Intravenous fluids can consist of crystalloids like normal saline or lactated Ringer's, colloids like albumin or hydroxyethyl starches, or a combination. Crystalloids distribute mainly in the extracellular space while colloids remain primarily intravascular. Factors to consider for peri-operative fluid management include maintenance needs, deficits, third spacing losses, and blood loss replacement. The type and amount of fluids should be tailored based on the surgical trauma and individual patient factors.

1. Intravenous Fluid

2. TOTAL BODY WATER
■ Approx. 60% Body weight
□Varies with age, gender and body
habitus
■ 50% BW in females
■ 80% BW in infants
□Less in obese : fat contain little water

3. Body Water Compartments
■ Intracellular volume : 2/3 of TBW
■ Extracellular volume : 1/3 of TBW
- Intravascular : Plasma volume (1/4)
-Extravascular: Interstitial fluid &
others(3/4)

4. Preoperative Evaluation of Fluid
Status
- Mental status
- H/O intake and output
- Blood pressure: supine and standing
- Heart rate
- Skin turgor
- Urinary output
- CVP

5. Orthostatic Hypotension
• Systolic blood pressure decrease of greater than
20mmHg from supine to standing
• Indicates fluid deficit of 6-8% body weight
- Heart rate should increase as a compensatory
measure
- If no increase in heart rate, may indicate
autonomic dysfunction or antihypertensive
drug therapy

6. ■ Osmoles :unit for conc. Of osmotically
active particles
■ Osmolality: osmotic active solute per
volume of solution ( mOsm/L)
■ Osmolarity : mOsm/Kg
■ Plasma osmolarity : 290 mOsm/kg
■ Tonicity ( relative osmotic activity )
■ Isotonic/ hypotonic/hypertonic

7. Intravenous Fluids
Therapy
Intravenous fluid therapy may consist of infusions of
crystalloids, colloids, or a combination of both.
Indications
■ Volume resuscitation
■ Vehicle for i/v drugs
■ KVO

8. Types
• Crystalloids
• Colloids

9. Crystalloids
■ Clear fluids made up of water and electrolyte
solutions; Will cross a semi-permeable membrane
■ Grouped as isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic
■ Eg:
□ Normal saline 0.9%,3 %
□ Dextrose solutions 5 %,10%,20%,25%
□DNS
□Ringer’s lactate
□ Isolyte P

10. Crystalloids
0.9% Normal Saline
■ Contains: Na+ 154 mmol/l, Cl-- 154 mmol/l
■ Osm : 308mosm/l, pH 6.0
■ IsoOsmolar compared to normal plasma.
■ Indication :
□ Intravascular resuscitation and replacement of salt loss
e.g. diarrhoea and vomiting.
□ Also for diluting packed RBCs prior to transfusion
□ Used for diluting Drugs

11. ■ Distribution:
□ Stays almost entirely in the extracellular space.
Of 1 litre - 750ml extra vascular fluid; 250ml
intravascular fluid.
■ Complications:
□ When given in large volume can produces
Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis because of
high Na+ and Cl- content.

12. 3.0 % Saline = HYPERtonic saline
■ 3% contain 513 mmol/l of Na+ and Cl-
each,
■ osmol of 1026 mOsm/l; pH 5.0
■ Indications :
□Treatment of severe symptomatic
hyponatremia (coma, seizure)
□To resuscitate hypovolemic shock

13. ■Must be administered slowly and
preferably with CV line because it
carries risk of causing phlebitis,
necrosis, hemolysis.
■Complications :
□ Precaution in pt. with CHF
□ severe renal insufficiency, edema with
sod. retention.

