Europe Faces Revolutions
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Liberal and nationalist uprisings in the early 1800s challenged the conservative order in Europe. There were clashes between conservatives who wanted to maintain traditional monarchies, liberals who wanted limited democracy, and radicals who believed in liberty and equality for all. Nationalist movements developed seeking independence for nations with common cultures and histories. Throughout the 1830s and 1840s, nationalists and liberals launched revolts across Europe, but the conservative powers largely crushed these uprisings and maintained control until reforms began in the late 1840s.
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24.2 europe faces revolutions
In the early 1800s in Europe, three political philosophies - conservative, liberal, and radical - were in conflict. Nationalism developed and nationalists challenged conservative rule. Liberal and nationalist uprisings occurred seeking independence and representative governments. Revolutions in the 1830s and 1840s failed to unite liberals and nationalists against conservative powers, but some gains were made. France accepted the authoritarian rule of Napoleon III after revolutions in 1830 and 1848. In Russia, Czar Alexander II freed the serfs in 1861 but was later assassinated, halting further reforms.
Russian Revolution Powerpoint
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Russian Revolution. It describes how the Russian people suffered under the absolute rule of Czar Nicholas II, including poor working conditions for serfs. Dissatisfaction grew after Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and entry into World War I in 1914, which caused severe hardships. In early 1917, widespread riots broke out and the weak provisional government that replaced the Czar was unable to maintain order, leading to the Communists taking control under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin later that year.
Age Of Absolutism
Absolute monarchies were common during the Age of Absolutism from the 1500s to late 1700s. Absolute monarchs possessed total control over their kingdoms and had several advantages, such as efficient decision making and long-term stability. However, they also had weaknesses like being undemocratic and restricting individual rights. Russia in particular was isolated during this period due to Mongol rule and a lack of warm water ports, but Czars like Peter the Great sought to modernize and Westernize the nation through reforms like building the new capital St. Petersburg.
Louis XIV
The document discusses the rise of absolutism in France under King Louis XIV and his efforts to centralize power. It describes how Louis XIV and his chief minister Cardinal Richelieu reduced the power of the nobility and strengthened the monarchy. Louis went on to declare absolute rule and built the grand Palace of Versailles to demonstrate his supreme authority. He revoked protections for Huguenots and imposed religious unity, pursuing increasingly absolutist policies. Overall, the document examines how Louis XIV centralized power in the monarchy at the expense of other groups to establish absolute rule in France.
23 3 napoleon forges an empire
Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power during the French Revolution as a military leader. He later staged a coup and became the leader of France, crowning himself Emperor in 1804. Napoleon conquered much of Europe and created a vast empire, but his invasion of Russia in 1812 led to his downfall as his military forces were decimated by the harsh Russian winter.
12.2 the mongol conquests
The Mongols, a nomadic people from the Asian steppe, conquered vast territories across Asia under the leadership of Genghis Khan in the early 1200s. By 1225, Genghis Khan had united the Mongols and controlled Central Asia, using brutality to subdue his enemies. After his death in 1227, his successors expanded the Mongol Empire to include northern China, Korea, Russia, and territories reaching into Eastern Europe and the Middle East over the next 50 years. The Mongol Empire was eventually divided into four khanates that ruled different regions.
Ch 23 2 Revolution Brings Reform And Terror
1) After the storming of the Bastille, the National Assembly abolished feudalism and adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789, modeling it after the American Declaration of Independence.
2) During the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794, radical Jacobins led by Robespierre took control and began executing around 40,000 people throughout France for any perceived lack of radicalism.
3) Robespierre's increasing radicalism and godlessness made him unpopular, and members of the Convention arrested and executed him in 1794 to end the Reign of Terror.
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24.2 europe faces revolutions
In the early 1800s in Europe, three political philosophies - conservative, liberal, and radical - were in conflict. Nationalism developed and nationalists challenged conservative rule. Liberal and nationalist uprisings occurred seeking independence and representative governments. Revolutions in the 1830s and 1840s failed to unite liberals and nationalists against conservative powers, but some gains were made. France accepted the authoritarian rule of Napoleon III after revolutions in 1830 and 1848. In Russia, Czar Alexander II freed the serfs in 1861 but was later assassinated, halting further reforms.
Russian Revolution Powerpoint
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Russian Revolution. It describes how the Russian people suffered under the absolute rule of Czar Nicholas II, including poor working conditions for serfs. Dissatisfaction grew after Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and entry into World War I in 1914, which caused severe hardships. In early 1917, widespread riots broke out and the weak provisional government that replaced the Czar was unable to maintain order, leading to the Communists taking control under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin later that year.
Age Of Absolutism
Absolute monarchies were common during the Age of Absolutism from the 1500s to late 1700s. Absolute monarchs possessed total control over their kingdoms and had several advantages, such as efficient decision making and long-term stability. However, they also had weaknesses like being undemocratic and restricting individual rights. Russia in particular was isolated during this period due to Mongol rule and a lack of warm water ports, but Czars like Peter the Great sought to modernize and Westernize the nation through reforms like building the new capital St. Petersburg.
Louis XIV
The document discusses the rise of absolutism in France under King Louis XIV and his efforts to centralize power. It describes how Louis XIV and his chief minister Cardinal Richelieu reduced the power of the nobility and strengthened the monarchy. Louis went on to declare absolute rule and built the grand Palace of Versailles to demonstrate his supreme authority. He revoked protections for Huguenots and imposed religious unity, pursuing increasingly absolutist policies. Overall, the document examines how Louis XIV centralized power in the monarchy at the expense of other groups to establish absolute rule in France.
