This document discusses various eye procedures and conditions. It provides instructions for angiography, which involves injecting dye to image retinal circulation. It also covers tonometry to measure intraocular pressure, ophthalmoscopy to examine the eye's interior structures, and cataract surgery including postoperative care. Additional sections address glaucoma and its treatment, retinal detachment treatment and symptoms, and ear conditions like otitis media and Meniere's disease. Common eye drops are also defined.

3.  A detailed imaging and recording of the
ocular circulation by a series of
photographs after the administration of a
dye
 This test is useful for assessing problems
with retinal circulation, such as those that
occur in diabetic retinopathy, retinal
bleeding, and macular degeneration to rule
out intraocular tumors

4.  Assess the client for allergies and previous
reaction to dyes
 Obtain informed consent
 A mydriatic medication, which causes pupil
dilation, is instilled into the eye 1 hour
before the test
 Dye is injected into the vein of the client’s
arm

5.  Inform the client that dye may cause the
skin to appear yellow for several hours after
the test and is eliminated gradually through
the urine
 Encourage rest after the procedure
 Encourage fluid intake to assist in
eliminating the dye
 Urine might appear bright green

6.  Allows examination of the anterior ocular
structures under microscopic magnification
 The client leans on a chin rest to stabilize
the head while a narrowed beam light is
aimed so that it illuminates only a narrow
segment of the eye

7.  Explain the procedure to the client
 Advise the client about the brightness of
the light and the need to look forward at a
point over the examiner’s ear

8.  Is used to primarily assess for an increase
of IOP and potential glaucoma
 Normal IOP is 10 to 21 mmHg
 Client must be instructed to avoid rubbing
the eye following the examination if the eye
has been anesthetized because of the
potential for scratching the cornea

9.  Assesses the mastoid, middle ear, and inner
ear structures
 Multiple radiographs of the head are
obtained

10.  All jewelry is removed
 Lead eye shields are used to cover the
cornea to diminish the radiation dose to the
eyes
 The client must remain still in a supine
position

12.  Opacity of the lens that distorts the image
projected onto the retina and that can
progress to blindness
 Causes include the aging process (senile
cataracts), inherited (congenital cataracts),
and injury (traumatic cataracts)
 Interventions is indicated when visual acuity
has been reduced to a level that the client
finds to be unacceptable or adversely
affects his or her lifestyle

13.  Blurred vision and decreased color
perception are early signs
 Halos around lights
 Reduced visual acuity
 Presence of w white pupil
 Loss of vision

14.  Surgical removal of the lens, one eye at a
time
 Instruct the client regarding the
postoperative measures to prevent or
decrease intraocular pressure
 Stress to the client that care after surgery
requires instillation of different types of eye
drops several times a day for 2 to 4 weeks

15.  Administer eye medications preoperatively,
including mydriatics and cyclopegics as
prescribed
 After the surgery, elevate the head of the
bed 30 to 45 degrees
 Turn the client to the nonoperative side
 Maintain an eye patch as prescribed; orient
the client to the environment

16.  Position the client’s personal belongings to
the nonoperative side
 Use side rails for safety
 Assist with ambulation
 Use an eye shield at bed time

18.  A group of ocular diseases resulting in
increased IOP
 Results form inadequate drainage of
aqueous humor from the canal of Schlemm
or overproduction of aqueous humor
 The condition damages the optic nerve and
can result in blindness
 Gradual loss of visual fields may go
unnoticed

19.  Acute closed-angle or narrow angle
glaucoma – results form obstruction to
outflow of aqueous humor
 Chronic closed-angle glaucoma – follows an
untreated attack of acute closed-angle
glaucoma
 Chronic open-angle glaucoma – results
from overproduction or obstruction to the
outflow of aqueous humor

20.  Acute glaucoma – is a rapid onset of IOP
higher than 50 to 70 mmHg
 Chronic glaucoma – is a slow progressive,
gradual onset of IOP higher than 30 to 50
mmHg

21.  Diminished accommodation and increased
IOP
 Loss of peripheral vision
 Decreased visual acuity
 Halos around lights
 Headache or eye pain