14. Dextrose
5% Dextrose (often written D5W)
■ 50g/l of glucose, 252mOsm/l, pH 4.5
■ Regarded as ‘electrolyte free’ – contains
NO Sodium, Potassium, Chloride or
Calcium

15. ■ Indication :
□
□
□ To maintain water balance in patients
who are not able to take anything by
mouth;
Used post-operatively in conjunction
with salt retaining fluids ie saline
Hypernatremia treatment

16. ■ Less than 10% stays in the intravascular space
therefore it is of limited use in fluid resuscitation.
■ Side effects:
□Iatrogenic hyponatraemia in surgical patient
□ Hyperglycemia
□ Not compatible with blood ,cause hemolysis
conc 5% 10% 20% 25% plasma
Osmolarity 252 505 1010 1262 290

17. Ringer Lactate
■ Most physiological solution
■ Electrolyte composition similar to ECF
■ One litre of lactated Ringer's solution contains:
□ Sodium ion= 130 mmol/L.
□ Chloride ion = 109 mmol/L.
□ Lactate = 28 mmol/L.
□ Potassium ion = 4 mmol/L.
□ Calcium ion = 1.5 mmol/L
□ Osmolarity of 273 , pH of 6.5

18. ■ Lactate is converted to bicarbonate in liver
■ Indications :
□ Deficit ,Intraoperative fluid loss
□ Severe hypovolemia
■ Precautions:
□ Severe metabolic acidosis ( impaired lactate conversion)
□ Don’t give with blood product ( Ca bind with citrate
reduced anticoagulant activity )

19. DNS
■ 0.9% saline & 5% dextrose
■ Na+ 154, Cl- 154, 5 gm. Glucose
■ Osm : 432 mosm/L
■ Indication :
□Maintenance solution
□Correction of fluid deficit with supply of
energy
□Compatible with blood

20. IsoLyte -P
Multiple electrolyte & dextrose solution
Na+ : 26
K+ : 20
Mg++ : 03
Cl- : 21
Acetate : 23
Ph+ : 03
Isotonic
Indication :Pediatric maintenance fluid

21. Colloids
■ Particles which do not readily cross semi-
permeable membranes
■ Stays (initially) almost entirely within the
intravascular space .
■ Stay intravascular for a prolonged period
compared to crystalloids.

22. ■ However they leak out of the intravascular space
when the capillary permeability significantly changes
e.g. Severe trauma or sepsis.
■ Because of their gelatinous properties they cause
platelet dysfunction and interfere with fibrinolysis and
coagulation factors (factor VIII) – thus they can cause
significant coagulopathy in large volumes.
■ Natural : Albumin
■ Artificial : Gelatin and Dextran , HES

23. ALBUMIN
■ Principal natural colloid comprising of 50-60% of all plasma
proteins.
■ Synthesized only in liver and has a half life of app. 20 days.
■ 5% soln is iso oncotic and leads to 80% initial vol expansion
25% soln leads to 200-400% increase in vol.
■ Used
□ For emergency treatment of shock especially due to loss of
plasma
■ acute management of burns
□ Fluid resuscitation in ICU
□ Hypoalbumineamia.

24. ■ Side effects :
□ pruritis, anaphylactoid reactions and coagulation
abnormalities as compared to synthetic colloids.
■ Disadvantages
□ cost effectiveness
□ volume overload (in septic shock pt albumin add to
interstitial edema)

25. DEXTRAN
■ Highly branched polysaccharide molecules
■ Produced by synthesis using the bacterial enzyme
dextran sucrase from the bacterium Leuconostoc
mesenteroids.
■ Most widely used are 6%(dextran 70) and 10%
(dextran 40) soln.
■ Excreted via kidney primarily.

26. ■ Used mainly to improve microcirculatory flow
in microsurgical re-implantation .
■ Also used in extracorporeal circulation during
cardiopulmnary bypass.
■Side effects: Anaphylactic reactions,
Coagulation abn, Interference with cross
match, Ppt of ARF.

27. GELATINS
■ Large mol. wt. proteins formed from
hydrolysis of collagen.
■ Produced by thermal degradation of cattle-
bone gelatin.
■ Gelatins lead to 70-80% of vol expansion
■ Indication :
□Rapid expansion of intravascular volume
and correction of hypotension

28. ■Advantage :
□cost effectiveness and no effect of renal
impairment ,does not affect coagulation
■Disadvantage :
□Hypersensitivity
□Anaphylactoid reactions

29. HYDROXYETHYL
STARCHES
■ Derivatives of amylopectin, which is a highly
branched compound of starch.
■ 6% HES soln are isooncotic
■ 10% soln are hyper oncotic , with a vol effect
exceeding the infused vol .(about 145%)
■ Duration of vol expansion is usually 8-12 H.