23 3 napoleon forges an empire
Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power during the French Revolution as a military leader. He later staged a coup and became the leader of France, crowning himself Emperor in 1804. Napoleon conquered much of Europe and created a vast empire, but his invasion of Russia in 1812 led to his downfall as his military forces were decimated by the harsh Russian winter.
12.2 the mongol conquests
The Mongols, a nomadic people from the Asian steppe, conquered vast territories across Asia under the leadership of Genghis Khan in the early 1200s. By 1225, Genghis Khan had united the Mongols and controlled Central Asia, using brutality to subdue his enemies. After his death in 1227, his successors expanded the Mongol Empire to include northern China, Korea, Russia, and territories reaching into Eastern Europe and the Middle East over the next 50 years. The Mongol Empire was eventually divided into four khanates that ruled different regions.
Ch 23 2 Revolution Brings Reform And Terror
1) After the storming of the Bastille, the National Assembly abolished feudalism and adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789, modeling it after the American Declaration of Independence.
2) During the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794, radical Jacobins led by Robespierre took control and began executing around 40,000 people throughout France for any perceived lack of radicalism.
3) Robespierre's increasing radicalism and godlessness made him unpopular, and members of the Convention arrested and executed him in 1794 to end the Reign of Terror.
European exploration
The document provides information about European exploration between the 15th and 18th centuries. It describes how Portugal, under Prince Henry the Navigator, began exploring westward down the coast of Africa in search of trade routes. This led to Portugal establishing the first global maritime empire and discovering routes to India and Brazil. It also discusses Spain's exploration led by Christopher Columbus, which expanded Spain's territory through conquests in the Americas by conquistadors like Cortez and Pizarro. Finally, it summarizes the establishment of British, French, Dutch and other European colonial empires through continued exploration, trade and colonization efforts around the world.
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire dominated the Eastern Mediterranean during the 15th-17th centuries under the rule of Osman I, Mehmet II, and Suleyman I. Mehmet II expanded Ottoman power by conquering Constantinople in 1453 and making it the new imperial capital of Istanbul. He converted Hagia Sophia into a mosque and turned the Christian city into a Muslim city. Suleyman I further expanded the empire and presided over its cultural golden age before its power began declining in the 16th century due to overexpansion, corruption, and military weaknesses.
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The document discusses the emergence of Russian culture from the blending of Slavic and Byzantine traditions and the adoption of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. It then covers the rise of Kievan Rus as a powerful state centered around Kiev before its decline due to internal divisions and external invasions including by the Mongols, who ruled much of Russia for 200 years. Finally, it summarizes how Moscow grew in power under Mongol rule and how Ivan III challenged Mongol domination, leading to Russia gaining independence from the Mongol-led Golden Horde.
The french revolution
The French Revolution occurred from 1789-1815 and consisted of 10 phases:
1) The Old Regime ruled by King Louis XVI faced debt from aiding the American Revolution. 2) The Tennis Court Oath saw the estates general rebel and form the National Assembly. 3) The Storming of the Bastille sparked violence that spread throughout France. 4) The Declaration of the Rights of Man established freedoms and took power from the church. 5) King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette were arrested and executed. 6) The Committee of Public Safety instituted the Reign of Terror under Maximillien Robespierre. 7) Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power as a general defeating European powers. 8) Napoleon
Russian Revolution
The document provides an overview of the Russian Revolution. It describes the oppressive conditions under the rule of Czar Nicholas II, including poverty among peasants and unrest from protests and uprisings. World War I exacerbated issues and led to further revolts in 1917, forcing Nicholas to abdicate. This March Revolution established a provisional government led by Kerensky. In November 1917, the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, seized power in the November Revolution and established the Soviet Union. A civil war then broke out between the Reds and Whites, which the Bolsheviks ultimately won through force and brutality under Lenin's leadership based on interpretations of Marxism.
French Revolution PowerPoint
The document discusses the causes and characteristics of revolutions through examining the French Revolution. It identifies several factors that contributed to the revolution including economic struggles, unfair taxation and class divisions between the three estates. The document outlines the major events of the revolution including the storming of the Bastille, the establishment of the National Assembly and the execution of King Louis XVI. It also discusses the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte in the aftermath of the revolution.
Renaissance and reformation
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance and Reformation periods. It discusses how the Renaissance began in Italy and promoted humanism, with figures like Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Medici helping to spread these ideals. The Protestant Reformation was led by Martin Luther and sought to reform the Catholic Church, which had been weakened by issues like the Black Plague and corruption. Luther protested the selling of indulgences and nailed his 95 theses, defying the Pope and Emperor's orders to recant, leading to the formation of Protestantism.
25.1 the beginnings of industrialization
The Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th century and spread to other countries. New technologies like the steam engine and factories producing goods with machines increased productivity. Inventions in the textile industry like the spinning jenny and power loom allowed for faster production. Improvements in transportation like canals, steamboats, and the first steam-powered locomotives revolutionized travel and trade, further fueling industrialization. The first public railroad opened between Liverpool and Manchester in 1825.
Absolutism PowerPoint
1) Absolute monarchs believed all power resided with them as representatives of God on Earth. Religious conflicts plagued France between Catholics and Protestants. Henry IV converted to Catholicism to restore order and issued the Edict of Nantes granting religious freedom.
2) Louis XIV weakened the nobility and revoked the Edict of Nantes, pursuing absolute rule as the state. His ministers like Colbert and Richelieu aimed to strengthen France.
