This document discusses the principles and utility of 3D conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT). It begins by explaining the goals of radiotherapy to maximize dose to the tumor while minimizing dose to normal tissues. It then describes some disadvantages of conventional 2D planning, including lack of 3D visualization and irradiation of large normal tissue volumes. The document goes on to define 3DCRT as radiotherapy that closely conforms the high dose volume to the target while sparing critical tissues. It discusses the history and development of 3DCRT and provides details on target volume definition, treatment planning workflow including imaging, contouring, planning and evaluation.
Conventional radiotherapy treatments are delivered with radiation beams that are of uniform intensity across the field (within the flatness specification limits). Wedges or compensators are used to modify the intensity profile to offset contour in irregularities and produce more uniform composite dose distributions such as in techniques using wedges. This process of changing beam intensity profile to meet the goals of a composite plan is called intensity modulation
IMRT refers to a radiation therapy technique in which nonuniform fluence is delivered to the patient from any given position of the treatment beam to optimize the composite dose distribution. The optimal fluence profiles for a given set of beam directions are determined through inverse planning. The fluence files thus generated are electronically transmitted to the linear accelerator, which is computer controlled, to deliver intensity modulated beams (IMBs) as calculated.
The vmat vs other recent radiotherapy techniquesM'dee Phechudi
VMAT is a new type of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment technique that uses the same hardware (i.e. a digital linear accelerator) as used for IMRT or conformal treatment, but delivers the radiotherapy treatment using a rotational or arc geometry rather than several static beams.
This technique uses continuous modulation (i.e. moving the collimator leaves) of the multileaf collimator (MLC) fields, continuous change of the fluence rate (the intensity of the X rays) and gantry rotation speed across a single or multiple 360 degree rotations
Conventional radiotherapy treatments are delivered with radiation beams that are of uniform intensity across the field (within the flatness specification limits). Wedges or compensators are used to modify the intensity profile to offset contour in irregularities and produce more uniform composite dose distributions such as in techniques using wedges. This process of changing beam intensity profile to meet the goals of a composite plan is called intensity modulation
IMRT refers to a radiation therapy technique in which nonuniform fluence is delivered to the patient from any given position of the treatment beam to optimize the composite dose distribution. The optimal fluence profiles for a given set of beam directions are determined through inverse planning. The fluence files thus generated are electronically transmitted to the linear accelerator, which is computer controlled, to deliver intensity modulated beams (IMBs) as calculated.
The vmat vs other recent radiotherapy techniquesM'dee Phechudi
VMAT is a new type of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment technique that uses the same hardware (i.e. a digital linear accelerator) as used for IMRT or conformal treatment, but delivers the radiotherapy treatment using a rotational or arc geometry rather than several static beams.
This technique uses continuous modulation (i.e. moving the collimator leaves) of the multileaf collimator (MLC) fields, continuous change of the fluence rate (the intensity of the X rays) and gantry rotation speed across a single or multiple 360 degree rotations
A summary of recent innovations in radiation oncology focussing on the priniciples of different techniques and their application. An overview of clinical results has also been given
A summary of recent innovations in radiation oncology focussing on the priniciples of different techniques and their application. An overview of clinical results has also been given
Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) is an advanced mode of high-precision radiotherapy that uses computer-controlled linear accelerators to deliver precise radiation doses to a malignant tumor or specific areas within the tumor by reducing radiation dose to the nearby normal tissues.
This seminar is presented as a part of weekly journal club and seminar presented in Apollo Hospital,Kolkata Department of Radiation Oncology.This seminar is moderated by Dr Tanweer Shahid.
Thesis / Doctoral Project / Dissertation Proposal
Student Information:
Student GUID Number:
833168318
Student Name: (As it appears on your transcript)
Abdullatif Abdullah
Address:
1850 Columbia Pike Apt 406, Arlington, Virginia, 22204
E-Mail Address:
[email protected]
Phone Number:
571-340-6065
Degree:
Masters in Health Physics
Expected Graduation Month/Year
05 / 2022
Dept./Major:
Health Physics
I. Title:
Estimation of Peak Skin Dose and Its Relation to the Size Specific Dose Estimate
II. Problem or Hypothesis:
The CT Dose Index (CTDIvol) was originally designed as an index of dose associated with various CT diagnostic procedures not as a direct dosimetry method for individual patient dose assessments. There is no current method for calculating peak skin dose (PSD) using the key metrics provided from the radiation dose structure report of a CT scanner. Every CT study is required to output the kVp and mAs that were used, the dose length product and CT dose index volume which will all be shown on the CT console, but there is no direct method to go straight to the PSD. This project will test the hypothesis that the SSDE has a sufficiently strong linear relationship with PSD to allow direct calculation of the PSD directly from the SSDE.
