This part i present it when i was an oral presentor in the First Scientific Conference Of The Pathology Department; “THE CURRENT CHALLENGES OF THE VIRAL DISEASES IN EGYPT” that held in the conference center of Cairo university, Egypt (20/6/2012).

2. Department of Pathology
Faculty of veterinary medicine

3. BOVINE
EPHEMERAL
FEVER
By •
Dr. SHEREIN SAIED •
Assistant professor,Pathology DPT.

4. (Three-day sickness,
Bovine Epizootic
Fever,
Three-day stiff
sickness),

5. BOVINE EPHEMERAL
FEVER
*The
name ephemeral fever was •
applied very early in the disease’s
recorded history.
*The disease is not ephemeral in the •
sense of being hard to see.

6. Three-day sickness
As clinical signs generally •
persist for about three days
then disappear suddenly with
complete recovery –
hence the name of the •
disease

7. Bovine Epizootic Fever
The disease is known •
to be the same as
Bovine epizootic fever •
of japan.

8. Three-day stiff
sickness,
The disease is •
characterized by •
muscle stiffness

9. (Definition)

10. Definition
-A non contagious epizootic
•
arthropod-born viral disease. •
-Affect cattle and water buffaloes. •
-Characterized by; Sudden
•
onset of fever,depression,
•
stiffness,lameness, and
•
rapid recovery. •
•

11. (Etiology)

12. Etiology
Family:
Genus:
Rhabdoviridae •
Ephemerovirus
Type Species:Bovine ephemeral fever virus

14. (Host Range)

15. Cattle and Water Buffaloes
•

16. Host Range
*All age groups of cattle are susceptible •
but the disease is more common in age
group of 6-24 months.
*Inapparent infections may occur in some
wild ruminants.
•
*Sheep, goats, and other animals are
not known to become infected
•

17. (Epidemiology)

18. Epidemiology
*The disease was first recorded in East
Africa in 1867. •
•
* BEF occurs enzootically in African
countries including Egypt,in most of Asia,
Middle East countries, Australia and Japan
.
* It does not occur in Europe or the
•
Americas . •

19. BOVINE EPHEMERAL FEVER
In Egypt

20. In Egypt, •
*BEF was first described •
in 1895 & 1924.
*subsequent outbreaks •
have been occurred in
summer of
1991,2000,2001 and •
2004.

21. * In summer 1991, •
a typical form of the •
disease.has been
recorded in different
governorates in lower
Egypt.

22. *A second outbreak of BEF •
occurred in summer 2000,
whereas it included several
governorate in
lower and upper Egypt. •
and characterized by •
50% morbidity and •
2.5% mortality. •

23. (Transmission)

24. Transmission
*In nature,Only by Insect bite •
Culicoid-Mosquitoes.
*The disease will not spread from
cow to cow by; close contact,droplet
infection,bodily excretions,or by the
transfer or injection of exudates.

25. Transmission
*There is experimental evidence that •
BEF virus is not spread by semen.
*Meat does not represent even a
theoretical risk for transmission
because the virus is rapidly
inactivated at pH levels below 5 (7).
Such acidic levels are attained
rapidly in bovine muscle after death.

26. Incubation
period

27. Incubation period
*The incubation period following experimental
intravenous inoculation of BEF virus varies
between 2 and 4 days,
and 9 days is the rare extreme.
*The time is probably influenced by;
the strain and dose used.
*The natural incubation period can only be
inferred but is probably similar.

28. Clinical
Signs

29. Clinical Signs
Mild cases

30. *Fever(40-41.5C (105-107 F) with •
biphasic or triphasic fever spaced
12-18 hrs.)

31. *Discharge from the eyes
•
•

32. *Discharge from the nose

33. *Muscle tremor

34. *Temporary lameness.

35. Clinical Signs
Moderate cases

36. *Animals lying down, •

37. *Subcutaneous oedema.

38. *Joint swelling,
•
•
•

39. *Loss of appetite,
•
•
•

40. *Depression,
•
•
•

41. *Loss of rumen motility
•
•

42. Clinical Signs
Severe case

43. *Muscle stiffness •

44. *Drag feet when forced to walk

45. *Lying down(3days),with hind •
limbs outstretched-to relieve
muscle cramp

46. *Paralysis of limbs.
•
•

47. *May
lead to coma and death
•
•

48. Morbidity and Mortality
*Morbidity •
may reach to 30% •
*Mortality•
Low•

49. Causes of the death
i)Pneumonia from secondary infection •

50. Causes of the death
ii)Muscle damaged and inflammation
from long period lying down

51. Causes of the death
iii)Pregnancy toxemia
(fatty liver syndrome)

52. (lesions)

53. *Small amounts of fibrin-rich fluid •
in the pleural cavity.
•

54. *Small amounts of fibrin-rich fluid in •
the peritoneal cavity.
•

55. *Small amounts of fibrin-rich fluid •
in the pericardial cavity.
•

56. *Small amounts of fibrin-rich fluid in •
the joint capsules.
•

57. *The synovial surfaces of the spine
may have fibrin plaques.
•

58. *The lungs may have patchy edema.

59. *Lymphadenitis
•

60. *Focal necrosis can be found in major
Muscle groups in some cases. •
•

61. (biochemical
event )

62. Hematology
*An absolute rise in leukocyte numbers •
*A rapid fall in circulating lymphocytes •
*A return to normal levels after 3-4 •
days
•

63. Hematology
*The serum fibrinogen level rises to 3-4
times the normal level and returns to •
normal 1-2 weeks after recovery. •
*The total serum calcium level falls to 1.8
mmol-1 during the febrile phases and •
returns to normal on recovery. •
•
•
This is the biochemical event that •
causes the reversible early •
paralysis. •

64. (Diagnosis)

65. Diagnosis
*Clinical
signs •
*Sero-conversion: •
Paired serum; SN test & ELISA •
*Gross
lesion •

66. Differential Diagnosis
*Blue tongue •
*Babesiosis •
*Black leg •

67. (Treatment)

68. Treatment
*Recovery with no treatment* •
*In severe cases •
i)Anti-inflammatory drug:NSAIDs –
ii)Fluid therapy and calcium –
iii)Broad spectrum ABO –
Recovery period 3-4 wks.

69. Prevention
and
Control

70. Prevention and Control
*Vector control •
*Vaccine: •
Attenuated lived virus •
vaccine (Australia)

71. .