26 people and planet part 2
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This document summarizes several ways that human activities have impacted the environment. It discusses how the development of farming, industry, and fossil fuel use has destroyed natural habitats and introduced chemicals like pesticides and pollutants. It also describes how the introduction of gases like CFCs in the early 20th century were found to be damaging the ozone layer. The extra carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels may also cause changes to global habitats by enhancing the greenhouse effect.
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29 chapter 15
This document discusses various fossil fuels like wood, coal, oil and natural gas. It explains that these fuels were formed from plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Coal formed from plants that grew in swamps around 275 million years ago and were preserved when they fell into oxygen-depleted waters. Oil and natural gas were formed from tiny ocean organisms that sank to the ocean floor over 200 million years ago and were preserved under rocks. Fossil fuels provide energy when burned but are non-renewable resources.
26 people and planet part 2
This document summarizes several ways that human activities have impacted the environment. It discusses how the development of farming, industry, and fossil fuel use has destroyed natural habitats and introduced chemicals like pesticides and pollutants. It also describes how the introduction of gases like CFCs in the early 20th century were found to be damaging the ozone layer. The extra carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels may cause global warming and changes to habitats worldwide. Acid rain can damage soil and kill plants from gases emitted by volcanoes, lightning, power stations, and factories.
People and the planet
Hunter-gatherers lived in East Africa about 200,000 years ago and gradually spread across continents. For tens of thousands of years, they lived in small groups and used tools like bows and arrows, understanding basic concepts of energy and force. Around 10,000 years ago, some groups in the Middle East began farming and settled in villages, allowing the development of other occupations and trade. Early power sources included human, animal, water, and wind energy until the Industrial Revolution introduced steam power and engines run by coal. Modern transportation and electricity generation were also developed during this period.
Non renewable resources
Non–renewable resources are those which once used up ,are exhausted, and are either non renewed by nature, or renewed very slowly over millions of years.
example-Fuels like coal and petroleum, and minerals like gold, iron and copper.
why is it important to save minerals-The mineral resources on the earth are non- renewable.
Once used up , they will not be available to us any more.
Mineral such as coal and petroleum , which give us fuels for providing energy , are being used up rapidly.
We should used this resources carefully and not waste them.
To save these minerals we should depend more on sources of energy that will never get used up, for example, solar energy and wind energy.
Ch.11.rocks and soil (part 1)
The universe began with a huge explosion known as the Big Bang. Gas clouds formed as atoms were drawn together by gravity, and inside these clouds, extremely hot spheres of gas known as stars formed. Nuclear fusion in stars produced heavier elements that were ejected when the stars died. The Earth formed from these materials and has a core, mantle and crust. Rocks on Earth include igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic types that are part of a continuous rock cycle, and they have many important uses.
Resources
This document discusses nonrenewable and renewable resources. It defines nonrenewable resources as natural resources that cannot be remade in a short period of time, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which are fossil fuels that take millions of years to form. Renewable resources are defined as those that can be replenished within a short period of time, such as solar, wind, and water energy sources. The document also provides details on how fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas form over millions of years from the remains of ancient organisms.
Non renewable sources of energy
Different types of non renewable enegry resources and their advantages & disadvatages:
1. Coal
2. Natural Gas
3. Oil
4. Nuclear Energy
Fossil fuels
this ppt was presented on fossil fuel by Mr.Amanullah Adeel and scholar student originally from Afghanistan at Shivaji University, Kolhapur Maharashtra India. This is focused on energy production and consumption in worldwide and fossil fuels impacts on environment.
Recommended
29 chapter 15
This document discusses various fossil fuels like wood, coal, oil and natural gas. It explains that these fuels were formed from plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Coal formed from plants that grew in swamps around 275 million years ago and were preserved when they fell into oxygen-depleted waters. Oil and natural gas were formed from tiny ocean organisms that sank to the ocean floor over 200 million years ago and were preserved under rocks. Fossil fuels provide energy when burned but are non-renewable resources.
26 people and planet part 2
This document summarizes several ways that human activities have impacted the environment. It discusses how the development of farming, industry, and fossil fuel use has destroyed natural habitats and introduced chemicals like pesticides and pollutants. It also describes how the introduction of gases like CFCs in the early 20th century were found to be damaging the ozone layer. The extra carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels may cause global warming and changes to habitats worldwide. Acid rain can damage soil and kill plants from gases emitted by volcanoes, lightning, power stations, and factories.
People and the planet
Hunter-gatherers lived in East Africa about 200,000 years ago and gradually spread across continents. For tens of thousands of years, they lived in small groups and used tools like bows and arrows, understanding basic concepts of energy and force. Around 10,000 years ago, some groups in the Middle East began farming and settled in villages, allowing the development of other occupations and trade. Early power sources included human, animal, water, and wind energy until the Industrial Revolution introduced steam power and engines run by coal. Modern transportation and electricity generation were also developed during this period.
Non renewable resources
Non–renewable resources are those which once used up ,are exhausted, and are either non renewed by nature, or renewed very slowly over millions of years.
example-Fuels like coal and petroleum, and minerals like gold, iron and copper.
why is it important to save minerals-The mineral resources on the earth are non- renewable.
Once used up , they will not be available to us any more.
Mineral such as coal and petroleum , which give us fuels for providing energy , are being used up rapidly.
We should used this resources carefully and not waste them.
To save these minerals we should depend more on sources of energy that will never get used up, for example, solar energy and wind energy.
Ch.11.rocks and soil (part 1)
The universe began with a huge explosion known as the Big Bang. Gas clouds formed as atoms were drawn together by gravity, and inside these clouds, extremely hot spheres of gas known as stars formed. Nuclear fusion in stars produced heavier elements that were ejected when the stars died. The Earth formed from these materials and has a core, mantle and crust. Rocks on Earth include igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic types that are part of a continuous rock cycle, and they have many important uses.