III. Review of Related Literature:
The highest radiation dose accruing at a single site on a patient’s skin is referred to as the peak skin dose (PSD) which is related to the Computed Tomography dose index (CTDIvol) that is displayed on the console of CT scanners. However, the CT Dose Index was originally designed as an index not as a direct dosimetry method for patient dose assessment. More recently, modifications to original CTDI concept have attempted to convert it into to patient dosimetry method, but have with mixed results in terms of accuracy. Nonetheless, CTDI-based dosimetry is the current worldwide standard for estimation of patient dose in CT. Therefore, CTDIvol is often used to enable medical physicists to compare the dose output between different CT scanners.
Fearon, Thomas (2011) explained that current estimation of radiation dose from CT scans on patients has relied on the measurement of Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) in standard cylindrical phantoms, and calculations based on mathematical representations of “standard man.” The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of adapting a radiation treatment planning system (RTPS) to provide patient-specific CT dosimetry. A radiation treatment planning system was modified to calculate patient-specific CT dose distributions, which can be represented by dose at specific points within an organ of interest, as well as organ dose-volume (after image segmentation) for a GE Light Speed Ultra Plus CT scanner. Digital representations of the phantoms (virtual phantom) were acquired with the GE CT scanner in axial mode. Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLDs) measurements in pediatric anthropomorphic phantoms were utilized t ...
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
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Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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5. Disadvantages of conventional
planning :
Lack of 3D visualization of the tumor
Irradiation of large volumes of normal tissue along
with the tumor
Higher toxicity and side effects.
2D planning of 3D tumor.
6. Conformal radiation therapy
It is described as radiotherapy treatment that
creates a high dose volume that is shaped to
closely “Conform” to the desired target volumes
while minimizing the dose to critical normal
tissues..
8. CT - Goitein and co workers used CT based
imaging –high quality BEV displays and display
radiographic images from CT –DRR’s
End of 1980’s –3D planning systems were
developed.
1990’s – 3DTPS became commercially available
9. Features of conformal
radiotherapy :
Target volumes are defined in three dimensions
Multiple beam directions are used to crossfire on the
targets.
Individual beams are shaped or intensity modulated to
create a dose distribution that conforms to the target
volume and desired dose levels.
Use of image guidance , accurate patient setup
,immobilization and management of motion to ensure
accurate delivery of the planned dose distributions
10. Types Of Conformal
Radiotherapy :
3DCRT :Techniques
aiming to employ
geometric field shaping
alone
IMRT :Techniques to
modulate the intensity of
fluence across the
geometrically-shaped
field.
11. What is 3DCRT :
To plan & deliver treatment based on 3D anatomic
information. such that resultant dose distribution
conforms to the target volume closely in terms of
◦ Adequate dose to tumor &
◦ Minimum dose to normal tissues.
15. Step 1 : Positioning :
comfortable and reproducible.
Suitable for beam entry with minimum accessories
in beam path.
Positioning devices are ancillary devices used to
maintain the patient in a non standard treatment
position.
16. Step 1 :Immobilization :
An immobilization device is any device that helps to
establish and maintain the patient in a fixed, well-
defined position from treatment to treatment over a
course of radiotherapy-reproduce the treatment
everyday.
17. Step 2 : Image Acquisition
It provides foundation for treatment planning
Usually more than one imaging modalities are
required for better delineation of target volume
Images are acquired for :
◦ Treatment planning
◦ Image guidance and/or treatment verification
◦ Follow-up studies (during & after treatment)
18. Step 2: Imaging modalities
Anatomic images of high quality are needed to
accurately delineate target volumes and normal
structures
Modalities :
CT
MRI
US
SPECT
PET
19. CT Imaging :
Advantages :
reconstruction of images in
plane other than that of
original transverse image.
Bony structures
Easily available ,
inexpensive
4D imaging can be done
Gives quantitative data in form of CT no. (electron
density) to account for tissue heterogeneities while
computing dose distribution
20. MRI Imaging :
depend on proton density
distribution
They can be used alone or in
conjunction with CT
21. Advantages :
directly generates scan in axial , sagittal, coronal
planes.
No radiation dose to patient
Superior to CT in soft tissue delineation such as
CNS, head and neck ,sarcoma , prostrate, lymph
nodes.
Disadvantages :
Insensitive to calcification
and bony structures.
longer time
artifacts
22. PET CT Imaging :
enables the collection of both anatomical & biological
information simultaneously
Advantages :
Earlier diagnosis of tumour
Accurate staging
Precise treatment
Monitoring of response
to treatment
Disadvantages :
Poor resolution
Costly
23. Simulation :
Virtual simulation is a process in which the
physician uses the digital CT data to define normal
tissue and target volume contours to reconstruct
the patient in three dimensions on a video display
terminal.