3) The English Civil War erupted over disputes on royal power between King Charles I and Parliament, leading to Cromwell's establishment of a republic before the restoration of the monarchy.
21 2 the reign of louis xiv
After a century of war and religious conflict, France was ruled by the powerful King Louis XIV. He increased the authority of the monarchy by weakening the nobility and limiting Huguenots' freedoms. Louis lived lavishly and built the magnificent Palace of Versailles to demonstrate his wealth and power. However, his attempts to expand France's borders through warfare in the late 1600s weakened the country economically and led to heavy debts by the end of his reign.
Ch21 Section 5 The Napoleonic Era, 1799 1815
Napoleon Bonaparte rose through the ranks of the French military, gaining victories in Italy. This boosted his reputation and appeal as a strong leader to end turmoil in France. In 1799, Napoleon was named First Consul of the newly established French Consulate. As leader, he established order and stability through important compromises like the Concordat of 1801 with Catholic Church and Civil Code of 1804. However, he betrayed revolutionary ideals by restricting civil liberties. Napoleon's numerous military campaigns made France dominant in Europe, but this dominance was short-lived as the disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 marked the beginning of his decline and eventual defeat at Waterloo in 1815.
20.1 spain builds an american empire
The document summarizes key events in the exploration and colonization of the Americas by Europeans beginning in the late 15th century. It notes that Christopher Columbus arrived in the Caribbean in 1492 while seeking a route to Asia, claimed the lands for Spain, and made three voyages to establish colonies. It then discusses other explorers like Vespucci, Cabral, Magellan, Cortes, Pizarro who expanded European presence and claims in the Americas, often through the conquest and exploitation of indigenous peoples and empires like the Aztecs and Incas. The document also outlines the establishment of Spanish systems of control and extraction of wealth from the colonies through the encomienda system and growth of crops like sugar.
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The French Revolution
The document provides an overview of the key events and causes of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1799. It discusses the unfair taxation system that burdened the third estate and led to unrest. Major developments included the storming of the Bastille, the establishment of the National Assembly, and the abolition of feudalism. The monarchy was overthrown and a republic established, though this gave way to the Reign of Terror under Robespierre. Eventually, a Directory assumed power in France as the Revolution came to an end.
24.3 nationalism
Nationalism contributed to the formation of new nations in Europe in the 19th century. Nationalist movements led to the unification of Italy and Germany, as well as the breakup of aging empires like Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. Figures like Cavour and Bismarck helped drive unification efforts through both military campaigns and diplomatic negotiations. Bismarck in particular used a strategy of realpolitik to expand Prussian power and influence the unification of Germany under Prussian dominance by 1870.
The French Revolution - part 2
The royal family tried to escape France but was caught. This led to the creation of a new constitution and Legislative Assembly with power shared between the king and assembly. Internal divisions grew between moderate and radical groups as the war went badly. Radicals took control in Paris, declared a republic and executed the king and queen. The Reign of Terror followed under Robespierre until his own fall from power. The government transitioned to the Directory and then the Consulate before Napoleon declared himself Emperor.
Crimean war timeline
The document provides a timeline and overview of the Crimean War. It began as a religious conflict over holy sites in the Middle East but escalated when major European powers like Britain and France wanted to counter Russia's growing military influence. The allied forces of Britain and France declared war on Russia in 1854 after failed negotiations. Their first strike was on Crimea in September 1854, targeting Russia's naval base at Sevastopol. This led to several key battles, including at River Alma and Balaclava, though the most famous was the disastrous "Charge of the Light Brigade" ordered by Lord Raglan that resulted in heavy British losses.
21 3 central european monarchs clash
1) After a period of turmoil, absolute monarchs ruled Austria and Prussia in Central Europe in the 17th century.
2) Tensions rose between Lutherans and Catholics, leading to a Protestant revolt in Bohemia in 1618 and triggering the Thirty Years' War over religion, land, and power.
3) The Thirty Years' War ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia, which weakened the Hapsburgs, strengthened France, and established Europe as a group of independent states.
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11.2 the russian empire (2)
The document discusses the emergence of Russian culture from the blending of Slavic and Byzantine traditions and the adoption of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. It then covers the rise of Kievan Rus as a powerful state centered around Kiev before its decline due to internal divisions and external invasions including by the Mongols, who ruled much of Russia for 200 years. Finally, it summarizes how Moscow grew in power under Mongol rule and how Ivan III challenged Mongol domination, leading to Russia gaining independence from the Mongol-led Golden Horde.
The french revolution
The French Revolution occurred from 1789-1815 and consisted of 10 phases:
1) The Old Regime ruled by King Louis XVI faced debt from aiding the American Revolution. 2) The Tennis Court Oath saw the estates general rebel and form the National Assembly. 3) The Storming of the Bastille sparked violence that spread throughout France. 4) The Declaration of the Rights of Man established freedoms and took power from the church. 5) King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette were arrested and executed. 6) The Committee of Public Safety instituted the Reign of Terror under Maximillien Robespierre. 7) Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power as a general defeating European powers. 8) Napoleon
Russian Revolution
The document provides an overview of the Russian Revolution. It describes the oppressive conditions under the rule of Czar Nicholas II, including poverty among peasants and unrest from protests and uprisings. World War I exacerbated issues and led to further revolts in 1917, forcing Nicholas to abdicate. This March Revolution established a provisional government led by Kerensky. In November 1917, the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, seized power in the November Revolution and established the Soviet Union. A civil war then broke out between the Reds and Whites, which the Bolsheviks ultimately won through force and brutality under Lenin's leadership based on interpretations of Marxism.
