Scientists group living things into five kingdoms: animals, plants, fungi, protists, and monerans. The document then discusses the characteristics of each kingdom and how organisms within each kingdom can be further classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species based on shared physical attributes. Several examples are provided of different types of animals, plants, fungi, and their distinguishing features.

1. How Scientists group living Things?
Classification of Living Thing
Five Kingdom Characteristics Examples
Animals Many-celled, feed on other
living things
Mouse, dogs,
fish, frogs
Plants Many-celled, make their own
food
Trees, flowers,
grass
Fungi Most many celled, absorb
food from other living or
dead things
Mushrooms,
molds
Protista one cell, make their own food
or feed on other ling things
Algae, amoebas
Monerans no cell nuclei, make their
own food or feed
Bacteria
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2. Classification goes beyond kingdom level
All kingdoms can be broken in small groups according
common characteristics.
• A detail classification should includes the following steps in
the ladder.
– Phylum – Second highest classification it covers different
groups with a common physical characteristics.
– Class – Grouped families according a shared attribute.
(mammals)
– Order– How the a class group survive? (carnivorous,
herbivorous)
– Family – Taxonomic group containing one or more genera.
– Genus – The second smallest group
– Species –Smallest group whose members can interbreed.
• The science of classifying things is called Taxonomy.
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3. Classification beyond kingdom level
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4. Animal Kingdom-is composed of living
things made of many cells. They must eat
other animals or plants to survive.
Phylum
• Vertebrate animals have backbone.
Examples
• Amphibians (moist skin, no scale)
– Frogs, toads and newts.
• Birds (wings,feather,beak)
• Fish (fins, scales, gill)
• Mammals ( hair, milk)
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– Dog, cats, bears.
• Reptiles (dry, scale skin)
– Snakes, turtles, alligator.

5. Animal Kingdom Continues
Phylum
• Invertebrate animals do not have backbone.
Examples
• Arthropods (joints, shells)
– Crustaceans (crab, lobster)
– Insects (beetles, ants)
– Arachnids (spiders)
• Mollusks (sea creatures)
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– sponge
– Snails
– leaches

6. Classifying the group of the animals
according to the physical characteristics
Vertebrate
a. Amphibians
b. Birds
c. Fish
d. Mammals
e. Marsupials
f. Primates
g. Cetaceans
h. Reptiles
Invertebrate
i. Annelids
j. Arachnids
k. Crustaceans
l. Echinoderms
m. Insects
n. Mollusks
o. Protozoa
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7. Plant Kingdom-is composed of all plants
made of many cells with nuclei. Plants
produce their own food.
• Phylum
• Vascular plants – have
tubes on roots, stem, and
leaves.
• Examples
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– Trees, bushes, and
ornamental plants
• Seed plants
– Angiosperms make their
seeds in flowers.
– Gymnosperms produced
seed in cones (conifers,
pine)

8. Plant Kingdom Cont’s…
• Phylum
• Nonvascular plants – don’t have tubes.
• Examples
(1) (2)
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1. Lichens
2. Liverworts
• Non-Seed plants are able to produce new plants
without seeds. (Spore a single reproductive cell)
3. Ferns
4. Mosses
5. Algae
(3) (4) (5)

9. Plants Anatomy
• Botany is the study of plants. A scientist who studies
plants is a botanist, and anatomy is a science that
study how living things are including their parts.
• Two main types of root:
1. taproot system, a single
large root that grows straight
down.
2. fibrous root system, smaller
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branching roots.
(1) (2)
• Two main types of stem:
3. green stems are thin flexible
tubes in a bundle that holds the
plant.
4. woody stems grows taller and
thicker every year. (3) (4)

10. Plants Anatomy Cont’s…
The tubes which carry water are called xylem,
and the ones that carry the food are called phloem.
• Two main types of leaves
1. Needle leaves are thin pointed, and very tough.
2. Broad leaves, are wider and expose more
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surface to the sun.
(1) (2)
• Main parts of a leaf
3. Central stalk called the “petiole”.
4. Lamina is the blade of a leaf.
5. Veins carry the water and food.
6. Tiny holes microscopic in size,
called “stomates”.
7. Midrib is the central rib of a leaf.
(3 to 7)

11. Flowering plants have a characteristics that all other kinds
of plants do not have: A flower as part of the plant where
seeds are made.
I. Anatomy of a flower
– Anther - tip of a flower's stamen
– Stamen - male reproductive
organ, contains the pollen.
– Filament - holds the anther and
part of the stamen.
– Ovary - is a female reproductive
organ, base of the pistil.
– Petal - leafy structures that
– Pistil - female reproductive
tissue of a flower.
– Style - is a long tube on
top of the ovary, and below
the stigma.
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comprise a flower.
– Sepal - small leaves located
directly under a flower.
– Stem - supports the plant.
– Stigma - uppermost part of the
pistil, receives the male pollen.
(I)

12. Classifying Leaves
Students should classify different leaves
according to their: LEAF SHAPES
(Commonly-employed terms.)
– Ovate-egg-shaped with the larger end at the
bottom.
– Elliptic-shaped like an ellipse, tapered at both
ends and with curved sides.
– Oblong-tapered to both ends, but with the
sides more or less parallel.
– Lanceolate-shaped like the tip of a lance.
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13. Classifying Leaves
LEAF SHAPES (Commonly-employed terms.)
– Linear- long and thin, with the sides
parallel. Like grass leaves.
– Orbicular-nearly circular in outline
– Cordate-heart-shaped with the wide part
at the bottom
– Hastate-with two basal lobes that point
straight out
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14. Classifying Leaves
LEAF SHAPES (Commonly-employed
terms.)
– Sagittate-with two basal lobes that
point backwards
– Peltate-with the petiole attached to
the center of the underside of the
blade
– Perfoliate-with the petiole appearing
to run through the center of the leaf
– Terete-circular in cross-section.
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15. Common Characteristics
Animals Plants
Cells as part of the
anatomy
Cells as part of the
anatomy
Arteries and Veins Xylem and phloem,
roots
Reproductive System
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Eggs
Reproductive System,
Seeds
Respiratory System Respiratory System
Skeletal Structure Branches, Leaves,
Stem

16. Different Characteristics
• Animals move freely and plants are rooted in the
soil.
• Animals take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
• Animals do not make their own food and do not have
chlorophyll.
• Animal cells do not have a cell wall.
• Animals eat plants, but plants do not eat animals
generally.
• Animals in general are more advanced in their
structure than plants.
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