Images are obtained on a CT simulator as it
provides the best geometric accuracy
24. CT Simulator :
• A large bore (75-85cm) to accommodate various
treatment positions along with treatment
accessories.
• A flat couch insert to simulate treatment machine
couch.
• A laser system consisting of
Inner laser
External moving laser to
position patients for
imaging & for marking.
A graphic work station
25. Requisites Of A Planning CT :
Ct couch should be flat
Same position
Immobilization
Fiducial pointers
Planning CT protocols are tumor site dependent
and typically 2-5mm thickness and 50-200 slices
26. Image Acquisition :
Patient made to lie in treatment position.
Immobilization devices are used
Radio opaque fiducial are placed
Topogram is generated and VOI is selected
Using site dependent protocols images are
generated
Transfer of images to a 3DTPS or workstation
27. Step 3 :Image Registration :
Process of correlating different image data sets to
identify corresponding structures or regions.
It provides accurate geometric model of the patient
,as well as the electron density information needed
for the calculation of the 3D dose distribution that
takes into account tissue heterogeneities
29. Applications Of Image
Registration :
Visualizing CNS structures more clearly seen on MRI
and mapping them to CT image for planning-fusion
Combining functional or biochemical signals from
emission tomography onto CT scans for planning
purposes.
For organ motion studies
Image guidance
For follow-up studies
Image registration allows computation of cumulative
doses from multiple plans done on different image
sets for same patient
30. Step 4 :Image segmentation :
It is the slice by slice delineation of anatomic
regions of interest.
CT is the principal source of imaging data used for
defining the structures.
Problems with CT :
1.in case of GTV –appropriate CT window
and level settings– maximum dimension of gross
disease.
2.organ motion
31. Volume specification :
Volume definition is prerequisite
for 3-D treatment planning.
To aid in the treatment planning
process & provide a basis for
comparison of treatment
outcomes.
ICRU reports50 & 62 define &
describe target & critical structure
volumes.
32. Volume specification :
ICRU 29—1978
Target volume
Treated volume
Irradiated volume
Organ at risk
Hot spot
33. Target volume :
Definition : volume containing those tissues that are
to be irradiated to a specified absorbed dose
according to a specified time dose pattern.
Did not address the issue of coordinate system and
no definite margin added for different type of
uncertainties
34. Treatment volume : volume enclosed by the
isodose surface representing minimal target dose.
Irradiated volume : volume that receives a dose
considered significant in relation to normal tissue
tolerance (eg:50% isodose surface).
OAR : radiosensitive organs in or near the target
volume whose presence influences treatment
planning or prescribed dose.
Hot spot :tissues outside the target area receiving
dose higher than 100% of the specified target
dose(at least 2cm2 in section)
35. VOLUMES :
Gross target volume
Clinical target volume
Planning target volume
Organs at risk
Treated volume
Irradiated volume
Defined prior
to T/t planning
During T/t
planning
Depends on the
T/t technique
ICRU 50
36. ICRU 50-1993
Well suited for conformal therapy
TARGET VOLUME :
PTV
CTV
GTV
37.
38. GTV-Gross Target Volume
Gross demonstrable extent and location of the
malignant growth.
It consists of :
Primary tumor(GTV primary)
Metastatic lymphadenopathy(GTV nodal)
Other metastasis(GTV M)
If the tumor has been removed prior to
radiotherapy then no GTV can be defined.
42. CTV – Clinical Target Volume
2 types of
Subclinical
extension:-
Around the GTV-
CTV I
At a distance
(Regional lymph
nodes)-CTV II
To account for uncertainties in microscopic tumor spread
43.
44. The PTV is a static geometrical concept defined
to select appropriate beam sizes and beam
arrangements.
It considers the net effect of the geometrical
variations to ensure that the prescribed dose is
actually absorbed in the CTV.
PTV-Planning Target Volume :
45. Treated volume : (previously treatment volume )
volume enclosed by any isodose surface, selected and
specified by the radiation oncologist as being
appropriate to achieve the purpose of treatment.
Irradiated volume : tissue volume that receives a dose
that is considered significant
in relation to normal
tissue tolerance.
Hot spot :
2cm2 1.5cm2
47. ICRU 62- 1999
Supplement ICRU report 50 –conformal therapy
different margins to account for Anatomical &
Geometrical uncertainties – internal and setup
margin.
Introduces concept of reference points &
coordinate systems.
Introduces the concept of conformity index.
Classifies Organs at Risk.
Introduces planning organ at risk volume.