French Revolution PowerPoint
The document discusses the causes and characteristics of revolutions through examining the French Revolution. It identifies several factors that contributed to the revolution including economic struggles, unfair taxation and class divisions between the three estates. The document outlines the major events of the revolution including the storming of the Bastille, the establishment of the National Assembly and the execution of King Louis XVI. It also discusses the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte in the aftermath of the revolution.
Renaissance and reformation
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance and Reformation periods. It discusses how the Renaissance began in Italy and promoted humanism, with figures like Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Medici helping to spread these ideals. The Protestant Reformation was led by Martin Luther and sought to reform the Catholic Church, which had been weakened by issues like the Black Plague and corruption. Luther protested the selling of indulgences and nailed his 95 theses, defying the Pope and Emperor's orders to recant, leading to the formation of Protestantism.
25.1 the beginnings of industrialization
The Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th century and spread to other countries. New technologies like the steam engine and factories producing goods with machines increased productivity. Inventions in the textile industry like the spinning jenny and power loom allowed for faster production. Improvements in transportation like canals, steamboats, and the first steam-powered locomotives revolutionized travel and trade, further fueling industrialization. The first public railroad opened between Liverpool and Manchester in 1825.
Absolutism PowerPoint
1) Absolute monarchs believed all power resided with them as representatives of God on Earth. Religious conflicts plagued France between Catholics and Protestants. Henry IV converted to Catholicism to restore order and issued the Edict of Nantes granting religious freedom.
2) Louis XIV weakened the nobility and revoked the Edict of Nantes, pursuing absolute rule as the state. His ministers like Colbert and Richelieu aimed to strengthen France.
3) The English Civil War erupted over disputes on royal power between King Charles I and Parliament, leading to Cromwell's establishment of a republic before the restoration of the monarchy.
21 2 the reign of louis xiv
After a century of war and religious conflict, France was ruled by the powerful King Louis XIV. He increased the authority of the monarchy by weakening the nobility and limiting Huguenots' freedoms. Louis lived lavishly and built the magnificent Palace of Versailles to demonstrate his wealth and power. However, his attempts to expand France's borders through warfare in the late 1600s weakened the country economically and led to heavy debts by the end of his reign.
Ch21 Section 5 The Napoleonic Era, 1799 1815
Napoleon Bonaparte rose through the ranks of the French military, gaining victories in Italy. This boosted his reputation and appeal as a strong leader to end turmoil in France. In 1799, Napoleon was named First Consul of the newly established French Consulate. As leader, he established order and stability through important compromises like the Concordat of 1801 with Catholic Church and Civil Code of 1804. However, he betrayed revolutionary ideals by restricting civil liberties. Napoleon's numerous military campaigns made France dominant in Europe, but this dominance was short-lived as the disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 marked the beginning of his decline and eventual defeat at Waterloo in 1815.
20.1 spain builds an american empire
The document summarizes key events in the exploration and colonization of the Americas by Europeans beginning in the late 15th century. It notes that Christopher Columbus arrived in the Caribbean in 1492 while seeking a route to Asia, claimed the lands for Spain, and made three voyages to establish colonies. It then discusses other explorers like Vespucci, Cabral, Magellan, Cortes, Pizarro who expanded European presence and claims in the Americas, often through the conquest and exploitation of indigenous peoples and empires like the Aztecs and Incas. The document also outlines the establishment of Spanish systems of control and extraction of wealth from the colonies through the encomienda system and growth of crops like sugar.
21 4 absolute rulers of russia
The document summarizes the rule of several absolute rulers of Russia, beginning with Ivan the Terrible in the 1500s. It then focuses on Peter the Great's rule from 1696, during which he sought to westernize and modernize Russia. Peter visited Western Europe to learn their ways, brought the Orthodox Church under state control, reduced the power of landowners, established a new capital called St. Petersburg, and introduced reforms like potatoes, newspapers, education, and Western fashion to try to make Russia more like Western Europe. Through these reforms, by the time of his death Russia had become a force to be reckoned with in Europe.
The French Revolution
The document provides an overview of the key events and causes of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1799. It discusses the unfair taxation system that burdened the third estate and led to unrest. Major developments included the storming of the Bastille, the establishment of the National Assembly, and the abolition of feudalism. The monarchy was overthrown and a republic established, though this gave way to the Reign of Terror under Robespierre. Eventually, a Directory assumed power in France as the Revolution came to an end.
24.3 nationalism
Nationalism contributed to the formation of new nations in Europe in the 19th century. Nationalist movements led to the unification of Italy and Germany, as well as the breakup of aging empires like Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. Figures like Cavour and Bismarck helped drive unification efforts through both military campaigns and diplomatic negotiations. Bismarck in particular used a strategy of realpolitik to expand Prussian power and influence the unification of Germany under Prussian dominance by 1870.
The French Revolution - part 2
The royal family tried to escape France but was caught. This led to the creation of a new constitution and Legislative Assembly with power shared between the king and assembly. Internal divisions grew between moderate and radical groups as the war went badly. Radicals took control in Paris, declared a republic and executed the king and queen. The Reign of Terror followed under Robespierre until his own fall from power. The government transitioned to the Directory and then the Consulate before Napoleon declared himself Emperor.