Resources
This document discusses nonrenewable and renewable resources. It defines nonrenewable resources as natural resources that cannot be remade in a short period of time, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which are fossil fuels that take millions of years to form. Renewable resources are defined as those that can be replenished within a short period of time, such as solar, wind, and water energy sources. The document also provides details on how fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas form over millions of years from the remains of ancient organisms.
Non renewable sources of energy
Different types of non renewable enegry resources and their advantages & disadvatages:
1. Coal
2. Natural Gas
3. Oil
4. Nuclear Energy
Fossil fuels
this ppt was presented on fossil fuel by Mr.Amanullah Adeel and scholar student originally from Afghanistan at Shivaji University, Kolhapur Maharashtra India. This is focused on energy production and consumption in worldwide and fossil fuels impacts on environment.
Fossil Fuels
Fuels provide energy through a process of energy transformation called combustion. The three major fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources that were formed over millions of years from the remains of ancient organisms. While fossil fuels provide a large amount of the energy used today, they are being consumed faster than they are produced, so new energy sources will be needed to replace decreasing fossil fuel reserves.
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years. Coal forms from compressed plant matter, oil forms from the remains of marine organisms, and natural gas forms from ancient microorganisms and organic matter subjected to heat and pressure underground. These fossil fuels are non-renewable and produce carbon dioxide emissions, but they are widely used as energy sources, such as for generating electricity with coal, powering vehicles with gasoline from oil, and producing materials like steel and glass with natural gas. Major oil spills like the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon catastrophes cause environmental damage by spreading oil across ecosystems.
Air Around Us
Volcanic eruptions released gases from within the Earth that collected in the atmosphere over millions of years to form the air we breathe. As the young planet cooled, thick clouds developed and heavy rains formed the oceans, which absorbed much of the carbon dioxide. Tiny ocean plants then began producing oxygen through photosynthesis, enriching the atmosphere with the nitrogen and oxygen that now dominate air and support life.
Fossil fuels
This document discusses fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas. It explains that fossil fuels are formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. Coal forms from buried plants, oil forms from small sea creatures and algae, and natural gas forms from phytoplankton and zooplankton. These fossil fuels are burned to generate electricity by heating water to create steam that spins turbines connected to generators. While fossil fuels provide inexpensive energy, their combustion also emits pollutants like carbon dioxide and contributes to issues like global warming.
Fossil fuels
This document discusses how electricity has traditionally been generated from fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas by burning them to produce heat that creates steam to power turbines. It notes that these fossil fuels are non-renewable and their use contributes to issues like global warming and acid rain. The document advocates developing renewable energy sources like biomass, wind, hydroelectric, tidal, wave, solar, and geothermal power to address the problems of relying on fossil fuels.
Fossil fuels powerpoint
Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient organisms millions of years ago. Coal forms from decomposed plants, oil forms from marine microorganisms, and natural gas can form from various organic materials. These fossil fuels are extracted and refined, then used mainly to generate electricity, for transportation via gasoline and diesel, and in industrial processes.
Non renewable source of energy
Non-renewable sources of energy include fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Coal is formed from the decomposition of dead plants over millions of years. Oil and natural gas are also formed from dead plankton that sank to the ocean floor and were buried under layers of sediment. While abundant and affordable, non-renewable energy sources damage the environment when burned due to emissions and pollution, and they will eventually be depleted since they cannot be replenished.
Non renewable
Non-renewable energy resources include fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas. Coal is formed over millions of years from decayed plant matter buried under layers of mud and sand. The heat and pressure transforms the remains into coal. Coal is used for electricity and heat but its improper burning releases pollutants and contributes to issues like global warming. Petroleum and natural gas are also fossil fuels formed from decayed plankton buried under sea floors. While useful for transportation and industry, their extraction and combustion releases pollutants with environmental and health impacts. Non-renewable resources should be used sustainably since they cannot be regenerated.
Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, natural gas, and oil. Coal forms from the decay and compression of plant matter over millions of years. Oil forms similarly from the remains of organisms buried under layers of sediment. Natural gas is created through the same process. Fossil fuels are burned as an energy source, with coal powering electricity generation, and oil refined into gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel. The Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon oil spills both caused environmental damage through oil leaks into waterways.
Fossil fuels pp
Fossil fuels are a nonrenewable energy resource formed from ancient organic matter over millions of years underground. The three main types are coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Coal was historically the primary energy source but is now mainly used for electricity generation. Petroleum provides liquid fuels like gasoline. Natural gas is used for heating and electricity production. However, burning fossil fuels contributes to air and water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Natural Gas
Natural gas is formed from microscopic plants and organisms that lived in oceans millions of years ago. When these organisms died and sank to the ocean floor, they were buried under sediment. Under high pressure and heat over time, the organisms transformed into hydrocarbons like oil and natural gas. Natural gas is accessed by drilling rigs that use horizontal, multilateral, extended reach, or complex path drilling techniques to reach gas pockets trapped beneath impermeable rock. Natural gas has advantages of being a clean burning fuel but also has disadvantages such as the environmental impacts of extraction and transport.
Fossil fuel
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas currently provide over 85% of the energy consumed in the United States and are expected to continue powering the economy for decades. Coal forms from decayed plant matter that is compressed over millions of years, oil forms from the remains of ancient organisms, and natural gas forms from small aquatic organisms. These fossil fuels are refined and used to power transportation, generate electricity, produce raw materials, and heat homes. However, extraction and transportation accidents can also cause ecological disasters like the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon oil spills.
Chapter 5- earths resources
This document provides information about various energy and mineral resources on Earth. It discusses how fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years and are being used faster than they can be replenished. Renewable resources like solar, wind, water, and geothermal energy are also introduced. The document outlines different processes used to extract and utilize these various resources.