30. ■ Advantage
□Cost effective: cheaper and comparable vol of
expansion to albumin.
■ Disadvantage: assoc. with 1st & 2ndgeneration HES
- Coagulation abn
- Accumulation
- Anaphylactoid reactions
- Renal impairment
- Increase in amylase level

31. Colloid or Crystalloid Resuscitation
Recommendations:
■ Colloid should NOT be used as the sole fluid
replacement in resuscitation ,volumes infused
should be limited because of side effects and lack
of evidence for their continued use in the acutely
ill.
■ Colloid may be used in limited volume to reduce
volume of fluids required or until blood products
are available.

32. ■In elective surgical patients
□Replace fluid loss with ‘physiological
Ringer’s solutions.
□Blood products and colloid may be
needed to replace intravascular volume
acutely.

33. Peri- operative Fluid
Requirements
• The following factors must be taken into
account:
• C V E
• Maintenance fluid
• Deficit
• Third space losses
• Replacement of loss

34. COMPENSATORY INTRAVASCULAR VOLUME
EXPANSION
■Fluid must be adm. to expand the blood vol to
compensate for venodilation (GA,RA)
■Expansion with 5-7ml/kg of crystalloid must
occur before or simultaneous with the onset of
anaesthesia .

35. Maintenance Fluid Requirements
• “4-2-1 Rule”
- 4 ml/kg/hr for the first 10 kg of body
weight
- 2 ml/kg/hr for the second 10 kg body
weight
- 1 ml/kg/hr subsequent kg body weight
Eg : 70 Kg pt
Maintenance fluid : 40+20+50= 110 ml/hr

36. Deficit
• Deficit = number of hours NPO x maintenance
fluid requirement.
Measurable fluid losses, e.g. NG suctioning,
vomiting, stoma output.
•
■ 70 kg pt fasting for 8 hrs
■ Deficit : 8 X 110 = 880 ml
■
■
Half in first hr
One fourth each in next two hr .

37. Third Space Losses
• Isotonic transfer of ECF from functional body
fluid compartments to non-functional
compartments.
• Depends on location and duration of surgical
procedure, amount of tissue trauma, ambient
temperature, room ventilation.

38. Replacing Third Space Losses
Minimal Surgical Trauma: 0-2 ml/kg/hr
- e.g. herniorrhaphy
Moderate Surgical Trauma: 2-4 ml/kg/hr
- e.g. cholecystectomy
Severe surgical trauma: 4-6 ml/kg/hr (or even
more)
- e.g. major bowel resection

39. Blood Loss
• Replace 4 cc of crystalloid solution per cc of blood
loss (crystalloid solutions leave the intravascular
space)
• When using blood products or colloids replace blood
loss volume per volume.

40. Fluid management, starting with a hemoglobin level of 15 g/dL,
for a 70-kg patient undergoing gastrectomy who has been fasting
for 8 hours.
■ Maintenance rate is 110 mL/hr,
■Deficit of 880 mL
■First hr = CVE+ Half of deficit + maintenance + loss+ third space loss
□ 350+440+110+50 + 420
■ Second hr = one fourth of deficit + maintenance + loss+ third space loss
□ 220+ 110+ 250 + 420
■ Third hr = one fourth of deficit + maintenance + loss+ third space loss
□ 220+ 110+ 250 + 420
■Fourth hr = Maintenance + loss+ third space loss
□ 110+ 50 + 420

41. Summary
■ Most physiological :RL
■ Rich in sodium : NS,DNS
■ Rich in potassium :ISo –p
■ Glucose free: ?RL,NS,3% saline
■ Sodium free: Dextrose
■ Potassium free: NS,DNS,Dextrose
■ Can correct acidosis directly : RL,ISo-p

42. Thank you