Crimean war timeline
The document provides a timeline and overview of the Crimean War. It began as a religious conflict over holy sites in the Middle East but escalated when major European powers like Britain and France wanted to counter Russia's growing military influence. The allied forces of Britain and France declared war on Russia in 1854 after failed negotiations. Their first strike was on Crimea in September 1854, targeting Russia's naval base at Sevastopol. This led to several key battles, including at River Alma and Balaclava, though the most famous was the disastrous "Charge of the Light Brigade" ordered by Lord Raglan that resulted in heavy British losses.
21 3 central european monarchs clash
1) After a period of turmoil, absolute monarchs ruled Austria and Prussia in Central Europe in the 17th century.
2) Tensions rose between Lutherans and Catholics, leading to a Protestant revolt in Bohemia in 1618 and triggering the Thirty Years' War over religion, land, and power.
3) The Thirty Years' War ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia, which weakened the Hapsburgs, strengthened France, and established Europe as a group of independent states.
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24.3 nationalism
Nationalism contributed to the formation of new nations and a new political order in Europe in the late 19th century. Nationalist movements led to the unification of Italy and Germany, as well as the breakup of aging empires like Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. Otto von Bismarck helped unite Germany through Prussian military strength and diplomacy that provoked wars with Denmark, Austria, and France, culminating in the establishment of a German Empire in 1871.
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24.1 latin american peoples win independence
1. Spurred by Enlightenment ideas, peoples in Latin America fought for independence from colonial rule in the early 1800s.
2. Creole leaders like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín led revolutionary armies that liberated much of Latin America, with Bolívar freeing Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia by 1824.
3. Mexico declared independence in 1821 led by Creole general Agustín de Iturbide, while Brazil peacefully separated from Portugal in 1822 under the leadership of Dom Pedro, who declared Brazil's independence and became its first emperor.
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22.5 russia reform and reaction
Russia industrialized and reformed more slowly than Western Europe for several reasons:
1) Russia had an autocratic government where Tsars ruled with absolute power and resisted reforms to maintain support from landowning nobles.
2) Russian society had a very rigid class structure in the early 1800s with serfs bound to the land at the bottom and resistance to change from nobles at the top.
3) While some reforms like emancipation of serfs were enacted under pressure, Tsars often reversed reforms to placate nobles, resulting in a pattern of reform and reaction under different rulers.
L2 alexander ii reforms
Alexander II implemented several important reforms during his reign from 1855 to 1881, though the motivations and consequences of the reforms were complex. The most significant reform was ending serfdom in 1861, which freed millions of serfs but failed to satisfy many as the former serfs struggled economically and had to pay redemption dues for years. Other reforms included military reorganization, local governments, law codes, education, and limited freedoms for religious minorities and nationalities. However, the reforms failed to create a coherent political system, left the former serfs in a poor economic state, and dissatisfied many groups including liberals who wanted more change and radicals who sought a complete overhaul. Alexander's assassination in 1881 reflected the ongoing tensions and opposition to
The Tsars Russia - An introduction to some of the long term causes of the Rus...
The document summarizes the long-term causes that led to the collapse of the Romanov dynasty and Tsarist regime in Russia in 1917. It explains that the Tsarist system was outdated and unable to modernize like other European nations had. New modern forces like the middle class, industrial workers, and Marxism threatened the old institutions that supported the monarchy like the nobility and peasantry. Russia was also too large to govern effectively from one central authority, was economically and militarily weak, and contained many different ethnic and religious groups that lacked unity. The growth of revolutionary groups and a bourgeois middle class calling for democratic reforms further undermined the autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II.
Russianrevolution
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Russian Revolution. It describes how the peasants lived in poor conditions under the rule of Czar Nicholas II. Dissatisfaction grew as Russia lost a war with Japan in 1905 and World War I, leading to riots and unrest. In 1917, Czar Nicholas was forced to abdicate and a provisional government took over. However, this government was weak and Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks seized power, establishing the Soviet Union and implementing a communist system.
Russianrevolution 090917074457 Phpapp01
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Russian Revolution. It describes how the Russian people suffered under the absolute rule of Czar Nicholas II, including poor living conditions for serfs. Dissatisfaction grew due to losses in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I, causing food shortages and unrest. In early 1917, widespread riots broke out and the weak provisional government that replaced the czar failed to stabilize Russia. This created an opening for Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks to take control and establish a communist Soviet Union.
Russian Revolution
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Russian Revolution. It describes the oppressive system of serfdom that existed in pre-revolutionary Russia, as well as unrest that began with Russia's loss in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and continued during World War I due to food shortages and military failures. Growing discontent led Czar Nicholas II to abdicate in early 1917, though a provisional government failed to stabilize Russia. This created an opening for Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks to seize power and establish a communist Soviet Union later that year.
Russian Revolution
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Russian Revolution. It describes the oppressive system of serfdom that existed in pre-revolutionary Russia, as well as unrest that began with Russia's loss in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and continued during World War I due to food shortages and military failures. Growing discontent led Czar Nicholas II to abdicate in early 1917, though a provisional government that replaced him remained weak. This created an opening for Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks to seize power and establish a communist Soviet Union later that same year.
Russian History Gulf Coast Community College Fall Part 2, Class 4
Russian History Gulf Coast Community College Fall Part 2, Class 4Joe Boisvert Adjunct Professor of History, Gulf Coast State College Encore Program, Director of Compassionate Care, Amherst First Baptist Church, NH, Stephen Minister, Instructor Noah's Ark, Panama City, Florida
This document provides an overview of Russian history from Catherine I to Nicholas II, including key events and figures. It discusses Karl Marx and his ideas of class struggle. It describes Nicholas I's authoritarian rule after crushing the Decembrist Revolt. It summarizes the emancipation of serfs by Alexander II in 1861 and the remaining revolutionary tensions. It also briefly mentions education and demographics in late 19th century Russia.European Nationalism.pdf
Nationalism in 19th century Europe encouraged the formation of nation-states along ethnic lines and the unification of ethnic groups into single states. This led to the unification of Germany and Italy through wars of unification against Austria and France. It also encouraged independence movements among ethnic groups within multiethnic empires like the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian Empires. However, nationalism also promoted anti-Semitism and tensions between ethnic groups competing for statehood.
