This document summarizes information about genetic engineering. It defines genetic engineering as the process of manually adding new DNA to an organism to give it new traits. It provides examples of genetically engineered crops like plants resistant to insects or herbicides. It compares genetic engineering to traditional breeding and outlines the basic steps of genetic engineering including identifying the desired gene, cloning it, and inserting it into a recipient organism. It discusses advantages like medical and agricultural benefits and disadvantages like potential unknown environmental impacts. It provides examples of specific genetically engineered crops like golden rice and pesticide-resistant rape plants. It also discusses debates around the safety of GMOs.

1. Under supervision :
Dr. Ghada Saber Mohamed Ismail

2. Group3:
1. Radwa alaa
2. Yousra yosre
3. Mariam adel
4. Reem osama
5. Asmaa mostafa

3. Genetic
engineering
Definition
History of
genetic
engineering
How to do
it(steps)
Examples
GMO compare
to traditional
breeding
The most
common GM
crops now
Advantage and
disadvantage
Is it safe to
eat a GMO
How to know
the crops is
organic or
GMO

4. History of genetic engineering
while the average selling food began genetically since
1994 .
"1933 Published the first science fiction story about
genetic engineering, "Brave New
World”
Aldous Huxley

5. Freezing
strawberry

6. Genetic engineering is the process of manually adding
new DNA to an organism. The goal is to add one or more
new traits that are not already found in that organism.
Examples of genetically engineered (transgenic) organisms
currently on the market include plants with resistance to
some insects, plants that can tolerate herbicides, and
crops with modified oil content .

7. How does genetic engineering compare to
traditional breeding?
Although the goal of both genetic engineering and
traditional plant breeding is to improve an organism’s
traits, there are some key differences between them.
While genetic engineering manually moves genes from
one organism to another, traditional breeding moves
genes through mating, or crossing, the organisms in
hopes of obtaining offspring with the desired
combination of traits.

8. Using the recipe analogy, traditional breeding is like taking two
cookbooks and combining every other recipe from each into one
cookbook. The product is a new cookbook with half of the
recipes from each original book. Therefore, half of the genes in
the offspring of a cross come from each parent.

9. How to make

10. How is genetic engineering done?
Genetic engineering, also called transformation, works by
physically removing a gene from one organism and
inserting it into another, giving it the ability to express
the trait encoded by that gene .
The process: Once a goal is in
mind…
1) First, find an organism that
naturally contains the desired trait

11. 2) The DNA is extracted from
that organism. This is like
taking out the entire cookbook
3) The one desired gene
(recipe) must be located and
copied from thousands of
genes that were extracted.
This is called gene cloning.
4) The gene may be modified slightly to work in a more
desirable way once inside the recipient organism.

12. Techniques of
Transformation
The most common
transformation technique uses
a bacteria that naturally
genetically engineer plants with
its own DNA. The transgene is
inserted into the bacteria, which
then delivers it into cells of the
organism being engineered
. Another technique, called the gene
gun method, shoots microscopic
gold particles coated with copies of the
transgene into cells of the recipient
organism. With either technique,
genetic engineers have no control over
where or if the transgene inserts into
the genome. As a result, it takes
hundreds of attempts to achieve just a
few transgenic organisms

15. 6) Once a transgenic organism has been created, traditional breeding is
used to improve the characteristics of the final product. So genetic
engineering does not eliminate the need for traditional breeding. It is simply
a way to add new traits to the pool.

16. Advantages
1 - Genetic engineering will help
medical sciences.
2 - Genetic manipulation is good
For the economy
3 - The environment will improve
4 - Better and more efficient food
production.