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes from the remains of ancient organisms. They include coal, oil, and natural gas, and were formed over hundreds of millions of years as dead plants and animals were buried and exposed to heat and pressure below the Earth's surface. Key events in the formation of fossil fuels included the deposition of remains in oceans and swamps, their burial in sediments, and their conversion into combustible materials through natural processes. Today fossil fuels like oil and gas provide approximately two-thirds of the world's energy supply, though their usage has diversified over the 20th century from being dominated by coal to including more oil and natural gas.
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels are fuels formed by the decomposition of dead organisms over millions of years. They include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Coal is a black sedimentary rock formed from compressed plant matter. Petroleum, or crude oil, is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that is formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms. Natural gas is composed primarily of methane and is found associated with other fossil fuels or created by organisms in marshes and bogs.
Fossil fuel physics project
Fossil fuels such as coal, crude oil, and natural gas are formed over millions of years as dead plants and organisms are buried and exposed to heat and pressure deep underground. They provide a highly energy-dense fuel source and are important for powering vehicles, generating electricity, and more, but are non-renewable and their combustion contributes to pollution and global climate change. The theory of fossil fuel formation from ancient biological matter was first introduced in the 16th century.
Fossil fuel and hydroelectric power
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. They are burned to power steam turbines that generate electricity. While they provide a large amount of energy, burning fossil fuels also produces air and water pollution and contributes to climate change. Hydroelectric power harnesses the potential energy of water behind dams by passing it through turbines to generate electricity. It is a renewable source that does not produce pollution once constructed, but dams are very expensive to build and can disrupt local environments and wildlife.
Fossil fuel powerpoint
Fossil fuels are fuels formed from the remains of ancient organisms. The three main types are coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas. Coal forms from peat deposits subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years. Oil forms from the remains of ancient marine organisms. Natural gas forms in association with oil deposits or alone. These fossil fuels are important energy sources that are burned to produce electricity, heat homes, and power vehicles and industry. Refineries process crude oil into useful products like gasoline and plastics. Major oil spills like Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon cause environmental damage that can last for decades.
Fossil fuels
The document discusses the three main types of fossil fuels - petroleum, natural gas, and coal. It explains how they were formed from ancient plant and animal matter, and their different characteristics and uses. It also addresses the dangers of burning fossil fuels and ideas for conservation, since fossil fuels are non-renewable resources that could run out within a century if not properly managed.
Fossil fuels and alternate sources of energy
Fossil fuels and nuclear energy, there
limitation, need for renewable energy, non-conventional energy sources. An overview of
developments in Offshore Wind Energy, Tidal Energy, Wave energy systems, Ocean
Thermal Energy Conversion, solar energy, biomass, biochemical conversion, biogas
generation, geothermal energy tidal energy, Hydroelectricity.
24 properties of matter and materials.
This document discusses the properties of matter and materials. It defines key terms like element, molecule, and compound. Elements are substances made of only one type of atom, while compounds are made of different types of atoms bonded together. The document classifies all elements as either metals or non-metals and describes some common properties of each, such as conductivity and density. It provides examples of uses for some non-metals like chlorine, phosphorus, and iodine. The document also discusses metal alloys and some materials' properties including flexibility, hardness, transparency, and heat/electrical conductivity.
28 ch.15.energy
The document discusses different forms of energy including potential energy, kinetic energy, and various types of each. It defines kinetic energy as the energy of motion and describes several types of kinetic energy including sound energy, which is the energy transferred through substances by vibration; electrical energy, which is the movement of electric charges; internal energy, which is the energy possessed by particles in substances; electromagnetic energy, which can travel through space as light waves; and light energy, which is the energy we see as different wavelengths of light. It also discusses potential energy forms such as gravitational, strain, and chemical energy. Potential energy is stored energy that depends on an object's position or state.
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Fossil Fuels
Fuels provide energy through a process of energy transformation called combustion. The three major fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources that were formed over millions of years from the remains of ancient organisms. While fossil fuels provide a large amount of the energy used today, they are being consumed faster than they are produced, so new energy sources will be needed to replace decreasing fossil fuel reserves.
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years. Coal forms from compressed plant matter, oil forms from the remains of marine organisms, and natural gas forms from ancient microorganisms and organic matter subjected to heat and pressure underground. These fossil fuels are non-renewable and produce carbon dioxide emissions, but they are widely used as energy sources, such as for generating electricity with coal, powering vehicles with gasoline from oil, and producing materials like steel and glass with natural gas. Major oil spills like the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon catastrophes cause environmental damage by spreading oil across ecosystems.
Air Around Us
Volcanic eruptions released gases from within the Earth that collected in the atmosphere over millions of years to form the air we breathe. As the young planet cooled, thick clouds developed and heavy rains formed the oceans, which absorbed much of the carbon dioxide. Tiny ocean plants then began producing oxygen through photosynthesis, enriching the atmosphere with the nitrogen and oxygen that now dominate air and support life.
Fossil fuels
This document discusses fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas. It explains that fossil fuels are formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. Coal forms from buried plants, oil forms from small sea creatures and algae, and natural gas forms from phytoplankton and zooplankton. These fossil fuels are burned to generate electricity by heating water to create steam that spins turbines connected to generators. While fossil fuels provide inexpensive energy, their combustion also emits pollutants like carbon dioxide and contributes to issues like global warming.
Fossil fuels
This document discusses how electricity has traditionally been generated from fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas by burning them to produce heat that creates steam to power turbines. It notes that these fossil fuels are non-renewable and their use contributes to issues like global warming and acid rain. The document advocates developing renewable energy sources like biomass, wind, hydroelectric, tidal, wave, solar, and geothermal power to address the problems of relying on fossil fuels.
