2. There are about 380 000 different kinds of plants and about 2 million, of animals each organism should have a precise, internationally recognized, NAME.
3. TAXONOMY Concerned with naming organisms and classifying them into groups is known as TAXONOMY TAXONOMY (based on structure) or SYSTEMATICS(based on evolutionary classification).
4. Levels of Classification -based on contributions of both Aristotle and Linnaeus There are 7 levels of classification. Remember the first letter of this sentence: King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti.
5. 7 Levels of Classification Kingdom broadest level Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species most specific
6. The major classification levels,from most general to most specific (several of these have subdivisions) A group at any level is a taxon.
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10. KINGDOM : Monera (BACTERIA) KINGDOM : Protista (AMOEBA) KINGDOM : Fungi KINGDOM : Plants KINGDOM : Animals THE FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
11. Swedish botanist Carl Linne (more popularly known as Linnaeus, after the common practice of the day which was to latinize names of learned men), attempted to pigeon-hole all known species of his time (1753) into immutable categories. Linnaean hierarchical classification was based on the premise that the species was the smallest unit, and that each species (or taxon) belonged to a higher category.
14. BINOMIAL NAMING For international understanding Man in English is Hombre in Spanish, Herr in German, and Homo in Latin Linnaeus settled on Latin An organism’s proper name is indicated by its generic name (the genus to which it belongs) followed by its specific name (its species).
15. When printed, these names always appear in italics; when typed or written by hand; they must be underlined (separately) and the generic name must being with a Capital letter; the specific name, with a small letter For example, Felis leo; Felisdomestica
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17. VIRUSES On the borderline between living and non-living. Can only be seen with the electron microscope. No cell structure. Reproduce inside other organisms and cause diseases
18. BACTERIA KINGDOM mm Can only be seen with the high power of the light microscope. Consist of a single cell with a wall; no proper nucleus Occur in air, water, soil or inside other organisms. Many of them cause diseases
20. PROTIST KINGDOM Some can be seen with the low power of the microscope. Consist of a singly cell. Some are plant-like and others are animal-like. Live mainly in water or inside other organisms.
22. FUNGUS KINGDOM m Consistof fine threads which may be interwoven to form mushrooms or toadstools. Live in soil or inside other organisms, especially plants. Reproduce rapidly by spores Have no chlorophyll
23. PLANT KINGDOM Many-celled organisms, which contain the green substance chlorophyll and make their own food by photosynthesis.
24. How are plants organized? PLANTS Vascular Nonvascular Seedless Plants Seed Plants Ferns & related plants Mosses & related plants Angiosperms Gymnosperms
28. PLANT KINGDOM Mosses and liverworts (Bryophytes) Have simple leaves or leaf-like form. Found mainly in damp places. Reproductive spores are formed in capsule.
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30. PLANT KINGDOM Ferns (Pleridophytes) Have proper roots and stems, and leaf-like fronds. Found mainly in damp places. Reproductive spores are formed on the undersides of the fronds.
32. PLANT KINGDOM Conifers (Gymnosperms) Large plants with seed-bearing cones for reproduction. Good at surviving in dry or cold climates. Most of them keep their leaves throughout the year.
33. Vascular Plants: Seed Plants (conifers) a type of seed plant that produces its seeds inside a cone Conifer- 2 main parts : embryo- An organism that contains a new young plant and stored food in its earliest stage of birth seed- A plant embryo that contains a new young plant and stored food surrounded by a protective coat
37. Flowering plants (Angiosperms) Wide range of plants with seed-bearing flowers for reproduction. Seeds protected inside fruits. Range from small herbs to massive trees. Divided into dicotyledons and monocotyledons.
38. dicotyledons Seed contains an embryo with two seed-leaves (cotyledons). Broad leaves with branched veins forming a network.
39. Monocotyledons Seed contains an embryo with one seed-leaf (cotyledon). Narrow leaves with straight parallel veins.
55. ANIMAL KINGDOM Segmented warms (Annelids) Body long and divided by rings into a series of segments. Most are aquatic (live in water), but some live in the soil. Some are external parasites.