Gives additional recommendations on reporting
doses, not only in a single patient but also in a
series of patients.
49. PTV :
Based on published clinical experience
Van Herk and colleagues –systemic and random errors
on the required margins to account for setup error and
organ motion –
PTV margin = 2.5 Σ + 0.7σ
Asymmetric nature of positional uncertainties eg:
prostate
Beam portals– additional margin beyond PTV required
to obtain dose coverage because of beam penumbra
and treatment techniques.
50. Coplanar treatment techniques –margins across
plane of treatment and margins orthogonal will be
different .
PTV overlapping with a contoured normal structure
–
PTV contour extending outside the skin –delineate
PTV 5cm below the skin surface.
PTV margin can be reduced if more frequent
imaging or other technical innovation is used to
reduce geometric uncertainties.
51.
52. Organs At Risk Classification :
Normal tissue whose radiation sensitivity may
significantly influence treatment planning
&prescribed dose.
Class I Organs: radiation lesions are fatal or result
in severe morbidity.
Class II Organs: mild to moderate radiation
morbidity
Class III Organs: mild, transient, reversible, not
significant radiation morbidity
ICRU-50
53. Classification Of Organs At Risk
Serial – whole organ is a continuous unit and damage at one point
will cause complete damage of the organ (spinal cord, digestive
system). So even point dose is significant
Parallel – organ consists of several functional units and if one part
is damaged, the rest of the
organ makes up for the loss (lung, bladder). Dose delivered to a
given volume or average/mean dose is considered.
Serial-parallel – kidney (glomerulus-
parallel, tubules- serial), heart
(myocardium- parallel, coronary arteries
- serial).
ICRU-62
54.
55.
56. Step 5 :Dose prescription :
Based on published data and clinical experience
Prescription is specified as a dose at or near the
center of PTV as a dose covering certain
percentage of PTV.
57. Step 6 : Conformal Planning
Forward Planning :In this places beams into a
radiotherapy treatment planning system which can
deliver sufficient radiation to a tumour while both
sparing critical organs and minimising the dose to
healthy tissue and later modification is done
Inverse Planning :this approach starts with
desired result (a uniform target dose) & works
backward toward incident beam intensities.
58. Step 6 :Forward Planning
Beam arrangement – ability to orient beams in 3D
allows one to develop plans using non coplanar
beams.
Field shaping – BEV and DRR display allow to
view target volume and OAR ,hence shielding
blocks and MLC can be placed accordingly .
59. Beam directions that create greater difference
between targets and critical structures are
preferred
A 2cm margin between the PTV and field edge
ensures better than 95% isodose coverage of the
PTV.
coplanar or non coplanar
60. Beam Designing: Beam
arrangement
Field multiplicity : less need for high energy beams
Disadvantage :
designing excess number of beams
shaping blocks
longer setup time
carrying of blocks – danger
61.
62. to get a practical idea about geometry of beam
placement .
Simulates any arbitrary viewing location in
treatment room.
Provides near time capability for evaluating the
location of hot and cold spots in a given dose
distribution.
Rooms Eye View :
63. Beam Designing : Field Shaping
MLCs are used to shape the field around the PTV.
Placed using Beams eye view (BEV)
BEV : The observer's viewing point is at the source
of radiation looking out along the axis of the
radiation beam in planes perpendicular to central
axis of the beam .
Easily view the critical structure
volumes and the target volume
so that shielding blocks or MLC
defined apertures can be defined.
65. DRR- Digitally Reconstructed
Radiograph
After beam arrangement, DRR is generated.
Used for treatment portal design.
Verification of treatment delivery by comparison
with portal film.
allow better visualization of organs of interest.
66. Step 7 :Dose distribution
calculation :
Rectilinear coordinate system affixed to the patient
3D CT image set is typically used for calculating the
dose distribution .
Horizontal axis
Vertical
axis of CT
couch motion
67. CT numbers are not directly used in photon dose
calculations , electron density of the corresponding
tissue are used. Why ??
Compton scattering is dominant for photon beam
used in radiotherapy and absorption and scattering
of photons in tissue depends on electron density
Errors in CT numbers – errors in dose calculation .
<10% errors not significant.
68. Once the parameters are defined, the Treatment
Planning Software generates the dose distribution
Past – dose calculation algorithms were
traditionally based on dose distribution measured
in water phantoms and applying correction factors
for
non uniform surface/beam obliquity
tissue heterogeneities
beam modifiers
Advanced models– superposition/convolution
method
69. Plan Optimization And
Evaluation :
Iterative, interactive approach
Beam arrangement is done based on review of
DVH and multilevel 2D display levels showing
isodose lines superimposed on CT images.
