Genetically modified (GM) plants are created by introducing specific DNA into their genomes to enhance yields, nutritional value, and resistance to pests and environmental stressors. The cultivation of GM crops has expanded significantly since their introduction, with notable benefits including increased crop productivity and reduced pesticide use, although concerns about potential health and environmental impacts persist. Key examples of GM crops include BT corn and the Flavr Savr tomato, each designed to exhibit specific advantageous traits while facing regulatory and public acceptance challenges.

1. GENETICALLY
MODIFIED
PLANTS

2. Introduction:
Genetically modification of plants
involves adding a specific stretch of DNA
into the plant's genome, giving it new or
different characteristics.
In 1996, Genetically Modified (GM) Crops
were grown in 6 countries.
 In 2009, the number of countries using GM
crops increased to 25.
The year 2019 marks the 24th year of
commercialization of biotech crops, and the
number of countries using GM crops had
increased to 29.

3. What is the Purpose of
Genetically Modified Crops?
The multiple purposes behind genetically modified
crops are listed below.
 Higher yields
 Enhanced nutritional value
 Longer shelf life
 Increase resistance to droughts
 Increase resistance to insects, pests.
 Increased resistance to herbicides.

4. Global GM crop cultivation
The top five GM growing countries are
 USA (top producer of biotech crops)
 Brazil (second position)
 Argentina
 India
 Canada
These countries together account for
approximately 90% area of the GM cultivation.
Soybean, maize, cotton and canola with
herbicide tolerance and insect resistance are
the major GM crops grown around the world

5. Impact of GM crops
 In the period of 23 years (1996-2018), about 17 million
farmers, mostly from developing countries, adopted
biotech crops, which in turn improved their socio-
economic status.
 Apart from the economic benefits, usage of GM crops
has also contributed to food security, sustainable
development, and climate change mitigation. Those
benefits are:
 It increased crop productivity by 822 million tons;
 Conserving biodiversity by saving 231 million hectares of
land.
 Adaptation of GM crops has provided a safer environment
by saving 776 million kg of pesticides from being released
into the environment.
 GM crops have been helpful in reducing CO2 also.

6. Some examples of GM-modified
crops

8. Advantages of Genetically
Modified Crops
 The benefits experienced by the developed world by
usage of GM crops are:
 Higher crop yields
 Reduced farm costs
 Increased farm profit
 Safer environment
 More nutritious food
 FIRST GENERATION FEATURES: Lower farm-level
production costs & herbicides.
 SECOND GENERATION FEATURES : include
increased nutritional and/or industrial traits. These
crops have more direct benefits to consumers.

9. Examples of commercialized second generation
crops include
 Non-browning apples
 Non-bruising and low acrylamide potatoes
 Healthier oils from soybean and canola
Other GM crops in the research and/or regulatory
pipeline include:
 Rice enriched with iron, vitamin A and E, and lysine
 Potatoes with higher starch content, and insulin
 Insect resistant eggplant
 Edible vaccines in maize, banana, and potatoes
 Locations that are originally not suitable
 Easier to transport

10. Disadvantages of Genetically
Modified Crops
 Allergies, other anti-nutritional factors in foods
 Resistance to antibiotics
 Cancer
 It can be dangerous to other insects that are
important to our ecosystem.
 Damage the environment.
 Causes unwanted residual effects.
 Outcrossing
 May effect animal protein.

11. Genetically modified
corn (Maize)

12. INTRODUCTION:
 Corn is the most commonly grown crop in the
United States, and most of it is GMO. Most GMO
corn is created to resist insect pests or tolerate
herbicides.
 Bt-corn is a type of genetically modified organism,
termed GMO. A GMO is a plant or animal that has
been genetically modified through the addition of a
small amount of genetic material from other
organisms through molecular techniques.

13. Bt maize
 Bacillus thuringiensis is a soil bacterium that can be found in
many locations around the word.
 This bacterium has the ability to produce crystal proteins (Cry
proteins), which selectivity destroy specific groups of insects.
 The Cry proteins are stomach poisons, which must be
ingested to kill a certain insect. Once eaten, the insect's
digestive enzymes convert the protein into its toxic form,
resulting in intestinal cell rupture and death.
 Bt corn is genetically modified to contain the Cry proteins.
 Although insecticides are often used, their action has proved to
be inconsistent or ineffective within the agricultural industry.
 Bt insecticides have shown to be sensitive to UV radiation and
heat, as well as applied with incomplete coverage, and reduced
toxicity to older larvae.

14. Process:

16. GENETICALLY
MODIFIED COTTON
PLANT :

17. COTTON
Cotton is a soft,
fluffy staple fiber
that grows in a boll,
or protective case,
around the seeds
of the cotton plants
of the genus
Gossypium in the
mallow family
Malvaceae.

18. BT cotton :



20. Advantages:
• With GMO cotton, it’s all about designer genes. By
inserting Bt into the genetic makeup of cotton, it allows
the plant to fight off pests while allowing farmers to use
less pesticide on their fields.
• Genetically modified cotton was commercially
introduced in the United States in 1995, and adoption
rates grew dramatically in the following years. Since
2000, genetically altered seeds have accounted for the
bulk of cotton acres, rising from 61 percent in 2000 to 96
percent in 2020. During this time, the percentage of
cotton acres planted with individual HT or BT traits
decreased as growers shifted to stacked cultivars that
carried both traits.