56. Molluscs ANIMAL KINGDOM Body soft and unsegmented, in most cases covered by a shell. Most are aquatic, some live on the seashore and on land.
76. Insects ANIMAL KINGDOM Three pairs of legs. One pair of antennae Body divided into three parts: head, thorax and abdomen. Usually two pairs of wings
83. Amphibians ANIMAL KINGDOM Have a moist skin without scales. Tadpole (larva) lives in water and has gills for breathing. Adult lives on land and has lungs for breathing. Can swim, walk or hop. Eggs laid in the water. Cold-blooded
84. Reptiles ANIMAL KINGDOM Have a dry, waterproof skin with scales. Most live an land and have lungs for breathing. Most have four. legs for walking; and some can Swim. Others have reduced legs and slide along the ground. Eggs have a soft shell and are laid on land Cold-blooded.
85. Birds ANIMAL KINGDOM Have a covering of feathers. Live on land and in the air. Have lungs for breathing. Have wings for flying and a beak for feeding. Eggs have a hard shell and are laid in nests. Warm-blooded.
86. Mammals ANIMAL KINGDOM Have hair. The young usually develop inside the mother and after birth are fed on milk produced by the mother’s mammary glands. Live on land, in water and in the air. Walk, swim or fly. Have lungs Warm-blooded. Young develop inside the mother. Attached to a placenta.
88. DICHOTOMOUS KEYS AND HOW TO USE THEM Taxonomic Key (AKA Dichotomous Key) paired statements that describe the physical characteristics of different organisms
89. Taxonomic Key 1a Fruits occur singly ....................................................... Go to 3 1b Fruits occur in clusters of two or more ......................... Go to 2 2a Fruits are round ....................................................... Grapes 2b Fruits are elongate ................................................... Bananas 3a Thick skin that separates easily from flesh .............Oranges 3b Thin skin that adheres to flesh .............................. Go to 4 4a More than one seed per fruit ............................ Apples 4b One seed per fruit ............................................ Go to 5 5a Skin covered with velvety hairs .................... Peaches 5b Skin smooth, without hairs ........................... Plums
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91. Example 2 1 a) Hair present …………………... CLASS: MAMMALIA b) Hair absent ……………………………. go to 2 2. a) Feathers present ………………………………… CLASS: AVES b) Feathers absent …………………………………. go to 3 3. a) Jaws present ………………………….. go to 4 b) Jaws absent ……………………... CLASS: CYCLOSTOMATA 4. a) Paired fins present ……………………………… go to 5 b) Paired fins absent ……………………………….. go to 6 5. a) Skeleton of bone …………………… CLASS: OSTEICTHYES b) Skeleton of cartilage ……………… CLASS: CHONDRICTHYES 6. a) Skin covered with scales…………..CLASS: REPTILIA b) no scales on skin……………………...CLASS: AMPHIBIA
92. MAKING A KEYThis can be a lot of fun! To make it easier to complete the construction of our key, we number the drawing on the right.
93. Now construct the key: 1 a Four legs …. Go to 2 b No legs …….SNAKE 2 a No shell …….go to 3 b Scales for shell . TORTOISE 3. a Large scales ….CROCODILE b Small scales …. CHAMELEON
96. TURN THIS INTO A FOOD WEB Dog whelks feed on mussels and barnacles. Crabs feed on dog whelks, periwinkles and mussels. Barnacles feed on animal and plant plankton. Mussels feed on animal and plant plankton too. Periwinkles feed on seaweed. Animal plankton feeds on plant plankton. Seaweeds and plant plankton are producers. Starfish feed on mussels and dog whelks
97. FOOD WEB Crabs Starfish dog whelks Mussels Periwinkles barnacles Animal plankton Seaweeds plant plankton
98. LEGS NO LEGS SHELLS NO SHELLS NOT SPIRAL SHELL SPIRAL SHELL
