This document summarizes different types of organisms including vertebrates like mammals, fish, birds, reptiles and amphibians as well as invertebrates like jellyfish, flatworms, annelid worms, nematode worms, arthropods, molluscs and echinoderms. It also discusses simple plants like algae, liverworts and mosses, as well as ferns, conifers and flowering plants. The document notes there is variation both between and within species due to environmental factors and availability of food and minerals.

1. Chapter 7
Biology
(Part 2)

2. Vertebrates
Invertebrates
JellyfishFlatworms
Annelid
worms
Nematode
wormsArthropodsMolluscsEchinoderms
ArachnidsInsectsCrustaceansMyriapods
BirdsReptilesAmphibians MammalsFish

3. - Each class of vertebrates is divided into smaller groups
called order.
- There are 19 orders of mammals.
- Four orders are shown below.

4. Mammals
WhalesRodentsBatsInsectivores
- Flipper.
- Tail with fins.
- Chisel-like teeth
for gnawing.
- Small body.
- Wings.
- Small body.
- Long snout.

5. - An order is made of smaller groups called families.
- The member of families seem similar but there are
differences.
Example:
Whales
White
Whale
Dolphin
Sperm
Whale
Beaked
whale
- No back fin.
- Blunt snout.
- Sickle shaped
flippers and back
fin.
- Large head.
- Rounded back fin.
- Few teeth.
- Small flippers.

6. ConifersFernsLiverworts
and mosses
Flowering plantsAlgae

7. - Simple plants
- No roots, stems or leaves but they contain chlorophyll (green
pigment).
- Seaweeds (largest species) of algae have red and brown
pigments.

8. - Most species of algae are so small they can only be seen
with a microscope.
- When they occur in large numbers, they can be clearly seen
and they turn pond water green.

9. - Liverworts are small plants that do not have true roots,
stems or leaves.
- They grow in damp places near streams and ponds.

10. - Mosses have stems and leaves but they do not have proper
roots
- Moss plants are usually found growing together, in many
different habitats from dry walls to damp soil.
- Both liverworts and mosses
reproduce by producing spores.
- They make spores in a capsule
that is raised into the air.
- When the capsule opens the
spores are carried away by air
currents.

12. - Ferns have true roots and stems and
reproduce by making spores.
- The feather like leaves are called
fronds.
- The spores are made in structures
called sporangia on the underside of
the fronds.

13. - A conifer has roots, a woody stem
and needle like leaves.

14. - Most conifers lose and replace their leaves all year round, so
they are called evergreen.
- Almost all conifers reproduce by making seeds that develop
in cones.
- When the seeds are ready to be dispersed the cones open
and the seeds fall out.
- Each seed has a wing that prevents the seed falling quickly
and allows it to be blown away by the wind.

15. - Has root, stem and leaves.
- In some plants the stem is woody.
- All of the flowering plants
reproduce by flowering and making
seeds.

16. There are lots of differences between these organisms.
For example:
 some have leaves;
 some lay eggs;
 some eat plants.
These organisms are different because they are all from
different species.

17. There are also differences between organisms of the
same species.
For example, these people are all from the same species
but how many differences between them can you spot?

18. Even though people are all from the same species, there
are many ways in which they are different from each other.
Some of them are male, some are female, some are tall,
some are short.
The differences that occur both between different species
and within the same species are called variation.

19. - The causes of variation
Environment Lack of minerals
Ex. Soil can affect the
colour and structure of
the leaves.
- The presence of lime in
the soil can affect the
colour of hydrangea
flower (produces litmus)
If the soil has lime the
flowers are pink, if it is
lime free flowers are
blue.
- If flamingoes eat
shrimps that have a pink
pigment the feathers
become pink.
Ex. If some seedlings
are grown in the
dark and some in the
light they will have
different features.
Food an animal eats
Ex. If environment does
not eat food, adult
animals become thin and
have smaller body mass.