Fossil fuels powerpoint
Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient organisms millions of years ago. Coal forms from decomposed plants, oil forms from marine microorganisms, and natural gas can form from various organic materials. These fossil fuels are extracted and refined, then used mainly to generate electricity, for transportation via gasoline and diesel, and in industrial processes.
Non renewable source of energy
Non-renewable sources of energy include fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Coal is formed from the decomposition of dead plants over millions of years. Oil and natural gas are also formed from dead plankton that sank to the ocean floor and were buried under layers of sediment. While abundant and affordable, non-renewable energy sources damage the environment when burned due to emissions and pollution, and they will eventually be depleted since they cannot be replenished.
Non renewable
Non-renewable energy resources include fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas. Coal is formed over millions of years from decayed plant matter buried under layers of mud and sand. The heat and pressure transforms the remains into coal. Coal is used for electricity and heat but its improper burning releases pollutants and contributes to issues like global warming. Petroleum and natural gas are also fossil fuels formed from decayed plankton buried under sea floors. While useful for transportation and industry, their extraction and combustion releases pollutants with environmental and health impacts. Non-renewable resources should be used sustainably since they cannot be regenerated.
Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, natural gas, and oil. Coal forms from the decay and compression of plant matter over millions of years. Oil forms similarly from the remains of organisms buried under layers of sediment. Natural gas is created through the same process. Fossil fuels are burned as an energy source, with coal powering electricity generation, and oil refined into gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel. The Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon oil spills both caused environmental damage through oil leaks into waterways.
Fossil fuels pp
Fossil fuels are a nonrenewable energy resource formed from ancient organic matter over millions of years underground. The three main types are coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Coal was historically the primary energy source but is now mainly used for electricity generation. Petroleum provides liquid fuels like gasoline. Natural gas is used for heating and electricity production. However, burning fossil fuels contributes to air and water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Natural Gas
Natural gas is formed from microscopic plants and organisms that lived in oceans millions of years ago. When these organisms died and sank to the ocean floor, they were buried under sediment. Under high pressure and heat over time, the organisms transformed into hydrocarbons like oil and natural gas. Natural gas is accessed by drilling rigs that use horizontal, multilateral, extended reach, or complex path drilling techniques to reach gas pockets trapped beneath impermeable rock. Natural gas has advantages of being a clean burning fuel but also has disadvantages such as the environmental impacts of extraction and transport.
Fossil fuel
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas currently provide over 85% of the energy consumed in the United States and are expected to continue powering the economy for decades. Coal forms from decayed plant matter that is compressed over millions of years, oil forms from the remains of ancient organisms, and natural gas forms from small aquatic organisms. These fossil fuels are refined and used to power transportation, generate electricity, produce raw materials, and heat homes. However, extraction and transportation accidents can also cause ecological disasters like the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon oil spills.
Chapter 5- earths resources
This document provides information about various energy and mineral resources on Earth. It discusses how fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years and are being used faster than they can be replenished. Renewable resources like solar, wind, water, and geothermal energy are also introduced. The document outlines different processes used to extract and utilize these various resources.
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes from the remains of ancient organisms. They include coal, oil, and natural gas, and were formed over hundreds of millions of years as dead plants and animals were buried and exposed to heat and pressure below the Earth's surface. Key events in the formation of fossil fuels included the deposition of remains in oceans and swamps, their burial in sediments, and their conversion into combustible materials through natural processes. Today fossil fuels like oil and gas provide approximately two-thirds of the world's energy supply, though their usage has diversified over the 20th century from being dominated by coal to including more oil and natural gas.
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels are fuels formed by the decomposition of dead organisms over millions of years. They include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Coal is a black sedimentary rock formed from compressed plant matter. Petroleum, or crude oil, is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that is formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms. Natural gas is composed primarily of methane and is found associated with other fossil fuels or created by organisms in marshes and bogs.
Fossil fuel physics project
Fossil fuels such as coal, crude oil, and natural gas are formed over millions of years as dead plants and organisms are buried and exposed to heat and pressure deep underground. They provide a highly energy-dense fuel source and are important for powering vehicles, generating electricity, and more, but are non-renewable and their combustion contributes to pollution and global climate change. The theory of fossil fuel formation from ancient biological matter was first introduced in the 16th century.
Fossil fuel and hydroelectric power
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. They are burned to power steam turbines that generate electricity. While they provide a large amount of energy, burning fossil fuels also produces air and water pollution and contributes to climate change. Hydroelectric power harnesses the potential energy of water behind dams by passing it through turbines to generate electricity. It is a renewable source that does not produce pollution once constructed, but dams are very expensive to build and can disrupt local environments and wildlife.
Fossil fuel powerpoint
Fossil fuels are fuels formed from the remains of ancient organisms. The three main types are coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas. Coal forms from peat deposits subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years. Oil forms from the remains of ancient marine organisms. Natural gas forms in association with oil deposits or alone. These fossil fuels are important energy sources that are burned to produce electricity, heat homes, and power vehicles and industry. Refineries process crude oil into useful products like gasoline and plastics. Major oil spills like Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon cause environmental damage that can last for decades.
Fossil fuels
The document discusses the three main types of fossil fuels - petroleum, natural gas, and coal. It explains how they were formed from ancient plant and animal matter, and their different characteristics and uses. It also addresses the dangers of burning fossil fuels and ideas for conservation, since fossil fuels are non-renewable resources that could run out within a century if not properly managed.
Fossil fuels and alternate sources of energy
Fossil fuels and nuclear energy, there
limitation, need for renewable energy, non-conventional energy sources. An overview of
developments in Offshore Wind Energy, Tidal Energy, Wave energy systems, Ocean
Thermal Energy Conversion, solar energy, biomass, biochemical conversion, biogas
generation, geothermal energy tidal energy, Hydroelectricity.