REV view is used to display
dose clouds along with rendered PTV and OAR’S.
hot and cold spots can be seen
70. Plan Evaluation
The following tools are used in the evaluation of the
planned dose distribution:
• Methods of dose display
Isodose lines
Color wash
DVHs (Dose volume histograms )
• Dose distribution statistics
71. Colour Wash -
Spectrum of colours superimposed
on the anatomic information
represented by modulation of
intensity
Gives quick over view of dose
distribution
Easy to assess over dosage in
normal tissue that are not
contoured.
To asses dose heterogeneity
inside PTV
Slice by slice evaluation of dose distribution can be done.
72. Coverage By Slice
Always verify the anatomical dose distribution slice
by slice, in order to identify where under dosage or
over dosage is occurring.
overdosage
underdosage
73. Problems With 3D Dose
Distribution:
Huge amount of information to assess
Difficult to quantify visually
Difficult to understand relationship between dose
and 3d anatomy
DVH
74. DVH– Dose Volume Histogram
gives an idea of the percentage volume receiving
the percentage dose both for the tumor and the
normal organs.
2 types – Cumulative
Differential
provides a complete summary of the entire 3D
dose matrix,
it does not provide any spatial information. Thus,
the DVH can only complement, and not replace,
spatial dose-distribution displays.
75. Differential DVH :
Is a plot of the volume of a given structure
receiving a dose within a specified dose interval(or
dose bin) as a function of dose.
Shows the extent of dose variation within a given
structure.
Useful to display dose to target volumes—to see
max ,min , mean
dose.
76. It is plot of volume of a given structure receiving a
certain dose.
Any point on the cumulative DVH curve shows the
volume of a given structure that receives the
indicated dose or higher.
It start at 100% of the volume for zero dose, since all
of the volume receives at least more than zero Gy .
Cumulative DVH :
77.
78.
79. See Dose Statistics :
It provide quantitative information on the volume of the
target or critical structure and on the dose received by
that volume.
These include :The minimum dose to the volume
The maximum dose to the volume
The mean dose to the volume
Useful in dose reporting.
80. Plan Approval :
uniform dose is delivered to the target volume
(+7% to -5% of prescribed dose)
Dose to critical structures below tolerance level
Well within constraints for maximum ,median dose
or according to volume constraint.
Acceptable dose distribution is one that differs from
desired dose distribution
within pre-set limits of dose and
only in regions where desired dose distribution
can’t be physically achieved.
81. Plan Implementation And
Treatment Verification :
Once the plan is designed, evaluated, and
approved, documentation for plan implementation
is generated.
This includes beam parameter settings and MLC
parameters communicated to the computer system
that controls the MLC of treatment machine, and
DRR generation and
printing or transfer to the
Image database .
82. Transfer plan parameters into treatment machine
record-and-verify system
Set up (register) the real patient according to plan
(verification simulation optional)
Perform patient treatment quality assurance
checks including independent check of monitor
units.
83. Clinical Utility 3DCRT :
The possible benefits with 3D CRT in clinical practice
are as follows
Improved local control
Reduced acute and late morbidity
Possibility of dose escalation
84. Patient Selection
Patients most likely to be benefited with this
technique are those who have :
Tumors in sites with complex anatomy
Irregularly shaped tumors
Tumors adjacent to radiation sensitive normal
structures
Small volume or high dose treatments
85. Clinical Areas
Following tumor sites have been extensively
treated with this technique :
Lung Cancer
Brain Tumors
Prostate Cancer
Partial Breast Irradiation
Head and Neck Cancer
Pancreatic Tumors
Liver Tumors
91. Role In Prostate Cancer :
Less bladder and rectum toxicity
Dose escalation – better disease control
92.
93. 3DCRT can drastically reduce rectal and bladder
dose (Perez et al)
Conv RT 3DCRT
Bladder > 65Gy ~60% ~34%
Rectum > 65Gy ~50% ~22%
Rectal and bladder complication rates are reduced
Conv RT 3DCRT IMRT
Gr II ~50-60% ~20-30% 5% (R) 15% (B)
Gr III ~3-4%
(20-30% with dose escalation)
94. Pelvis Treatments :
Reduction in small bowel toxicity.
Prevention of late term ano-rectal toxicity
Escalation of dose to pelvic lymph nodes
Better target coverage
96. Results other sites :
Breast : improves dose coverage and reduces
inhomogeneity, elimination of additional surgical
procedures, improves cosmesis, reduces fat
necrosis
Anal canal : Conformal techniques provides an
opportunity to spare small bowel and the femoral
heads.
GIT : 3D CRT can be validated because it improves
dose distribution , reduces dose to kidneys, liver
and cord.
