Grounded theory is a systematic, qualitative research method used to generate theories through data analysis of a process or phenomenon. Key aspects of grounded theory include theoretical sampling to collect data to develop concepts, constant comparison analysis to categorize data and identify relationships between concepts, and memo writing to document analytical ideas. The goal is to develop a core category and explanatory theoretical model grounded in the data that explains relationships between concepts. Strengths include theory emergence from data and flexibility, while weaknesses include extensive data requirements and lack of prescriptiveness.
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
This presentation discusses about content analysis, its use, Types, Advantages, Issues of Reliability & Validity, Problems, Quantitative content analysis, coding, Qualitative content analysis, Creative synthesis, Data reduction and Constant comparison.,
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
This presentation discusses about content analysis, its use, Types, Advantages, Issues of Reliability & Validity, Problems, Quantitative content analysis, coding, Qualitative content analysis, Creative synthesis, Data reduction and Constant comparison.,
Research in general refers to….
A search for knowledge.
A scientific and systematic search for relevant information on a specific topic.
Research is an art of scientific investigation.
Research is a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.
Research in general refers to….
A search for knowledge.
A scientific and systematic search for relevant information on a specific topic.
Research is an art of scientific investigation.
Research is a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.
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Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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2. Key Ideas
• Defining Grounded Theory
• When to use Grounded Theory
• Key characteristics of Grounded Theory
research
• Conducting a grounded theory study
• Evaluating a grounded theory study
3. What is grounded theory
research?
• A grounded theory design is a
systematic, qualitative procedure used
to generate a theory that explains, at a
broad conceptual level, a process, an
action, or interaction about a
substantive topic.
4. When do you use grounded
theory research?
• To generate a theory rather than use
one “off the shelf”
• To explain a process, action, or
interaction
• When you want a step-by-step,
systematic procedure
• When you want to stay close to the data
5. How did grounded theory
develop?
• 1965 Barney Glaser and Anselm
Strauss book Awareness in Dying
• 1990, 1998 Strauss and Corbin
prescriptive form with predetermined
categories and concerns about reliability
and validity
• 2000 Charmaz introduces
“Constructivist” method
6. Types of grounded theory
designs: The systematic design
• Open Coding: properties and dimensionalized
properties. Identifying, naming, categorizing,
describing phenomena found in the text.
• Axial Coding: researcher selects one open
coding category and places it at the center as
the Central Phenomenon and then relates all
other categories to it.
• Selective Coding: writing a theory based on
the interrelationship of the categories from
axial coding
7. Open Coding to the Axial
Coding Paradigm
Open Coding Categories
Category
Category
Category
Category
Category
Axial Coding Paradigm
Context
Causal
Conditions
Core
Category or
Phenomenon
Strategies Consequences
Intervening
Conditions
One open coding
category as core
phenomenon
8. Types of grounded theory
designs: The emerging design
• Grounded theory exists at the most abstract
conceptual level rather than the least abstract
level as found in visual data presentations
such as a coding paradigm
• A theory is grounded in the data and not
forced into categories
• Four essential criteria: fit, work, relevance,
modifiability
9. • Fit
• Fit has to do with how closely concepts
fit with the incidents they are
representing, and this is related to how
thorough the constant comparison of
incidents to concepts was done
Educational Research 2e: Creswell
10. • Relevance
• A relevant study deals with the real
concern of the participants and is not
only for academic interests.
Educational Research 2e: Creswell
11. • Workability
• The theory works when it explains how
the problem is being solved with much
variation.
Educational Research 2e: Creswell
12. • Modifiability
• A modifiable theory can be altered
when new relevant data are compared
to existing data. GT is never right or
wrong, it just has more or less fit,
relevance, workability and modifiability.
Educational Research 2e: Creswell
13. Types of grounded theory
designs: A constructivist design
• Philosophical position between positivist and
post-modern researchers
• Theorist explains feelings of individuals as they
experience a phenomenon or process
• Study mentions beliefs and values of the
researcher and eschews predetermined
categories
• Narrative is more explanatory, discursive, and
probing the assumptions and meanings for the
individuals in the study.
14. Key characteristics of
grounded theory designs
• A process approach
• Theoretical sampling
• Constant comparative data analysis
• A core category
• Theory generation
• Memos
15. A process and categories within the flow
of research in Grounded Theory
The research problem leads to
A study of a central phenomenon
in grounded theory research questions
That addresses a process
Which contains
- a sequence of activities
- including actions by people
- including interactions by people
Which a grounded theorist
begins to understand by developing
- categories
- relating categories
- developing a theory that explains
16. Zig-zag approach to data
collection and analysis
Data Collection Data Analysis
Close to Saturated
Categories
Third
Interview
Second
Interview
First
Interview
More Refined
Categories
Refined
Categories
Preliminary
Categories
Toward
Saturation of
Categories
17. Memoing
• Memos are notes the researcher writes
throughout the research process to
elaborate on ideas about the data and
the coded categories. In memos, the
researcher explores hunches, ideas,
and thoughts, and then takes them
apart, always searching for the broader
explanations at work in the process.
18. Conducting a grounded theory
study
• Decide if grounded Theory design best
addresses the research problem
• Identify a process to study
• Seek approval and access
• Conduct theoretical sampling
• Code the data
• Use selective coding and develop the theory
• Validate your theory
• Write a grounded theory research report
19. Evaluating a grounded theory
study
• Is there an obvious connection between the
categories and the raw data?
• Is the theory useful as a conceptual
explanation for the process being studied?
• Does the theory provide a relevant
explanation of actual problems and a basic
process?
• Can the theory be modified as conditions
change or further data are gathered?
20. Evaluating a grounded theory
study
• Is a theoretical model developed or generated
that conceptualizes a process, action, or
interaction?
• Is there a central phenomenon (or core category)
specified at the heart of the model?
• Does the model emerge through phases of
coding? (e.g. initial codes to more theoretically
oriented codes or open coding to axial coding to
selective coding)
• Does the researcher attempt to interrelate
categories?
21. Evaluating a grounded theory
study
• Does the researcher gather extensive data so as
to develop a detailed conceptual theory as well
saturated in the data?
• Does the study show how the researcher
validated the evolving theory by comparing it to
the data, examining how the theory supports or
refutes existing theories in the literature, or
checking theory with participants?
22. Strengths and weaknesses
Due to the difficulties and weaknesses
encountered when applying grounded
theory, this methodology is still not widely
used or understood by researchers in
many disciplines (Allan, 2003
Educational Research 2e: Creswell
23. Strengths:
• An effective approach to build new theories
and understand new phenomena
• High quality of the emergent theory
• Emergent research design reflects the
idiosyncratic nature of the study
• Findings and methods are always refined and
negotiated
Educational Research 2e: Creswell
24. • Requires detailed and systematic procedures
for data collection, analysis and theorizing
• The resulting theory and hypotheses help
generate future investigation into the
phenomenon
• Requires the researcher to be open minded,
and able to look at the data through many
lenses
• Data collection occurs over time, and at many
levels, helping to ensure meaningful results
25. Weaknesses:
• Huge volumes of data
• Time consuming and painstakingly precise
process of data collection/analysis
• Lots of noise and chaos in the data
Prescribed application required for the data-
gathering process
• There are tensions between the evolving and
inductive style of a flexible study and the
systematic approach of grounded theory.
26. • It may be difficult in practice to decide when
the categories are “saturated” or when the
theory is sufficiently developed
• It is not possible to start a research study
without some pre-existing theoretical ideas
and assumptions
• Requires high levels of experience, patience
and acumen on the part of the researcher