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24 properties of matter and materials.
This document discusses the properties of matter and materials. It defines key terms like element, molecule, and compound. Elements are substances made of only one type of atom, while compounds are made of different types of atoms bonded together. The document classifies all elements as either metals or non-metals and describes some common properties of each, such as conductivity and density. It provides examples of uses for some non-metals like chlorine, phosphorus, and iodine. The document also discusses metal alloys and some materials' properties including flexibility, hardness, transparency, and heat/electrical conductivity.
28 ch.15.energy
The document discusses different forms of energy including potential energy, kinetic energy, and various types of each. It defines kinetic energy as the energy of motion and describes several types of kinetic energy including sound energy, which is the energy transferred through substances by vibration; electrical energy, which is the movement of electric charges; internal energy, which is the energy possessed by particles in substances; electromagnetic energy, which can travel through space as light waves; and light energy, which is the energy we see as different wavelengths of light. It also discusses potential energy forms such as gravitational, strain, and chemical energy. Potential energy is stored energy that depends on an object's position or state.
31force and motion (part 1)
Forces can cause objects to move, stop, change speed or direction. Forces are measured in Newtons and can be contact forces like friction or non-contact forces like gravity. Friction is the force that opposes the motion when two surfaces are in contact. It depends on factors like the pressure and roughness of the surfaces. Streamlined shapes help reduce drag from air and water resistance, allowing objects to move through fluids more easily. Braking distance depends on thinking time and how forcefully the brakes are applied.
30 ch.16.energy transfers
1) Energy transfers and transformations occur throughout our bodies as chemical energy in food is transformed to kinetic and heat energy to power movement and keep us warm.
2) Early humans needed to store chemical energy from food to power movement and finding more food, otherwise they would starve. As humans lived together in groups, machines were developed to make life easier.
3) Energy transfer diagrams show energy inputs, converters, and outputs through arrows and boxes to illustrate transformations like a catapult releasing or a camera taking a photograph.
34classification (part 2)
This document summarizes different types of organisms including vertebrates like mammals, fish, birds, reptiles and amphibians as well as invertebrates like jellyfish, flatworms, annelid worms, nematode worms, arthropods, molluscs and echinoderms. It also discusses simple plants like algae, liverworts and mosses, as well as ferns, conifers and flowering plants. The document notes there is variation both between and within species due to environmental factors and availability of food and minerals.
33classification (part 1)
This document discusses the classification of living things. It explains that organisms can be classified into groups like kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species based on their common features. The classification system moves from the biggest groups that include many organisms to smaller groups with fewer organisms. All living things are divided into five kingdoms - plants, protoctista, animals, monera and fungi. Within the animal kingdom, organisms are divided into vertebrates and invertebrates based on whether they have a backbone or not. Examples of invertebrate groups include arthropods, annelids, nematodes, jellyfish and flatworms. Vertebrate groups include mammals, fish, birds,
11 ppt acid rain
Acid rain forms naturally from carbon dioxide in the air or anthropogenically from the burning of fossil fuels which produce sulfur and nitrogen oxides. These oxides react with water and oxygen in the air to form acids like sulfuric and nitric acid. When acid rain falls to the ground, it dissolves minerals in limestone, soil, and bedrock, potentially damaging ecosystems over time by leaching away nutrients needed for plant growth. Underground, acid rain can also dissolve bedrock and limestone to form caves, gorges, and other karst topographical features.
11scientificmethod variables
The document describes the steps of the scientific method which are: 1) making observations, 2) asking a question, 3) researching background information, 4) developing a hypothesis, 5) conducting an experiment, 6) recording results, and 7) drawing a conclusion. It then discusses the three types of variables in an experiment: the independent variable which is deliberately changed, the dependent variable which is measured, and controlled variables which are kept the same. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of variable.
21 measurments
The standard SI units for measuring length, mass, and time are the metre, kilogram, and second, respectively. Smaller units are defined as fractions or multiples of these base units, such as the centimetre being 0.01 metres and the kilogram being 1000 grams. Common devices for measuring these quantities include balances and spring scales for mass, and thermometers use liquids like mercury or alcohol that change volume with temperature. Temperature is typically measured on the Celsius scale, which is defined by the freezing and boiling points of water.
17chapter 3cells (part2)
Cells group together to form tissues, tissues group together to form organs, organs group together to form organ systems, and together all the organ systems form an organism. A leaf is an organ formed by the tissues in a plant working together. A leaf has an upper and lower epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, and xylem tissue that transport water. Stomata on the lower epidermis allow water vapor to escape and are openings that can bend.
19 chapter 4microorganisms introduction
This document discusses microorganisms, which are organisms made of a single cell that are too small to see without a microscope. Microorganisms are divided into three kingdoms - Fungi, Monera, and Protoctista. They play important roles in decomposition and some can cause diseases in viruses.
Scinetific enquiry y7
The document discusses why apples turn brown when exposed to air. It notes that apples contain iron, and when iron reacts with oxygen in the air through oxidation, it causes the apple's color to change. The document then describes an experiment where apples were submerged in different liquids like lemon juice, vinegar, milk of magnesia and soda to see if the liquids could prevent color change. The results showed that only apples in lemon juice did not brown, disproving the hypothesis that acids in general could protect against color change.
Variables ppt
The document defines and provides examples of the three types of variables in scientific investigations: independent variables, dependent variables, and controlled variables. The independent variable is what is changed or tested by the scientist. The dependent variable is what is observed and measured in response to changes in the independent variable. Controlled variables are kept the same and allow for a fair test by not being changed during the investigation. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to identify each type of variable in sample experiments.
16chapter 3 cells
1. Robert Hooke observed plant cells under a microscope in 1665 and described them as "little boxes", introducing the concept of the cell.
