in wounds through cleansing, debridement, and judicious use of antibiotics while supporting the host's natural immune response.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Mycobacterium is a genus of Actinobacteria, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae. Over 190 species are recognized in this genus. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae) in humans.
i dr manish tiwari a tutor department of microbiology SMC medical college unnao, very interested to make ppt of this subject and upload on slide share for benefit of medical(PG) and UG students. if anybody want any ppt of microbiology kindly message me on my mail address and you can contact me too on contact no.that is given on 1st slide.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Mycobacterium is a genus of Actinobacteria, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae. Over 190 species are recognized in this genus. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae) in humans.
i dr manish tiwari a tutor department of microbiology SMC medical college unnao, very interested to make ppt of this subject and upload on slide share for benefit of medical(PG) and UG students. if anybody want any ppt of microbiology kindly message me on my mail address and you can contact me too on contact no.that is given on 1st slide.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body
Myself Dr. Manish Tiwari Tutor Department of microbiology at saraswati medical college and research center( unnao) making presentation is only for MBBS and MD students.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
5. Innate (First Response) Immune System
• Present from birth (Inbuilt Immunity)
• NOT Antigen specific
• No Memory--(No enhanced response with second
exposure)
• Uses cellular and humoral components
• Decreased effectiveness in the absence of Adaptive
Immunity
• Responsible for Adaptive Immune response
– Initiation
– Amplification
• Cytotoxic T Cells – CTL‟s –
• Generally Th1
Columbia June 2012
6. Basic Humoral/Adaptive Immunology
• AntiGen- Antibody Generator (Ag)
• Recognized by Antibodies (Ab)
• Immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG…)
• Made by B Lymphocytes
• T- Lymphocytes HELP B cells
• T helper cells (Th)
• Dendritic Cells (DC)
• “present” Antigen (Ag)
• Generally Th2
Columbia June 2012
7. Origin of Immune System Cells:
Innate & Adaptive
Columbia June 2012
9. General Strategies for Aversion
• Prevent Recognition
– Alter the charge associated with the outer cell membrane
(from negative to neutral)
• Cationic AMP‟s don‟t bind
– Binding to the Fc (wrong end) of IgG
• Prevents opsonization
• Complement cascade does not initiate
• Protection from HOST defenses
– Secretion of cytotoxic molecules to damage HOST
immune cells
– Secretion of enzymes that disable HOST defenses
11. Streptococci
Classified into Lancefield groups (1938)
• Group A Streptococcus
S. pyogenes
– necrotising fasciitis
– toxic shock syndrome
– 1574 cases in England, Wales & NI (2010)
• Group B Streptococcus
• S. agalactiae
– Wound infections & septicaemia in adults
– 1610 cases in England, Wales & NI (2010)
12. What does group B Strep do?
• Colonisation
– Asymptomatic and intermittent
– Intestinal (<30% of adults)
– Vaginal (<25% of women)
• Infection
– Newborn babies
– Adults: the elderly, pregnant/postpartum
women, others with underlying disease
13. Group A Streptococcus (GAS)
S.pyogenes
Diseases:
•Strep Throat
•Toxic Shock
•Necrotizing Fascitis
Spring 2012
•Endocarditis
•Nephritis
A Few of the Virulence Factors:
•M protein
•Hemolysins
•Extracellular enzymes
CU DPT Lecture Series
•Gene encoding SpyCEP
Jim Henson
Mortality
10% to 15% of people with invasive GAS
25% of those with necrotizing fascitis
35% of those with toxic shock syndrome
L.A. Times:
Dividing streptococci (12,000X). Electron micrograph of Streptococcus pyogenes by Maria
Flesh-eating bacteria: Scientists identify the Fazio and Vincent A. Fischetti, Ph.D. with permission. The Laboratory of Bacterial
perpetrator Pathogenesis and Immunology, Rockefeller University.
August 13, 2008 | 4:39 pm
20. Group B Strep – Virulence Factors
[Frontiers in Bioscience 9, 1794-1802, May 1, 2004]
21. Virulence Factor
GBS Surface Polysaccharide Capsule
• Antiphagocytic properties
• Capsule-deficient mutants
diminished virulence in animal
models
• Sialic acid residues on capsule
inhibit the binding of opsonically-
active C3 component of
complement to the cell surface
– blocking activation of the
alternative pathway
• Transplacental passage of type-
specific anticapsular IgG antibody
from mother to infant is an
important protective factor against
invasive disease
http://medicine.ucsd.edu/NizetLab
22. Virulence Factor
GBS β-hemolysin
• Cytotoxic to pulmonary epithelial and
endothelial cells
– Pulmonary injury and alveolar protein exudate in
early-onset pneumonia
• Activity is blocked by surfactant phospholipid
– Increased risk of premature, surfactant-deficient
neonates for severe pneumonia
• Induces cytokine release and nitric oxide
production in macrophages
– Stimulate elements of the sepsis cascade
24. Dangerous
GOLD Amblyglyphidodon
Aureus = aureus (Cuvier, 1830)
Golden damselfish
Senecio aureus “golden” Latin
Golden Groundsel
Octavian Aureus, 30 BCE
CU DPT Lecture Series Spring 2012
25. Staphlococcus „Aureus‟
Staphyloxanthin = GOLD pigment
Protects against ROS
CU DPT Lecture Series Spring 2012
28. Biofilm –
What is it? And why do we care?