22.  Treat acute glaucoma as a medical
emergency
 Administer medications as prescribed to
lower IOP
 Prepare the client for peripheral iridectomy,
which allows aqueous humor to flow from
the posterior to the anterior chamber

23.  Administer miotics, carbonic anhydrase
inhibitors, and betablockers as prescribed
 Instruct the client of the need for lifelong
medication use
 Instruct the client to avoid anticholinergic
medications
 Instruct client to report eye pain and
changes in vision

24.  Prepare the client for trabeculoplasty as
prescribed to facilitate aqueous humor
drainage
 Prepare the client for trabeculectomy as
prescribed, which allows drainage of
aqueous humor into the conjunctival spaces
by the creation of an opening

26.  Detachment or separation of the retina from
the epithelium
 Occurs when the layers of the retina
separate because of the accumulation of
fluid between them, or when both retinal
layers elevate away from the choroid as a
result of a tumor
 Partial detachment becomes complete if
untreated, which can lead to blindness

27.  Flashes of light
 Floaters or black spots (signs of bleeding)
 Increase in blurred vision
 Sense of curtain being drawn over the eye
 Loss of a portion of the visual field

28.  Provide bed rest
 Cover both eyes with patches as prescribed
 Speak to the client before approaching
 Protect the client from injury
 Avoid jerky head movements

29.  Minimize eye stress
 Prepare the client for a surgical procedure
as prescribed
 Scleral buckling, to hold the choroid and
retina togetehr with a splint until scar tissue
forms, closing the tear

31.  An inflammatory disorder usually caused by
an infection of the middle ear occurring as a
result of a blocked Eustachian tube, which
prevents normal drainage
 Common complication of an acute
respiratory infection
 Infants and children are more prone

32.  Fever
 Irritability and restlessness
 Loss of appetite
 Pulling on or rubbing the ear
 Ear pain
 Purulent drainage

33.  Encourage fluid intake
 Feed infants in upright position t prevent
reflux
 Lie with the affected ear down
 Dry the ear by wicking

34.  Administer antipyretics as prescribed
 Administer antibiotics as prescribed
 Screen for hearing loss
 Instruct the parents about the procedure for
administering era medications

36.  Also called as endolymphatic hydrops
 Dilation of the endolymphatic system by
overproduction or decreased reabsorption
of endolymphatic fluid
 Characterized by tinnitus, sensorineural
hearing loss, and vertigo
 Symptoms occur in attacks and last for
several days, and the client becomes totally
incapacitated during the attacks

37.  Initial hearing loss is reversible but as the
frequency of attacks continue, hearing loss
becomes permanent
 Damage to the cochlea cause increase fluid
pressure leads to permanent hearing loss
 Caused by viral and bacterial infections,
allergic reactions, vascular disturbance

38.  Feelings of fullness in the ear
 Tinnitus
 Hearing loss
 Vertigo
 Nausea and vomiting
 Headaches

39.  Prevent injury during vertigo attacks
 Provide bed rest in a quiet environment
 Provide assistance with walking
 Instruct the client to move the head slowly
 Initiate sodium and fluid restrictions as
prescribed

40.  Instruct the client to stop smoking
 Administer nicotinic acid (niacin) as
prescribed for vasodilatory effects
 Administer antihistamines as prescribed
 Administer antiemetics as prscribed
 Labyrinthectomy may be performed

42.  Dilate the pupils (mydriasis) and relax the
ciliary muscles (cyclopegia)
 Used preoperatively or for eye examinations
 Contraindicated with glaucoma
 Tropicamide (Mydriacil, Tropicacyl, Opticyl)

43.  Reduce IOP by constricting pupils and
contracting the ciliary muscle
 Open the anterior chamber angle and
increase the outflow of aqueous humor
 Pilocarpine hydrochloride (Isopto Carpine)

44.  Interfere with the production of carbonic
acid, which leads to decreased aqueous
humor formation and decreased IOP
 Long term treatment for open angle
glaucoma
 Acetazolamdie (Diamox)