History of Russia: Alexander II
Considered the most attractive figure in the Romanov dynasty. Son of a Prussian princess, he had in him more Hohenzollern than Romanov traits, and found it hard to adopt the Russian way of life.
Britishhistory2
1) In the 16th century, foreign trade was limited and new routes were sought following the Ottoman conquest blocking traditional overland routes to Asia, leading to the Age of Exploration.
2) Henry VIII established the Church of England independent of Rome and dissolved the monasteries, strengthening the monarchy and establishing a new Protestant dynasty.
3) The English Civil War in the 1640s resulted in Oliver Cromwell becoming Lord Protector after the monarch Charles I was deposed and executed for tyranny.
The Making of the WestPeoples and Cultures Sixth EditionC.docx
The Making of the West:
Peoples and Cultures
Sixth Edition
CHAPTER 22
Politics and Culture of the Nation-State
1850–1870
Hunt • Martin • Rosenwein • Smith
Copyright © 2019 by Bedford/St. Martin’s
Distributed by Bedford/St. Martin’s/Macmillan Learning strictly for use with its products. Not for redistribution.
1
Politics and Culture of the Nation-State
1850–1870
Chapter Twenty-Two
I. The End of the Concert of Europe
A. Napoleon III and the Quest for French Glory
French grandeur and imperial style
Economic change in the empire
French foreign policy
I. The End of the Concert of Europe
A. Napoleon III and the Quest for French Glory
1. In France, Louis-Napoleon encouraged French grandeur and the cult of his famous uncle as part of nation building.
2. As emperor, Napoleon III combined economic liberalism with authoritarian rule, maintaining a lavish court and cultivating a masculine image by wearing military uniforms and openly displaying mistresses while his wife, the Empress Eugénie, fulfilled the role of devoted mother and philanthropist.
3. Napoleon III also supported modernization, sponsoring the rebuilding of Paris and artistic exhibitions, while promoting free trade with Britain, economic growth, railroad construction, and innovative investment banking.
4. Following an economic downturn in the late 1850s, Napoleon III sought broader support by allowing working-class organizations and some democratic reforms.
5. Napoleon III broke the Congress of Vienna’s containment of France by realigning foreign powers and engaging Russia, Austria, and Prussia in a series of wars.
6. Outside Europe he enforced French rule in Algeria and southeast Asia and attempted to install Habsburg Maximilian as ruler of Mexico, a plan that ended in rebellion and Maximilian’s execution in 1867. He also encouraged such projects as the Suez Canal, which connected the Mediterranean and Red Seas.
7. Overall, Napoleon III’s foreign policy broke down the international system of peaceful diplomacy established by the Congress of Vienna.
4
I. The End of the Concert of Europe
—cont’d
B. The Crimean War, 1853—1856: Turning Point in European Affairs
Russian expansion and war with the Ottoman Empire
Anglo-French intervention
Peace of Paris
Public scrutiny
Consequences and effects
I. The End of the Concert of Europe—cont’d
B. The Crimean War, 1853—1856: Turning Point in European Affairs
1. Russian tsar Nicholas I had wanted to absorb as much of the ailing Ottoman Empire as possible, and Napoleon III encouraged his aggressiveness.
2. The conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire that broke out in 1853 upset the European balance of power that had been set by the Congress of Vienna.
3. The Austrians, who still harbored resentment over Russia helping to put down a Hungarian revolt in 1849, remained neutral — again with encouragement from Napoleon III — ending the Russian-Austrian alliance that had checked French power.
4. The Russians dominated t.
Background To The Bolshevik Revolution[1]
Russia had a history of autocratic rule where the tsar had unlimited power. In the late 19th century, Tsar Alexander III strengthened autocratic policies and cracked down on dissent. His son Nicholas II continued these policies in the early 20th century despite industrialization and the rise of revolutionary groups like the Bolsheviks led by Lenin. Growing unrest over Russia's poor performance in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I, combined with harsh living conditions, weakened the tsarist regime further and set the stage for the Bolshevik Revolution.
Metternich
Metternich's downfall was caused by three key events: 1) The Greek War of Independence (1821-1829) awakened pro-freedom sentiments in Europe and weakened Metternich's stance against supporting the Greek rebels; 2) The Revolutions of 1830 spread from France to other countries and led to constitutional changes curbing absolute rulers; 3) The Revolutions of 1848 erupted across Europe as democratic and nationalist ideas overthrew existing regimes, culminating in Metternich's resignation in the face of rebellion in Austria and the end of his era of conservatism.
Unit 5 lsn 2 the tsars
This document provides an overview of the Tsars (supreme rulers) of Russia from Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century to Nicholas II in the early 20th century. It discusses how each Tsar expanded the autocratic power of their role and instituted policies that oppressed the peasant class. Key events mentioned include Ivan the Terrible strengthening the Tsar's power above nobles, serfdom beginning under Mikhail I, and reforms under Alexander II including the abolition of serfdom in 1861. The document aims to show patterns in Russian history under its autocratic rulers that continued into the 20th century.