• Biofilm – What is it?
– Polysaccharide coating “protective covering”
for bacteria
– Self contained, micro environment for
bacterial colonies
CU DPT Lecture Series Spring 2012
29. Biofilm- Why is it a problem?
• Human phagocytes do not recognize that:
– Biofilm = Bacteria
– Biofilm goes “undetected”
• Impermeable to external Antibiotic therapy
• Bacteria are under the PS coating and
“protected”
• Rapid emergence of AB resistance to even the
very newest AB (CDC 2001)
CU DPT Lecture Series Spring 2012
31. Biofilm Formation
Biofilms usually occur when one bacterial species attaches
specifically or non specifically to a surface, and then secretes
carbohydrate slime (exopolymer) that imbeds the bacteria and
attracts other microbes to the biofilm for protection or nutritional
advantages.
http://textbookofbacteriology.net/themicrobialworld/NormalFlora.html
33. So What???
• Management of wounds • Kick the BUGS OUT!!!
• Contamination versus
Disease and Infection
• Techniques supporting
HOST defense
mechanisms
• Judicious use of
antibiotics
37. Accurately Discern and Characterize Bacterial Bioburden
Spring 2012 CU DPT Lecture Series
38. Terminology: Definitions and concepts
Disease - damage caused by presence of
microorganisms or their products (can be
unapparent or without observable symptoms at a
point in time).
Colonization - presence of microorganisms without
disease at that point. This term applies to surfaces
only, i.e., the blood cannot be colonized and host
cells with intracellular infection are not colonized.
Columbia June 2012
39. Contamination vs. Infection
• All wounds are have bacteria
• Clinically infected wounds may or may not have
local and systemic changes
• What you may observe:
– Normal inflammatory response
– Mild erythema
– Cellulitis
– S/S systemic infection
Columbia June 2012
40. Basics of Wound Care
• Cleanse
• Debride
• Maintain moisture
• Assessment and Re-assessment
CU DPT Lecture Series Spring 2012
41. Cleansing of LIVING tissue
• Cautious use of:
– Antiseptics
• Providone iodine
• Sodium Hypochlorite (Dakins)
• Iodophor
• H2O2
• Acetic acid (vinegar)
CU DPT Lecture Series Spring 2012
42. Cleansing of LIVING tissue
• Create a healing environment
– Move beyond chronic inflammatory phase
• Accomplish removal of bacteria –
– IF impeding the normal progression of healing
– Do NOT eradicate bacteria at the expense of
• Fibroblasts
• Keratinocytes
• Neutrophils
CU DPT Lecture Series Spring 2012
43. Reducing Bacterial Bioburden
• Irrigation with Normal Saline
– 19 gauge needle = 4 to 15 psi pressure; 8 psi optimal
– 50+ cc of irrigant
• UVC
– Bacterial cannot replicate or mutate to UVC;
– UVC stimulates vasodilitation
– Not painful
• Ultrasound
– Facilitates liquification of slough/fibrin
– US stimulates vasodilitation
– Not painful
CU DPT Lecture Series Spring 2012
44. Wound Cleansing
• Goal
– Remove bacteria and surface contaminates
• Allow the wound to move more rapidly from
inflammation to proliferation
– Protect the healing wound
• Minimize risk of infection
– Minimize chemical and mechanical trauma
CU DPT Lecture Series Spring 2012
45. Debridement
• Mechanical
• Conservative Sharp
• Enzymatic
• Autolytic
• Surgical
• Biological - Sterile Maggots
CU DPT Lecture Series Spring 2012
46. Dressing Selection
• Thin Film
• Occlusive / Semi permeable
• Hydrocolloid
• Hydrogel
• Foam
• Alginate
• Silver
– Ionic or nanocrystalline
CU DPT Lecture Series Spring 2012
47. Dressing Selection
Based on 5 key Questions
• Is the Wound Healing
• Is the Tissue Viable or Necrotic
• Does the wound have an Optimal amount of
moisture
– (DRY CELL = DEAD CELL)
• Is there dead space
• What does the peri wound tissue look like?
CU DPT Lecture Series Spring 2012
48. Conclusions
• Bacterial Evasion Strategies
– Multiple and complex
– Antibiotic resistance- REAL and present threat
– Gene Sharing
• Share critical survival mechanisms
– Cassettes
– Phage
• Core genes
• Mobile genes (SCCmec)
• Best Defense is a good HOST OFFENSE!
– HOST immune system
• Facilitate and Support!
– Advanced Wound care