2. In 1839, Schwann and Schleiden stated that all living things are made of cells, establishing the cell theory.
3. The cell is the smallest unit of structure and function in living organisms, and all cells arise from preexisting cells.
18 chapter 3 cells(part 3)
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Neutralization is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water. Common examples of neutralization include:
1) Reacting acids like hydrochloric, sulfuric, or nitric acid with bases like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
2) Sodium bicarbonate acts as a base that reacts with acids and produces carbon dioxide gas, which has various applications like relieving indigestion, adding lift to baked goods, or putting out fires.
3) Adding limewater to acidic soil helps neutralize the soil and improve crop growth.
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This document contains definitions for various chemical hazard symbols, explaining that they indicate chemicals that are self-reactive and can explode, are irritants to skin and lungs, will chemically damage skin, are easily flammable, can harm aquatic environments if misused, are poisonous and can kill, may make you ill in some environments, require protective eyewear, and can cause electric shock if mishandled.
Acidsandbases ppt 2 yr7
This document discusses different types of acids, including their properties and examples. It explains that acids are substances that are sour and includes everyday examples like lemon juice, vinegar, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. It notes that some acids like citric acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, methanoic acid, lactic acid and uric acid are not corrosive and found in food. The document also discusses how ethanoic acid is produced from wine through the reaction of ethanol and oxygen over time. It defines organic acids as those of animal and plant origin, like ethanoic acid, while mineral acids are not produced by living things, such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrochlor
9 acids and alkai ph
This document discusses acids and alkalis and how they can be detected and measured. It explains that Robert Boyle discovered plant juices like red cabbage juice and litmus could detect acids and alkalis through color changes. The juice would turn red in acids and green in alkalis. This led to the development of pH indicators that scientists now use to measure the strength of acids and alkalis on the pH scale, from 0-14, which was invented in 1909. Common indicators and their color changes in acids and alkalis are also described.
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Coal In Pa
Coal has been an important industry in Pennsylvania for over 250 years. In its peak in 1918, 330,000 miners produced 277 million tons of coal. However, production declined through the mid-20th century due to economic factors and the rise of other energy sources. Today, around 7,000 Pennsylvanians work in coal mining, producing around 75 million tons annually. While an important resource, coal mining can damage the environment through acid drainage, groundwater disruption, and landscape changes unless properly regulated. Pennsylvania still has over 76 billion tons of untapped coal reserves remaining.
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The document defines over 50 terms related to geography, climate change, and the environment. Some key terms include:
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The finite times
Coal forms over millions of years from the remains of dead plants and animals. It is collected through underground or surface mining methods. We depend on coal as an important resource because it provides electricity, heat, and is used in manufacturing industries. However, coal mining and the factories that use coal for energy can pollute the air and water and damage habitats. Alternative energy sources like solar and wind could help manage this non-renewable resource more sustainably.
The finite times
Coal forms over millions of years from the remains of dead plants and animals. It is collected through underground or surface mining methods. We depend on coal as an important resource because it provides electricity, heat, and is used in manufacturing industries. However, coal mining and the factories that use coal for energy can pollute the air and water and damage habitats. More sustainable alternatives like solar and wind could help reduce our use of this finite resource.
The finite times
Coal forms over millions of years from the remains of dead plants and animals. It is collected through underground or surface mining methods. We depend on coal as an important resource because it provides electricity, heat, and is used in manufacturing industries. However, coal mining and the factories that use coal for energy can pollute the air and water and damage habitats. Alternative energy sources like solar and wind could help manage this non-renewable resource more sustainably.
The finite times
Coal forms over millions of years from the remains of dead plants and animals. It is collected through underground or surface mining methods. We depend on coal as an important resource because it provides electricity, heat, and is used in manufacturing industries. However, coal mining and the factories that use coal for energy can pollute the air and water and damage habitats. Alternative energy sources like solar and wind could help manage this non-renewable resource more sustainably.
The finite times
Coal forms over millions of years from the remains of dead plants and animals. It is collected through underground or surface mining methods. We depend on coal as an important resource because it provides electricity, heat, and is used in manufacturing industries. However, coal mining and the factories that use coal for energy can pollute the air and water and damage habitats. Alternative energy sources like solar and wind could help manage this non-renewable resource more sustainably.
The finite times
Coal forms over millions of years from the remains of dead plants and animals. It is collected through underground or surface mining methods. We depend on coal as an important resource because it provides electricity, heat, and is used in manufacturing industries. However, coal mining and the factories that use coal for energy can pollute the air and water and damage habitats. Alternative energy sources like solar and wind could help manage this non-renewable resource more sustainably.
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What is pollution.pptx
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The greenhouse effect occurs when gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, trap heat from the sun, warming the planet. Plants and animals have contributed to carbon dioxide levels through photosynthesis and respiration for millions of years, with their remains becoming fossil fuels like coal and oil. Burning these fossil fuels has increased atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past century, enhancing the greenhouse effect and causing unprecedented global warming in recent decades according to climate scientists.
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The document summarizes the carbon cycle in 3 parts:
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2) The national reservoir of carbon stored in sedimentary rocks in the Earth's crust, oceans, and atmosphere.
3) How the carbon cycle is affected by human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and different levels of industrialization in less developed and more developed countries.
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The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon through Earth's biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Carbon is exchanged between the atmosphere, living organisms, oceans, soil, rocks through various processes like photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, combustion of fossil fuels and weathering of rocks. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have increased atmospheric CO2 levels, impacting Earth's climate by enhancing the greenhouse effect.
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The carbon cycle describes how carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Carbon is stored in sinks like organisms, fossil fuels, and limestone for long periods before being released by sources and release agents. Sources release carbon through processes like burning fossil fuels, weathering of rocks, and decomposition. Release agents trigger these sources and include volcanoes, fires, and human activities. Carbon then continues on its journey through these reservoirs and back into the atmosphere.