Absolutism pp
1) Absolute monarchs claimed unlimited power that was believed to be granted by God. They could make and change laws without limits.
2) In the 17th century, as wars increased taxes and unrest, many monarchs strengthened their power and tightly controlled aspects of society and the economy to impose order.
3) Louis XIV ruled France as an absolute monarch for over 50 years, but his expensive wars and lifestyle left France in deep debt by the time of his death.
Western europe c. 1450 1750
- Western Europe from 1450-1750 saw the rise of absolutism in countries like France, Spain, England, and the Netherlands. Absolute monarchs believed they ruled by divine right with unlimited power.
- In France, Cardinal Richelieu helped centralize power for King Louis XIII. Louis XIV later epitomized absolute rule, believing "I am the state." He moved the capital to Versailles to control nobles.
- In England, the Tudors brought stability after the War of the Roses. Elizabeth I established Protestantism and defeated the Spanish Armada, securing England. The Stuarts' divine right views led to conflicts and the English Civil War between Parliament and Charles I,
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History of Immigration
The document provides information on the history of immigration to the United States through several periods from the 1800s to early 1900s. It describes the large waves of immigration from Northern and Western Europe in the first half of the 1800s due to famine and economic hardship. Later waves brought immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe from 1890-1914 seeking greater economic opportunity. The document also outlines some of the key push and pull factors that motivated immigration and lists immigration laws over time that established requirements and quotas.
The Space Race
The Space Race began in 1957 with the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, starting a competition between the US and USSR to demonstrate technological superiority. Both nations sought to lead in rocketry and spaceflight, with the US focusing on landing humans on the Moon before the Soviets. This competition drove rapid advances in science and technology during the Cold War era until cooperation emerged in the late 20th century.
Supreme court Landmark Cases
- Marbury v Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review, allowing courts to invalidate laws that are unconstitutional.
- McCulloch v Maryland (1819) affirmed Congress's broad implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause.
- Gibbons v Ogden (1824) expanded Congress's power under the Commerce Clause to regulate interstate economic activity.
The New Frontier
This document discusses John F. Kennedy's presidency from 1960 to 1963. It covers his narrow election victory over Richard Nixon in 1960, which was influenced by their televised debates. As president, Kennedy advocated for expanding civil rights and launched initiatives like the Peace Corps. However, he also faced challenges like the failed Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba and the Cuban Missile Crisis. On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald.
1973 oil crisis
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) implemented an oil embargo in October 1973, prohibiting nations that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War from purchasing its oil. This led to a 400% increase in oil prices from $2.59 to $11.65 per barrel and high inflation in consuming countries. Western nations responded with measures like fuel rationing and restrictions on driving and flying to reduce energy usage, while also encouraging growth through interest rate cuts. The embargo motivated searching for renewable fuels and was lifted in March 1974 after negotiations.
Wwii homefront
The document discusses how World War II transformed life on the American home front. The government took on an expanded role, mobilizing industries for war production and providing incentives to businesses. Over 2 million Americans moved to California for war jobs. Organized labor grew dramatically. However, racial minorities still faced significant discrimination and Japanese Americans were forcibly interned. The war accelerated the civil rights movement and women entered the workforce in large numbers. The Manhattan Project developed the atomic bomb, which the U.S. dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, hastening the end of the war in the Pacific.
Wwii
The document summarizes key events in America's entry into World War II and relations with other nations during this period. It describes the US's Good Neighbor policy toward Latin America, continuing isolationism, and reluctance to get involved in another European war after WWI despite wanting to help Britain. It also outlines increasing tensions with Japan over its expansionism in Asia, culminating in the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 that prompted the US to declare war.
New deal
Roosevelt promised decisive government action to end the Depression as president. The Agricultural Adjustment Act paid farmers to produce less to raise prices, but hurt smaller farmers and tenants. The Works Progress Administration created many federal jobs to employ breadwinners and boost demand. The National Labor Relations Act passed in 1935 as part of the second New Deal, which aimed to restore the economy from the bottom up. World War II further helped end the Depression by increasing orders to U.S. factories for armaments and munitions.
Dust bowl
The Dust Bowl was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s. A severe drought in the early 1930s, coupled with traditional plowing practices, caused millions of acres of topsoil to become loose and blow away. One dust storm in 1934 picked up millions of tons of dust from the Great Plains and carried it hundreds of miles eastward to the Atlantic coast. The hardest hit regions were Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado, forcing many farmers to migrate west to California and other Pacific coast states to escape the Dust Bowl conditions.
Stock market crash
The document summarizes the state of the US economy in the late 1920s prior to the Great Depression. Key industries like agriculture, consumer goods, and housing struggled as farmers overproduced, consumer spending declined, and the gap between rich and poor widened. Herbert Hoover was elected in 1928 on a message of continued prosperity. However, problems had emerged as more Americans invested in the stock market, often using borrowed money. The stock market bubble broke in October 1929, with prices plummeting over 16 million shares on Black Tuesday, wiping out many investors and signaling the start of the Great Depression.
Civil rights legislation
The document summarizes key events in the civil rights movement in the 1960s that led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. It describes the assassination of Medgar Evers, protests in Birmingham that convinced President Kennedy to support civil rights legislation, and Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech at the March on Washington. It also discusses Freedom Summer in Mississippi, where three civil rights workers were murdered, and the subsequent passage of the acts under President Johnson to ban discrimination and protect voting rights.