21. DISADVANTAGES:
In the year 2000, approximately 26% of total cotton
acres were HT exclusively, 15% were BT solely, and
20% used stacked seeds. By 2020, 8% of acres would
be HT-only, 5% would be BT-only, and 83 percent would
employ stacked seeds.
 Besides the above advantages, genetically modified cotton
disadvantages still exist
 Reduced insecticide use with genetically modified cotton has
allowed secondary pests that aren’t targeted by the GM proteins to
fill the void left by lepidopterans.
 In addition, because GM cotton can endure a larger variety of
environmental circumstances than wild cotton, there is a possibility
of regional overlap and gene transfer via ‘volunteer’ plants.

22. GENETICALLY
MODIFIED
TREE
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed

23. PURPOSE
• TO introduced a novel trait to the plant which does not occur
naturally within the species .
INTRODUCTION
• Genetically modified tree (GMt, GEtree, genetically engineered
tree, GEtree, or transgenic tree) is a tree whose DNA has been
modified using gentic engineering techniques.
• several genetic modified forests tree species are undergoing field
trials for deregulation ,and much of research is being carried out
by the pulp and paper industry ,primarily with the intention of
increasing the productivity of existing tree stock .

24. GENETICALLY MODIFIED TREE METHOD
 Genes are introduced to or removed from crops or trees that have
undergone genetic engineering utilizing methods that originally included
geneguns, electroporation, microinjection,andagrobacterium.
 Gene Guns : Target genes are "shot" (directed high energy particles or
radiations against plant cells using gene guns, sometimes referred to as
biolistics.
 It is the most typical approach. DNA is attached to minute gold or
tungsten particles, which are then fired under high pressure into plant
tissue or individual plant cells.
 Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated Transformation: Many
cultivated crops, especially monocots like wheat or maize, for
which transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been
less effective, have been successfully transformed using this
approach.
 T-DNA is transferred to an undetermined location in the plant
genome when Agrobacterium infects a plant.

25. • In genetic engineering, the desired
foreign gene is substitutedfor the
bacterial T-DNA in the bacterial
plasmid. The bacteria serve as a
vector to introduceforeign genes
into plants.
• Electroporation:When plant
tissuelacks cell walls,
electroporationis performed.
• DNA enters plant cells using this
method through tiny pores that are
momentarily created by electric
pulses.
• Foreign DNA can be injected into
cells directly using
microinjection.

26. ADVANTAGES
 Quicker growth.
 In Brazil, there were trials of growing GM eucalyptus, where trees
grew 40% faster with 20-30% more mass than conventional
eucalyptus.
 Resistance to disease. The English elm is being genetically
modified to improve its resistance to Dutch elm disease so it
can be reintroduced into the wild. It has been successfully
grown in Scotland.
 Better forest management.
DISADVANTAGES
• The long term effects of GM trees on ecosystem is unknown .
• There are concerns of the escape of modified genes into natural
ecosystem.
• Rapid growth could cause shorter ,more intensive rotations
,resulting in greater water demand.

27. GENETICALLY
MODIFIED
TOMATO
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.

28. INTRODUCTION
The Genetically Modified Tomatoes, also known as
the Transgenic Tomatoes or "Flavr Savr", is a
tomatoes who's genes has been altered by using
genetic engineering to create tomatoes with longer
shell life.
These tomatoes consist of having a longer length
of time of being stored before it becomes unfit for
the consumptions of organisms.
The tomatoes where the first organisms to being
modified through their genes and a gateway to
many further discoveries done to other organisms
as well.

29. HOW
THEY
ARE
MADE
 The transgenic tomatoes are made by having a
gene from Escherichia coil, a bacteria found
commonly in the lower intestine of warm-blooded
organisms which occurs naturally in the mammalian
gut, interfere with the FLAVR SAVR gene, a genre
from a tomato in charge of when the tomato rotten.
 These two genes are then inserted into a plasmids,
a circular ring of DNA found in the tomato, and
inserted into the tomato cells. This will then produce
a substance in the cells called APH II that supports
the tomato with a cell resistance antibiotic. This
antibiotic will kill all the cells that did not receive the
plasmids with the two genes thus leaving the whole
tomato genetically modified.
Later on, the antisense (or E coil) gene interferes
with the production of enzyme polygalacturonase,
an enzyme responsible for the cell walls and the
softening of the tomato, "canceling each other" and
deactivating the production of these enzymes and
the softening of the tomato.

30. ADVANTAGES
 They are higher amounts of
antioxidants and are and are
more flavorful than store
tomatoes.
 Also have thousands of tomato
varieties to choose from of
different shapes ,size,colours,a
ndflavor profiles which you can
not find anywhere in
the supermarket.
 Increase crop productivity.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.

31. DISADVAN
TAGES
 The only obvious disadvantage
of the flavr savr tomato is that it
contents a gene, which codes
for an antibiotic resistance
referring to Kanamycin.
 The insertion of this gene was
due to the differentiation of
normal cells and wasn’t
removed after the transfer.
 Cost of cultivation is increased.

32. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the GMOs have an admirable technical
advantage over their natural counterparts, including the
possibility of curing hunger in developing countries, and
even now represent few health problems for humans, they
are far from being perfect also, their process of development
and the ways in which their implementation is carried out
today is not the most preferable, both because they still
represent a small risk to human health and the environment.
It is not possible to make a global generalization in health.