Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling. People with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment.
An interactive case presentation during the monthly meeting of Early-career psychiatrists in Jeddah, SA. Basically, a case managed and supervised clinically by Dr Shokry Alemam, MD
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling. People with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment.
An interactive case presentation during the monthly meeting of Early-career psychiatrists in Jeddah, SA. Basically, a case managed and supervised clinically by Dr Shokry Alemam, MD
This is a project for a high school AP Psychology course. This is a fictionalized account of having a psychological ailment. For questions about this blog project or its content please email the teacher Chris Jocham: jocham@fultonschools.org
Week 5 Focused SOAP Note and Patient Case Presentation Cosamirapdcosden
Week 5: Focused SOAP Note and Patient Case Presentation
College of Nursing-PMHNP, Walden University
NRNP 6675: PMHNP Care Across the Lifespan 2 Practicum
Introduction
Psychosis is a mental condition in which a person's ideas and perceptions are disrupted,
and the individual may have difficulty distinguishing between what is real and what is not.
A health condition, medications, or drug usage can all contribute to psychosis. Delusions,
hallucinations, incomprehensible speech, and agitation are all possible signs; the patient has
incorrect beliefs and sees or hears things that others do not see or hear. The person suffering from
the disease is usually unaware of his or her actions. Medication, psychotherapy, peer support,
family support and education, and talk therapy are all options for treatment. More or less every
mental intervention is backed by evidence accumulated during the patient's initial interview; each
patient's therapy begins with a thorough medical and mental health evaluation, the incorporation
of trust, and a discussion of past mental health history, substance misuse history, family mental
health history, and so on. In this example, the patient's evaluation was documented, and a
diagnosis was made based on the information collected from the patient during the evaluation.
When the case was being developed, a therapeutic approach was designed. The patient is a 53-
year-old Caucasian male who was scheduled for an initial screening for a psychotic disorder after
his sister recommended a visit to the psychiatrist because patient's behavior changed since the
mother passed away.
Patient Initial: S.T Age: 53 Gender: Male
Subjective Data:
CC: "I was brought here by my sister because since my mother passed away, I was living on my
own and not bothering anyone. Those people outside my window they are after me. They just
want me dead".
HPI: When patient was asked " what people?". Patient said " the government sent them to get
me because my taxes are high". Suddenly patient asked the provider if she can see the birds or
hear any loud noise. The provider responded by redirecting the patient that she does not hear any
voice or see anything. When the provider how long he is been hearing the voices or seeing
things, patient said " for weeks, weeks and weeks". Patient also said the sister tapped her phone
with the government. When asked about sleep, patient said " I have not slept well because the
voices keep me up for days. I try to watch the TV, they poison my food on TV, I locked
everything down in the fridge". Suddenly patient asked " Can I smoke?". Provider said "no you
can't smoke here". Patient admit that he smokes all day about 3 packs a day. Drinks alcohol
which his sister purchased for him to last him for weeks. Patient denies use of drugs. Admit to
history of marijuana use 3 years ago before the m ...
Running head ASSIGNMENT 2 PRACTICUM – ASSESSING CLIENTS .docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 2: PRACTICUM – ASSESSING CLIENTS 1
10
ASSIGNMENT 2: PRACTICUM – ASSESSING CLIENTS
Assignment 2: Practicum – Assessing Clients
Part 1: Comprehensive Client Family Assessment
Demographic information: T.C is a 73 years old African American male who was admitted after being discharged from another local hospital.
Presenting problem: The patient’s present problem is increased psychosis with auditory hallucination (AH).
History or present illness: The patient has a history of multiple hospitalizations, of which he refused to give further details. He was however diagnosed with increased psychosis with auditory hallucination and reports of being capable of hurting himself and others. He was planning to harm himself with an ice pick on the neck. He claims that he has been having auditory hallucinations telling him to harm himself. He was unable to state the onset of the symptoms of the presenting illness. He was not cooperating with the clinician.
Past psychiatric history: The patient has a history of multiple hospitalizations, which he refused to discuss further.
Diagnoses: Chronic mental illness
Suicidal gestures or attempts: None
Medical history: Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), Hypertension (HTN), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), Seizure, Congestive heart failure (CHF).