Civil rights movement
The Civil Rights Movement prior to 1954 saw the gradual abolition of slavery followed by Reconstruction and amendments granting rights to freed slaves. However, segregation was legally enforced from 1896 following Plessy v. Ferguson. Leaders like Du Bois, Garvey and the founding of the NAACP fought discrimination. Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional, but desegregation faced strong resistance across the South. The Montgomery Bus Boycott and activities like sit-ins and Freedom Rides continued pushing for full civil rights and desegregation, facing violence but achieving some victories. The 1963 March on Washington and Civil Rights Act of 1964 were major successes, but the movement also faced fractures with Black Power and Black
Monopolies and trusts
John D. Rockefeller formed the Standard Oil Company in the late 19th century and gained a monopoly by transporting oil at low costs to set prices below competitors. He wanted to buy out other oil companies to eliminate competition, which was illegal. This led to the formation of trusts, groups of businesses that joined together without merging to limit competition. However, the Sherman Antitrust Act outlawed combinations of companies that restrained trade between states in an attempt to limit the power of large businesses like Standard Oil and trusts.
Social darwinism
Social Darwinism applied Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection to human societies, believing that society should allow the "survival of the fittest" through minimal interference, such as in the relationship between workers and employers, and that governments should follow a laissez-faire approach to capitalism.
Big buisness
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Urban life
Working conditions during the Industrial Revolution were poor. Workers faced long 14-16 hour work days with no benefits, low pay due to an oversupply of labor, and dangerous conditions. Factories and mines exposed workers to excessive heat, fumes, cave-ins, explosions and unsafe machinery leading to injuries. Women and children were also forced to work for low wages to support their families, violating moral standards of the time.
Labor unions
Workers organized labor unions in the late 1800s to advocate for better working conditions, wages, and benefits. They used tactics like strikes and boycotts to push for change against low pay, long hours, and dangerous work. Several important unions formed, including the Knights of Labor which welcomed all workers, and the American Federation of Labor which focused on skilled trades. However, business owners opposed unions, using lockouts and hiring replacements to break strikes, while the government often sided with owners over workers through interventions like sending troops. This led to violent clashes between labor and management.
Immigrants
The document summarizes immigration to the United States in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It describes that liberal immigration laws provided cheap labor needed for industrial growth. The Old Immigrants arrived from Northern and Western Europe between 1600-1850 for reasons like religious freedom or economic opportunities. The New Immigrants arrived later in the 1800s from Southern and Eastern Europe and Asia, also seeking better economic chances. However, some native-born Americans grew uneasy with the influx and number of immigrants, leading to policies like the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and National Origins Act of 1924 which imposed immigration quotas.
Wwi presentation
The document discusses several factors that contributed to the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914 including militarism, alliances, imperialism and nationalism. It then provides details on the key events of America's entry into the war including the sinking of passenger ships carrying Americans by German U-boats and the discovery of the Zimmerman Telegram. Finally, it outlines some of the social, economic and political impacts of American involvement in the war including the passage of legislation restricting civil liberties and changes for women, immigrants and African Americans.
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Woodrow Wilson proposed a plan for peace after World War 1 that included open diplomacy, free trade, and the League of Nations to maintain order, but the U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles and did not join the League. Germany was forced to pay severe reparations after losing the war and blamed for its start, straining Europe's economies, until the Dawes Plan in 1924 lent Germany money to pay reparations to allies who then paid the U.S.
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Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Europe Faces Revolutions
- 1. Europe Faces Revolutions Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenge the old conservative order of Europe Source: http://www.owasso.k12.ok.us/webpages/gyankey/regadvhandouts.cfm?subpage=174609
- 2. Clash of Philosophies Three Philosophies: In the early 1800s, three schools of political thought conflict in Europe Conservative —landowners and nobles want traditional monarchies Liberal —wealthy merchants and business owners want limited democracy Radical —believe in liberty and equality. They want everyone to have a vote.
- 3. Nationalism Develops Nationalism and Nation-States Nationalism —loyalty to a nation of people with common culture and history Nation-State —nation with its own independent government In 1815 Europe, only France, England and Spain are nation-states Liberals and radicals support nationalism, but conservatives do not.
- 5. Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power Greeks Gain Independence Balkans —region of Europe controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800s. Greece gets European help to gain independence from the Turks.
- 7. Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power 1830s Uprisings Crushed Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and nationalists launch revolts. By the mid-1830s, conservatives are back in control
- 8. Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite Ethnic uprisings in Europe, especially in the Austrian empire. Liberals hold power for short time, but lose to conservatives by 1849
- 9. Radicals Change France Conservative Defeat In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore absolute monarchy The Third Republic In 1848, a Paris mob overthrows the monarchy and sets up a republic Radicals split by infighting; moderates control the new government 1848 constitution calls for elected president and parliament
- 10. Radicals Change France France Accepts a Strong Ruler Louis-Napoleon — Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew—is elected president Louis-Napoleon later takes the title emperor. He promotes industrialization.
- 11. Reform in Russia Serfdom in Russia Czars fail to free the serfs because they fear losing the support of landowners.
- 12. Reform in Russia Defeat Brings Change Russia’s lack of industrialization leads to military defeat in the Crimean War. Alexander II —czar who determines to make social and economic changes Alexander II was also called “Alexander the Liberator. ” In Finland he is known as “the Good Czar. ” Why?
- 13. Reform in Russia Reform and Reaction In 1861, Alexander II frees the serfs, but debt keeps them on the same land. Reform halts when Alexander is assassinated by terrorists in 1881. Driven by nationalism, The Church of the Savior on Alexander III Blood commemorates the place encourages where Alexander II was industrialization. assassinated.