Animals are classified into two groups, namely Invertebrate & Chordate. The invertebrates constitute the main bulk of the animal kingdom.

1. Online Publisher International Journals Tuticorin
Protozoa

2.  Botany: Study of plants
 Zoology deals with the study of animals.
Invertebrates
Animals are classified into 2 groups, namely Invertebrate & Chordate.
The invertebrates constitute the main bulk of the animal kingdom.
Protozoa
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Biology
Botany
Zoology

3. Salient feathers of Invertebrates
Vertebral column is absent.
Lack of notochord.
Nerve cord is solid in nature.
 Vertebral column, also called spinal column / spine / backbone.
Note
Vertebral Column Notochord
 Flexible
 Extending from neck to tail
 Cartilaginous
 Skeletal rod
 Supporting the body in all embryonic & some adult chordate
 Occurs: adult higher Chordates  Occurs: adult lower Chordates
 Made up of Bones  Made up of Cartilages
Difference Between Notochord and Vertebral Column
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4. Phyla
• The Invertebrates are grouped into about 30 phyla.
Phyla
Major Phyla Minor Phyla
Phylum is a level of classification or taxonomic rank
Note

5. Binomial Nomenclature
It is defined as the system of naming of plants, animals & other objects.
It was proposed by Carl Linnaeus.
In the world, every organism is given a name which consists of two segments, a
generic name & a specific name.
Carl Linnaeus: “Father of Modern Taxonomy"
Note
 1st edition of Systema Naturae, Netherlands, 1735.
 10th edition in 1758
Systema Naturae

6. Rules of nomenclature
• In 1898, the International Congress of Zoology organized an International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature to formulate a set of rules.
1. The name of the genus is a single word & must begin with a capital letter.
2.The names are usually printed in italic type.
• Scientific names of animals & plants must be different.

7. Kingdom
Phylum
Sub-Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Taxonomic rank

8. Protozoa

9. Protozoans: two forms of life
free-living
freshwater seawater
parasitic
ectoparasites endoparasites

10. Key characters of Protozoa
• Unicellular
Note
Unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism

11. General characters of Protozoa
• Small
• Simplest
• Simple body organization
• Primitive
• Microscopic
• Parasitic
• Body Shape:
Variable (Spherical / oval / elongated / flattened)
Respiration: Diffusion

12.  Pseudopodia (A pseudopod or pseudopodium is a temporary arm-like projection)
 Flagella (hairlike appendage)
 Cilia (microtubule-based hair-like organelles)
Locomotory Organs of Protozoa
 Fingers like Pseudopodia
 Whip-like flagella
 Hair like cilia
Note
Locomotory Organs
The organs that help
living organisms to
move / create motion.

13.  holozoic (animal like)
 holophytic (plant like)
 parasitic
Nutrition of Protozoa
Nutrition: Biochemical & physiological process by which an living organism uses food to support its life.
Note

14. Contractile Vacuoles (CV) of Protozoa
Osmoregulatory organelle
Osmoregulation: Active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body
fluids
Note

15.  Asexual (binary / multiple fission / budding / sporulation)
 Sexual (conjugation / hologamy / syngamy)
Reproduction of Protozoa
Reproduction:
 Biological process
 Offspring: produced from their "parent".
 Asexual reproduction: type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes.
Note

16. Example
1. Entamoeba
 pseudopod-forming
 protozoan parasites
 phylum Amoebozoa, class Archamoebae
 Genus Entamoeba consists of at least 7 different species (E. histolytica, Entamoeba coli, etc.,)

17. Example
• Plasmodium
 parasitic protozoans
 Plasmodium, which infects RBC (red blood cells) in mammals (including humans), birds, and
reptiles, occurs worldwide, especially in tropical and temperate zones.
 The organism is transmitted by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito.

18. Example
• Euglena
• Volvox

19. Economic importance of Protozoa
• Beneficial protozoa
Helpful in sanitation:
Keeping water safe for drinking purpose.
Planktonic protozoa as food:
Source of food to fish.
Commensal protozoa:
Live in/on body of other animal (host) and derive some benefit from the relationship.
Scientific Study:

20. • Harmful Protozoa
 Water pollution:
Some free living protozoa pollute water by producing aromatic &
oily secretions with objectionable odours.
Economic importance of Protozoa

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