Head & neck :permits good coverage of the PTV
.There is low rate of acute toxicity which can be
explained by improving the dosimetric parameters
of organs of risk
97. Advantages :
allows for the simulation of the patient's treatment
without their physical presence after the CT scan is
obtained.
Treatment modifications.
system allows for better dosimetric optimization above
that which is achievable with geometric optimization
alone.
Limitations :
• Knowledge of tumor extent
• CTV is often not fully discernible
• Patient motion
• Biologic response of tumor
98. Conclusion :
Tightening of field margins around image based GTV
with little attention to occult disease, patient motion
is a misuse of 3DCRT ---should be avoided.
3DCRT is not synonymous with better results
Its superiority lies entirely on how accurate the PTV
is and how much better the dose distribution is…
hence i conclude by stating that it is a
superior tool for treatment planning with a potential of
achieving better results.
is using ionizing radiation for cancer treatment to control or kill malignant cells.
The main principles for treating any tumor with radiation is to give….
in such a way that there is least...
Radiotherapy has come a long way since 1800 when it was first realised that radiation can be used to treat tumors…in 1930’s treatment has been done using kilovoltage x rays
Which has evolved gradually and treatment using megavolatage energy using 2D planning started in 1940’s, and finally with the advent of CT imaging, treatment using conformal has been started since 1990’s
Conventional external beam radiation therapy is delivered via two-dimensional beams using kilovoltage therapy x-ray units or medical linear accelerators which generate high energy x-rays.2DXRT mainly consists of a single beam of radiation delivered to the patient from several directions: often front or back, and both sides.
1)…....Which leads to Uncertainties in delineation of true spatial extent of disease
2)Inadequate knowledge of exact shape & location of normal structures leads to …..
3)Lack of tools for efficient planning & delivery …..
4)Inn conventional planning we do …......leading to ..limitations in producing optimal dose distributions.
These limitations results in Incorporation of large safety margins
Tumor dose often has to be compromised to prevent normal tissue complications leading to higher probability of local failures
Treatments that are based on 3D anatomic information and using treatment fields to conform as closely as possible to the target volume.
Aims:
adequate dose to the tumor
minimum possible dose to the normal tissues.
Thus to maximize tumor control probability(TCP) and decrease normal tissue complication probability(NTCP)
Conformal methods were first developed in 1950’s and 1960’s by :
Takahashi and Proimos
1st MLC ‘S were invented in 1959 And cobalt unit was developed in 1970
1970’s – implemented computer controlled radiotherapy
In 1979)– sterling et al developed a clinically usable 3DTPS based on Beams eye view
{Sterling et al. (1973)– demonstrated a technique by which a computer generated film loop gave the illusion of 3d view of patients anatomy and calculated isodose distribution.
Rhode island hospital /brown university group}
1.. using contours drawn on many slices from a CT imaging study.
Its principle benefit therefore is to patients who are to be given potentially curative radiotherapy.
IN this seminar we will be discussing about 3DCRT.
The 3D CRT plans generally use increased number of radiation beams
to improve dose conformation ,conventional beam modifiers (e.g., wedges and/or compensating filters) are used
1)Rectangular shaped field with additional blocks and wedges
2) More convenient geometric field shaping with MLC
3) Geometrically shaped field,, intensity is modulated pixel by pixel
Manually conformation is obtained by using custom shaped blocks
Beam shaping is done automatically with multileaf collimators (MLC).this is better than manual usage of blocks because it provides better conformity and it is Less labor intensive—because there is no entering and exiting treatment room to change blocks
Treatment position and immobilization.
Imaging data
Image registration
Image segmentation which is the
Dose prescription
Conformal planning
Plan optimization and evaluation
Plan implementation and treatment verification.
Important component of conformal radiotherapy
Positioning should be such that it is
Patient is immobilized using individualized casts or moulds.
Single photon emmision tomography
Positron emission tomography
Ct image is reconstructed from a matrix of relative linear attenuation coefficients measured by the ct scanner
Adv : 1)… so DRR can be obtained —an ideal drr should be of high contrast and resolution and it should have less slice thickness(2-10mm)
2)provides better visualisation of ….
3 ) it is ...
4 )and ......which helps to counter the problem of tumor motion
Functional mri also has the potntial to be useful in treatment plannin by showin physiologic activity as it happens.thus useful in outlining target volumes
Pet ct was rectnly introduced,it enables….
Disadvantages ; poor resolution
can not pinpoint exact size & location of tumors to the precision required for optimal diagnosis & treatment planning
Separate PET & CT images are difficult to fuse
,
Thus ct images are considered a refernece for anatomic landmarks compared with other modalities.
dedicated CT machine with following features
Ct SIMULATOR can also be used as a conventional simulator because images can be reconstructed to form DRR images
These fiducial assist in any coordinate transformation needed as a result of 3D planning and eventual plan implementation.