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Burning fossil fuels releases carbon emissions, especially carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere. While these gases have always been present, their concentration is increasing as fossil fuel usage rises. This buildup of greenhouse gases is causing global warming by trapping heat in the atmosphere in a process called the greenhouse effect. Some of the impacts of global warming could include rising sea levels from melting ice caps and glaciers which would threaten coastal areas, as well as changes in weather patterns leading to more extreme events like droughts and hurricanes. There is debate around both the causes and speed of global warming, but the implications are serious regardless.
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The earth and beyond
Our solar system is made up of the Sun and everything that orbits around it, including eight planets. The planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and is the only known planet capable of supporting life. The Earth spins on its axis, causing day and night, and orbits the Sun once a year, causing the changing of seasons as the Earth's distance from the Sun varies over the course of the year. Other objects in our solar system include asteroids, meteoroids, and comets.
39rocks and soil part 2
Minerals are naturally occurring substances formed from elements in the Earth. Rocks are composed of minerals stuck together, while ores contain high quantities of metal compounds and are mined. Soil is formed through the weathering and breakdown of rocks into particles, and provides nutrients and anchoring for plant growth. It has distinct layers and properties depending on its composition of materials like sand, silt, clay and humus that influence texture, drainage and suitability for agriculture. Loam soil with a balanced mixture of components is most favorable for cultivation.
10 acids and alkai neutralization
Neutralization is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water. Common examples of neutralization include:
1. Hydrochloric acid reacting with sodium hydroxide to produce sodium chloride and water.
2. Sodium bicarbonate reacting with hydrochloric acid to produce sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water.
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9 acids and alkai ph
This document discusses acids and alkalis and how they can be detected and measured. It explains that Robert Boyle discovered plant juices like red cabbage juice and litmus could detect acids and alkalis through color changes. The juice would turn red in acids and green in alkalis. This led to the development of pH indicators that scientists now use to measure the strength of acids and alkalis on the pH scale, from 0-14, invented by Soren Sorensen. Common indicators and their color changes in acids and alkalis are also described.
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This document discusses different types of acids, including their properties and examples. It explains that acids are substances that are sour and includes everyday examples like lemon juice, vinegar, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. It notes that some acids like citric acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, methanoic acid, lactic acid and uric acid are not corrosive and found in food. The document also discusses how ethanoic acid is produced from wine through the reaction of ethanol and oxygen over time. It defines organic acids as those of animal and plant origin, like ethanoic acid, while mineral acids are not produced by living things, such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrochlor
38rocks and soil
The universe began with a huge explosion known as the Big Bang. Gas clouds formed as atoms were drawn together by gravity, and inside these clouds, extremely hot spheres of gas known as stars formed. Nuclear fusion in stars produced heavier elements that were ejected when the stars died. The Earth formed from accumulating dust and debris. It has three main layers - an iron core, a rocky mantle, and a solid crust. Rocks on Earth include igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic types that are continuously recycled through the rock cycle.
7 acids and alkalis
Acids have characteristics of being corrosive and having a sour taste, while alkalis are bitter and slippery. The key way to differentiate between acids and alkalis is by using litmus paper, with acids turning litmus paper red and alkalis turning it blue. Most acids are corrosive and can burn the skin upon contact. Acids come from both plant and animal sources.
37living things in their environment
The document defines key terms related to ecosystems, including environment, living and non-living things, biotic and abiotic factors, ecosystem, climate, individuals, populations, and community. An ecosystem is made up of all the living and non-living things in an area, and can range in size from under a rock to an entire forest.
36 respiratory system
The respiratory system allows oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to exit through three main components:
1. The air passages and tubes (nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) transport air throughout the respiratory tract.
2. The diaphragm and rib muscles act as the pump to inhale and exhale air. During inhalation, they contract to expand the chest cavity and decrease pressure, allowing air flow into the lungs. During exhalation, they relax to decrease the chest cavity volume and increase pressure, pushing air out.
3. The lungs and alveoli constitute the respiratory surface where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs between the air and blood through thin membranes.
35 circulatory system (part 1)
The circulatory system carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart and lungs. It includes arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body at high pressure. Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart at low pressure and have valves to prevent backflow. Capillaries have thin walls that allow for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste between the blood and body cells. The circulatory system transports these materials throughout the body to support respiration in cells.
Ch 150407052236-conversion-gate01
1) The document discusses different types of motion including up and down, straight line, round and round, zigzag, and back and forth motion. It also discusses distance, direction, forces, and types of forces including balanced and unbalanced forces.
2) Forces can make something move, change an object's direction or speed, or change an object's shape. Examples of forces include gravity, friction, and air resistance.
3) Balanced forces cancel each other out and do not change an object's motion, while unbalanced forces can cause an object to start moving, speed up, slow down, or change direction.
Ch 150407052236-conversion-gate01
1) The document discusses different types of motion including up and down, straight line, round and round, zigzag, and back and forth motion. It also discusses distance, direction, forces, and types of forces including balanced and unbalanced forces.
2) Forces can make something move, change an object's direction or speed, or change an object's shape. Examples of forces include gravity, friction, and air resistance.
3) Balanced forces do not change an object's motion, while unbalanced forces can make an object start or stop moving or change directions.
32sound
This document discusses sound waves and how we hear sound. It explains that sound waves are longitudinal waves that move through matter by compressing and rarefying particles. Sound travels through three media - solids, liquids, and gases - with the speed depending on the density of the material. The outer, middle, and inner ear work together to detect sound waves and transmit the vibrations to the brain. Pitch and frequency are related, but pitch is how we perceive sound based on vibration rate, while frequency is the actual number of vibrations per second measured in Hertz. Amplitude refers to the strength of vibrations measured in decibels.
