This document discusses various strategies for enhancing food production, including animal husbandry, dairy and poultry farm management, beekeeping, and animal breeding techniques. It also covers plant breeding methods like inbreeding, outbreeding, crossbreeding, and hybridization. New technologies discussed include artificial insemination, embryo transfer, tissue culture, and somatic hybridization. The aim is to increase food yields while improving quality and resilience to stresses.

1. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
A PPT BY :- Anchal Kumar Tripathi
CLASS :- XII - Science

2. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Deals with care and breeding of livestock useful to
human being.
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New technology must be applied to achieve quality
and quantity.

3. Dairy farm management
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Selection of good breeds
Provided proper shelter
Scientific way of feeding i.e. quality and
quantity of fodder.
Sufficient quantity of water
Maintenance of disease –free
Stringent cleanliness and hygiene

4. Poultry Farm management
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Selection of disease free and suitable breeds
Proper feeds and water
Proper and safe farm conditions
Hygiene and health care

5. Bee keeping or Apiculture
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Knowledge of nature and habits of bee
Selection of suitable location of keepingbeehives
Catching and hiving of swarms
Management of beehives during different seasons
Handling and collection of honey and beeswax.

6. Aim of animal breeding
Increasing the quantity of yield
 Improving the quality of produce
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7. BREEDING
inbreeding
Breeding
Outbreeding
out crossing
Cross breeding
Interspecific
hybridisation

8. Inbreeding
Superior males and females of same breed are
identified and mated
 Superior males and females of progeny are
identified for further mating
 Increases homozygous pure line can be developed
 Exposes harmful recessive alleles, which is eliminated
by selection.
 Accumulate superior genes
 Causes breeding depression
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9. Out breeding
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Breeding of unrelated animals either of the same
breed or different breeds or different species.
Types of outbreeding- (a) outcrossing
(b) cross-breeding
(c) Interspecific hybridisation

10. Outcrossing
Animals of same breed are mated having
no common ancestor on either side of their pedigree
up to 4-6 generation.
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Overcomesinbreedingdepression

11. Cross-breeding
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Superior males of one breed are mated with
superior females of another breed of same species.
Desirable qualities of two different breeds are
combined.

12. Interspecific hybridisation
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Male and female animals of two different species
are crossed.
Combine the desirable features of both parents
E.g. mule by a crossbetween a male donkey and
female horse

13. Artificial insemination
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Semen can be stored or frozen and used later
Easy for transportation to distant place
Semen from one bull can impregnate a number of
females

14. Multiple ovulation embryo transfer
Cow is administered FSH to induce super
ovulation, production of 6-8 ova per cycle.
 Mating of the same cow with selected bull or
artificially inseminated
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Fertilised eggs at 8-32 stage are recovered
Transfer of fertilised eggs to surrogate mother

15. Traits that breeder try to incorporate in
crop plant
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High yield
Better quality of produce
Increased tolerance to environmentalstress
Resistance to pathogen
Increased tolerance to insect pests

16. Steps in plant breeding
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Collection of variability
Evaluation and selection of parents
Cross breeding of selected parents
Selection and testing of superior recombinants
Testing, release and commercialization of new
cultivars

18. Crop varieties with increased
nutritional quality
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Lysine and tryptophan rich maize
High protein rich wheat
Iron fortified rice
Vitamin C rich bitter gourd, mustard,
tomato. bathua
Iron and calcium rich spinach and bathua
Vitamin A rich carrots, spinach and pumpkin

19. Single cell protein
Microbes are grown on an industrial scale and
used
as nutrient rich food. E.g. Spirulina.
 Advantages:
 SCPs are rich in proteins and low in fats.
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They can be easily grown on cheaper materials
like wastewater, animal manure, molasses etc.
 The use of waste water reduces pollution.’
etc.
 They act as the supply of fertilizers, pesticides
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20. Tissue culture
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Technique of regeneration of whole plant from any
part
of the plant by growing it on suitable culture medium
under aseptic conditions in vitro.
Advantages:
A number of plants can be grown in a short period
of time.
Healthy, disease free plant can be grown by meristem
culture.
Somatic hybrids can be raised by tissue culture,
where sexual hybridization is not possible.

21. Somatic hybridisation
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Process of fusion of protoplasts of somatic cells of
two different varieties or species
Steps- (a) isolation of protoplasts
(b) fusion of protoplasts
(c) growth of fused protoplasts to form
somatic hybrid
E.g. pomato