A topogram is generated to insure that patient alignment is correct & then using localizer, area to be scanned is selected.
The VOI is selected to permit visualization of the external contour, which is required for accurate dose calculations.
fiducial assist in any coordinate transformation needed as a result of 3D planning and eventual plan implementation.
A topogram is generated to insure that patient alignment is correct & then using localizer, area to be scanned is selected
Volume of interest is selected to permit visualization of the external contour, which is required for accurate dose calculations.
Contrast if required is given
It facilitates comparison of images from one study to another and fuses them into one data set that could be used for treatment planning .
Nw programs are available that allow image fusion mi.e mappn of MRI structures onto CT
Various registration techniques include
Point-to-point fitting,
Line or curve matching
Surface or topography matching
Volume matching
Identifying the volume of a tumour on a preoperative scan and transferring it to the postoperative treatment planning scan to define the target volume.
For example:external contours,targets,critical structures ,etc
Images are contoured by a radiation oncologist using computer mouse or stylus on th CT dataset displayed at the work station.
The segmented structures can be renderd diff colors and can be viewed in BEV configuration or in DRRs
International commision on radiation units and meausrements first addreses the issue of consistent volume and dose specification in icru report 29
While defining a treatment volume to addres the spatial uncertainities the followin parameters….. Parameters to take into account :
expected movements
expected variation in shape and size
variations in treatment setup
Based on dose distribution.not on anatomy
Updated recommmendations for specifying dose or volume..
Ctv–
Ptv—manage the effects of organ and tumor nd patient movements
Determination of shape,size and location of the GTV
Clinical examination
(Inspection, palpation, endoscopy),Various imaging techniques ,X-ray,CT,USG,MRI ,Radionucleotide methods like PET
Reasons to describe GTV accurately
Staging of the tumor according to the TNM.
To define area requiring adequate dose delivery for treatment
Regression of GTV used as predictive of tumor response
Clinical or radiological
Use right contrast display
Use right window settings
avenues of spread like lypnh node,perivascular and perineural extensions to be included
Inter-clinician variability of target volume description is a weak link in the planning process and may compromise the benefits of dose escalation.
Size and shape depends primarily of ctv and gtv
PTV –to account for geometric and other uncertainties
These variations may be intra-fractional or inter-fractional due to number of factors like
Movement of tissues/patient.
Variations in size & shape of tissues.
Variations in beam characteristics.
The uncertainties may be random or systematic.
Hot spot –volume outside ptv that recived a dose larger than 100% of specified ptv dose
Internal margin –to take into account variations in shape,size and position of ctv in reference to patients coordinate system--- eg:: fillin of rectum,respiratory movements– difficult to control practically
Setup margin –to take into account all uncertainities in a patient –beam positionin in reference to treatment coordinate system..—due to technical factors dealt by accurate setup and improved immobiluzation nd machine stability.
itv-== ctv+im– represents movements of ctv in refernec to pts coordinte system-..in cases of lung cancer useful
standard deviation of system errors
sigma is standard deviation of random errors
3– does not reflect reality ----due to lack of dose generated in air and in the buildup region just below the skin.
Use reduce acute skin reactions.
One must be prudent in amount of margin reduced.
Planning organ at risk vol– margin is added aroung organ of risk to compensate for organs geometric uncertainities
This prv margin around oar is analogous to ptv around ctv
Inverse planning is a technique used to design a radiotherapy treatment plan. A radiation oncologist defines a patient's critical organs and tumour then a dosimetrist gives target doses and importance factors for each. Then, an optimisation program is run to find the treatment plan which best matches all the input criteria.
For 3D CRT forward planning is used.
Beam arrangement is selected based on clinical experience….Using BEV, beam aperture is designed…Dose is prescribed.
3D dose distribution is calculated.
Then plan is evaluated.
Plan is modified based on dose distribution evaluation, using various combinations of
Beam , collimator & couch angle,
Beam weights &
Beam modifying devices (wedges, compensators) to get desired dose distribution.
Beam designing is greatly aided by the BEV capability of the 3D treatment planning system.targets and criticall structures
Care taken to avoid selection of gantry and couch angles that result in gantry or table collisions
Beamapertures can designed automatically or manually based proximity of criitical structures
Trial and error
2)To account for the field penumbra such that it lies outside the ptv hence to have an uniform distributinon within ptv
Non coplanar beam—central axis of the beam lies in plane other than transverse plane of the patient ---useful in brain tumors ,head nd neck to avoud critiical structures
Use rev to get practical idea abt beam plaecmnt
Field multiplicity : decide no of beams to be used—more than 4 is preferred
Multiple fields are prferred bcoz the target structures and critical organs can seen in BEV configuration for each field
Alternative –MLC
small fields – custom shaped blocks
Combination of MLC and independent jaws provide unlimited capability of designing fields of any shape
Identifies best : 1.gantry angle2.Collimator angle. 3.couch angle.
at which to irradiate target and avoid irradiating adjacent normal structures by interactively moving patient and treatment beam.