31light
Light comes primarily from the sun. It can also come from both natural sources like the moon as well as man-made artificial sources. Objects like the moon, water, and mirrors are not true light sources as they only reflect light emitted from other sources. Light travels in straight lines and can pass through transparent materials, some can pass through translucent materials, and light cannot pass through opaque objects. The way we see color is determined by which wavelengths of light are reflected or absorbed by an object. Shadows form when light rays are blocked by an opaque object. When light passes from one medium to another, such as from air to water, it changes direction in a process called refraction.
30how does using natural resources affect the environment?
Natural events like volcanoes, earthquakes, hurricanes, droughts and tsunamis can cause ecosystems to change. People can also impact ecosystems through deforestation, pollution, overpopulation, and oil spills. When ecosystems change, organisms may need to accommodate by finding new resources, some species may go extinct if unable to adapt, and conservation efforts can help sustain resources through reducing consumption, reusing materials, and recycling.
29flowering plants
This document discusses the parts, needs, and functions of plants. It describes the roles of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds. The key parts of flowers are sepals, petals, stamens, pistils, ovaries, and pollen. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the pistil and can occur through insects, birds, or wind. After pollination, a pollen tube grows from the pollen grain to the egg, allowing fertilization to take place.
28classification of the animal kingdom
This document discusses the classification of animals into the animal kingdom. It divides the animal kingdom into two main groups: vertebrates and invertebrates. Vertebrates have backbones and include mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians. Invertebrates do not have backbones and include mollusks like snails and clams, echinoderms like starfish, and arthropods like spiders, crabs and insects. Each group is then further divided based on distinguishing characteristics like how they move, breathe, reproduce, and whether they live on land or in water.
27what are the characteristics of different biomes and aquatic ecosystems(par...
1) Biomes are large areas with distinct plant and animal life adapted to specific climate conditions. Examples include deserts, forests, grasslands, and water biomes like rivers, lakes, oceans, and wetlands.
2) Land biomes each have characteristic weather patterns, plants, and animals. Grasslands have grasses and animals like bison with senses and defenses for survival. Deciduous forests have trees that lose leaves in winter and animals such as raccoons with nocturnal and climbing adaptations.
3) Animals in different biomes have physical adaptations to survive their environment, like thick fur for polar bears in the Arctic or blubber and streamlined bodies for penguins in the Antarctic.
26what are the characteristics of different biomes and aquatic ecosystems(par...
This document discusses key concepts in ecology including environment, ecosystem, organism, population, habitat, and adaptation. It defines an environment as all the living and non-living things around a living thing. An ecosystem is made up of all interacting living and non-living things in an environment. A population is a group of the same species of organism living in the same place. A habitat is a place where an animal can find food, water, and shelter. Living things are often adapted to specific habitats and environments.
25 how does energy flow between organisms in an ecosystem
This document discusses energy flow in ecosystems through food chains and webs. It explains that producers like plants get energy from sunlight through photosynthesis and are eaten by primary consumers like herbivores. Higher level consumers like carnivores obtain energy by eating other animals. The amount of available energy decreases at each level of the food chain from producers to primary, secondary and tertiary consumers. This is illustrated through the energy pyramid which shows that more organisms are needed at lower trophic levels to sustain fewer organisms at higher levels.
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বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
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26 people and planet part 2
- 2. Many people still live as people did in the past- they use animals to provide power, and fuel wood for cooking. In countries where industry has developed : -People have electricity in their homes and workplaces. -They travel with vehicles . -Vehicles move with diesel and petrol engines. -Fresh food is bought from near by countries by planes. People today
- 3. Changes on land: -When people began farming, they destroyed the habitats , organisms and food chains ,that bound organisms together, on this land to grow crops. -Pesticides are chemicals which are now used to kill pests which destroy crops, but they may be harmful to other animals. Changes in the environment
- 4. How pesticides harm other animal?
- 5. As factories and trade began to grow and large amount of fuel for steam engines were needed, coal mines were dug also cast mines were dug as they needed large amounts of metals , destroying the habitats and their food chains. Rocks containing metals, called :Ores. Bad influence of factories on land
- 6. Changes in the sea
- 7. Five billion years ago nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapour were the first atmospheric gases on earth they were produced from erupting volcanoes. Three billion years ago plants started to produce oxygen in the atmosphere too as a result of photosynthesis process. Oxygen + ultra violet Ozone layer. Ozone layer is formed 25 Km above the earth’s surface ,it makes the earth safer as it screens large amount of harmful sunlight rays. Changes in the atmosphere
- 8. Sun rays pass through atmosphere to earth’s surface were some warms the earth and some are radiated to the space as it travels back through the atmosphere some are absorbed by the carbon dioxide.
- 9. Extra carbon dioxide produced by human activities as burning fossil fuels in power stations and vehicles exhausts will cause more heating effect and this may produce great changes to habitats around the world.
- 10. Sulfur containing gases may be produced from erupting volcanoes and algae that live in the sea . Nitrogen containing gases may be produced by lightning reacting with nitrogen in the atmosphere or when fossil fuels are burnt at power stations and factories. These gases dissolve in the water droplets in clouds and make the rain slightly acidic which cause soil damage, which kills plants. Acid rain
- 11. In 1920s, gases called: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were made for the first time. They were used for keeping things cool in the fridges and air conditioning, and because they squashed easily they were used in aerosol sprays. The CFCs entered the atmosphere. In the 1980s, scientists noticed that holes were developing in the ozone layer around the North Pole and South Pole. When they investigated this, the scientists found that CFCs destroy the ozone in the atmosphere and since then the governments of 196 countries have agreed to reduce the use of these chemicals. The ozone layer