18. Super carbon-capturing plants
Humans add about 9 gigatons of carbon to the atmosphere
annually, and plants and trees absorb about 5of those
gigatons. The remaining carbon contributes to the
greenhouse effect and global warming, but scientists are
working to create genetically engineered plants and trees
that are optimized for capturing this excess carbon .
Researchers hope to create bioenergy crops with large root
systems that can capture and store carbon underground.
Scientists are currently working to genetically modify
perennials like switchgrass and Miscanthus because of their
extensive root systems

19. Disadvantages
Of course there are two sides to the coin; here are some
possible eventualities and disadvantages.
1 - Dangerous for the environment
2 - Nobody knows the effects on the long term
Nature is an extremely complex inter-related chain consisting of
many species linked in the food chain. Some scientists believe
that introducing genetically modified genes may have an
irreversible effect with consequences yet unknown. Genetic
manipulation is still in its infancy and nobody knows from
practical experiences what the consequences could be.

20. 3 - It is true that nature is considered as one of the complex
thing that is associated in a food chain. There are
scientists who believe that the existence of hereditarily
modified genes had an irreversible effect that are also
associated with some consequences.

21. There are variety of GM crops found and each one made
for a specific function.
Pesticide plant ,insecticide plant …and so on .
Example of genetic engineering crops

22. Golden rice is genetically modified rice that now contains a
large amount of A-vitamins. Or more correctly, the rice
contains the element beta-carotene which is converted in
the body into Vitamin-A. So when you eat golden rice,
you get more vitamin A. For the golden rice to make
beta-carotene three new genes are implanted: two from
daffodils and the third from a bacterium.
Golden rice

23. The rice can be considered a particular advantage to poor
people in underdeveloped countries. They eat only an
extremely limited diet lacking in the essential bodily
vitamins. The consequences of this restricted diet causes
many people to die or become blind. This is particularly
true in areas of Asia, where most of the population live
on rice from morning
to evening.
Critics fear that poor people in underdeveloped
countries are becoming too dependent on the rich
western world.

24. Pesticide resistant rape plants
Scientists have transferred a gene to the rape plant
which enables the plant to resist a certain pesticide.
When the farmer sprays his genetically modified rape crop
with pesticides, that can destroy most of the pests
without killing the rape plants.

25. Insecticide sweet corn
Scientists have genetically modified sweet corn so that it
produces a poison which kills harmful insects.
The genetically modified corn is called Bt-corn, because the
insect-killing gene in the plant comes from the bacteria
Bacillus thuringiensis.

26. Scientists have recently taken the gene that programs
poison in scorpion tails and looked for ways to combine
it with cabbage.
Venomous
cabbage
To limit pesticide use while still preventing caterpillars from
damaging cabbage crops.
These genetically modified
cabbages would produce
scorpion poison that kills
caterpillars when they bite
leaves ‫ـ‬ but the toxin is modified
so it isn't harmful to humans.
Why would they want to create venomous cabbage?

27. Long-lasting tomatoes
The genetically modified tomato produces less of the
substance that causes tomatoes to rot, so remains firm
and fresh for a long time.

28. Are GMOs Safe?
The fact is that there is NO LONG TERM TESTING done on
GMOs and their effect on the humane race.
Rats fed life time of GM corn grow
horrifying tumors and 70% of
females die early.
Even squirrels know
its not suppose to be
eaten.

29. Most developed nations do not consider GMOs to be safe.
In more than 60 countries around the world, including
Australia, Japan, and all of the countries in the European
Union, there are significant restrictions or outright bans
on the production and sale of GMOs.
In the U.S., the government has approved GMOs based on
studies conducted by the same corporations that created
them and profit from their sale.

34. In 2001 Epicyte Corporation isolated a protein that causes
sterility and spliced its genes into corn so that men and
women eating the corn would become sterile. Guess
who bought that from them?
MONSANTO DID.
To date No congressperson, No Senator,
and No Presidential candidate has
dared to ask WHY? Instead, they
mandated that all corn needs to be
bought from Monsanto. Is it just me, or does that not sit
well with you either?
Did You Know…

35. Are You Eating GMOs?
Did you know that 80% of processed foods in your
standard grocery store are GMO? Most people are
eating GMO and are completely unaware about it.
In the United States, 94% of soy, 88% of corn, 90% of
canola, 95% of sugar beets, 25,000 acres of zucchini and
yellow crook neck squash and almost all Hawaiian
papaya are now genetically modified.