Determine beam modifiers (compensators, wedges, partial transmission block and *Determine beam weighting
??? 1,2Divergently corrected computed radiograph.
The digitally composite radiograph is a type of DRR that allows different ranges of CT numbers related to a certain tissue type to be selectively suppressed or enhanced in the image.
Drr provides planar reference images tat can be used in plan implentation and treatmnt verificatn phasees of crt
Patient or CT system typically has ….
Contour points are typically specified as sequence of points having x,y,z coordinates in this system.
The centre of each voxel in 3d ct image matrix is computed relative to the same coordinate system nd used to look upp the relative electron density values that r related to ct numbers.
Dose distribution of competing plans are evaluated by viewing isodose curves in individual slices or 3d isodose surfaces
Display of 3d dose distribution in relation to target and normal structures is the most direct and informative method of assesing a treatment plan..
All other methods od evaluation are surrogates to this
Dose is itself a surrogate for clinical outcome
showing the amount of target volume or critical structure receiving more or less than a specified dose level
Problem with dvh –insensitive to small hot and cold spots
shape can be misleading
can only be calculated for defined voi’s
Thus should be used in conjunction with visual analysis of 3d dose distribution and dose volume statistics
Crosshair usage
A dvh not only provides quantitative information but also summarise entire dose distribution into a single curve for each anatomic structure of interst thus grt tool fr evaluating a given plan or comparing
LESS DOSE TO ORGANS OF RISK LUNG, HEART, S.C, ESOPHAGUS, LIVER, BRACHIAL PLEXUS AND SKIN.
BEST RESULTS ACHIEVED WITH SMALLER TUMORS.
DVH HAVE ALLOWED SOME CORRELATION OF VOLUMES IRRADIATED TO SPECFIC DOSE WITH INCIDENCE OF RADIATION PNEUMONITIS.
This study demonstrates that 3D conformal radiotherapy improves outcomes in patients with medically inoperable Stage I NSCLC compared with 2D treatment and is an acceptable treatment for this group of patients.
Even with the advent of 3DCRT, the standard of care in carcinoma cervix radiotherapy remains the 4-field box arrangement.
Conventional portals based on bony anatomy as seen on X-ray simulation, used for pelvic irradiation in carcinoma cervix, have been repeatedly demonstrated to be inadequate in comprehensive nodal coverage.
3DCRT gives significantly better PTV coverage, which may translate into better local control and survival
the improved delineation of the target, especially pelvic nodes, and the improved target coverage make 3DCRT an attractive tool. However,the toxicity profile of 3DCRT is no better than conventional RT.
A systematic review of 3-D CRT for prostate cancer was carried out by American Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) and the paper by Morris et al. [1.21] summarised the results. Seventy two published articles were included. It was found that gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicities were lower in patients treated with 3-D CRT than with earlier techniques.
6 OR 7 INTERSECTING FIELDS USED.
SIMILAR TARGET VOLUME COVERAGE WITH B/L ARCH ROTATION BUT SIGNIFICANT LESS VOLUME OF BLADDER AND RECTUM RECEIVE LESS DOSE.
DOSE ESCALATION PROTOCOLS ---SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER CHEMICAL DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL RATES.
In pediatric radiotherapy, the enhanced radio sensitivity of the developing tissues combined with the high overall survival, raise the possibility of late complications
This study confirms that 3D conformal RT is more effective than 2D conventional radiotherapy in decreasing dose to normal tissue without compromising dose distribution homogeneity and dose coverage to PTV
although conformal radiotherapy is time consuming it should be the standard technique to treat all pediatric tumors either for radical or even palliative intent. This is especially true for those with expected long term survival in order to minimize late sequelae of radiation.
This is more convenient for patients and saves them from further fatigue.
Furthermore, as the plan and treatment course evolves, the patient need not return to the scanner for
to maximize target volume coverage and minimize treatment of adjacent tissues.
And should be properly used
3dcrt is not a new modality of treatment nor is it synonymous with better results than well tested conventinal rt
Main advantage of 3DCRT is you are aware of the tumors location more precisely and the dose distribution which is not possible with 2D planning.
hence I conclude by stating that 3DCRT is superior to 2D planning and should be used whenever the facilities and resources are available