Surgical history: None
Allergies: No known drug allergies
Current Medication:
· Aspirin oral 81 mg TC, PO daily for the management of CAD
· Rivaroxaban oral 10mg tablets PO daily for the management of CAV/MI
Substance use history: The patient claims to be using cocaine as much as he can, once a month. He claims to have started using the drug when he was 19 years old. He, however, refused to give the last day that he used the drug. He also smokes marijuana once a day and started using it when he was 17 years old. He smokes cigarettes at least 3 to 4 times a day.
Developmental history: The patient is a 73-year-old African American male. He is homeless. He is a Christian. His past daily activities include playing soccer and taking an active role in community services. All his early motor, social, language in addition to emotional milestones were within normal limits before being diagnosed with a psychological disorder.
Family psychiatric history: Negative family psychiatric history. There is no known history of any of the family members suffering from any psychiatric disorder, or under psychiatric medications or hospitalization. No other family member has ever displayed suicidal behavior or substance abuse.
Psychosocial history: The patient has a history of chronic mental illness and is non-compliant to medical treatment.
History of abuse/trauma: The patient has no reported history of abuse or trauma.
Review of systems:
General: No weight change, generally appears to be confused. He presented with poor insight and unable to respond to most questions during an assessment. He does not exercise as much as he used to.
Sk ...
Assignment InstructionsAnswer with minimum 2 paragraphs each th.docxrobert345678
Assignment Instructions:
Answer with minimum 2 paragraphs each the following questions based in the bellow clinical case:
1. What is the behavioral approach if you have a child (patient) that present with autism or ASD? Explain
1. What type of special diets you can recommend, or there is any research supporting a special type of diet?
1. What type of resources you can offer to the parents in term of programs at school or what kind papers you can offer to them, so they can have a better experience?
** At least 2 references per question**
Subjective:
CC (chief complaint): The child has problems with communication in social gatherings and at home and does not enjoy the company of others.
HPI: Patient 11 is a 9-year-old male Caucasian American child brought into the hospital on the seventh day of December 2022 for psychiatric assessment from 8:00 AM. The mother has been worrying over her child’s inability to communicate at home and in other social spaces. Further, she states that she has noticed her child's unusually easily irritable state in the past months but has not been worrying as much about it, stating that it is what children are like sometimes. She adds that her son does not enjoy the company of others, even at school, and she thinks that it may be why he is not doing well in class.
Substance Current Use: The client denies using illicit hard drugs like marijuana. No alcohol or tobacco abuse.
Medical History:
·
Current Medications: Daily multivitamin supplements once daily orally.
·
Allergies:
no known food, drug, or environmental allergies noted.
·
Reproductive Hx: No history of sexually transmitted diseases. He has not fathered a child.
ROS:
· GENERAL: denies weight changes and chronic pains. Sometimes feels fatigued
· HEENT: No eye pain or conjunctivitis; swallowing is okay. Denies sore throat. Denies any alterations in head physiology. No changes in the sense of taste.
· SKIN: Denies skin redness. Denies alopecia.
· CARDIOVASCULAR: Denies murmurs, arrhythmias, and lower limb edema.
· RESPIRATORY: Denies chest pressure, congestion, cough, hemoptysis, and wheezing.
· GASTROINTESTINAL: Denies bloating and constipation or GERD. Denies nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain.
· GENITOURINARY: Denies dribbling of the bladder and itching.
· NEUROLOGICAL: Denies visual changes, muscle loss, changes in reflexes, and no balance problems.
· MUSCULOSKELETAL: Denies numbness or tingling and muscle or joint strength loss.
· HEMATOLOGIC: Denies easy bruising.
· LYMPHATICS: Denies neck, axillary or inguinal swelling or lymphadenopathy
· ENDOCRINOLOGIC: Denies known endocrine disorders.
Objective:
Physical exam:
Vital Signs: B.P.: 118/78, Pulse:94, RR: 20, non-labored, Temp: 36.0, BMI: 19.1
General: Alert and oriented, pleasant and cooperative. Not in any acute distress.
HEENT: No head or neck anatomical disruptions. No redness o.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Submitted to:
Ms. Maribel Murillo RN, MAN
Clinical Instructor
Submitted by:
Kristin Abee E. Guarin
SN Batch 2014
I. PATIENT ASSESSMENT DATABASE
A. Personal Data
Name: Mr. MP
Address: Las Pinas, Philippines
Age: 35
Sex: Male
Birthday: June 5, 1976
Birth Place:
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Educational Attainment: 3rd year college, BS Management
Occupation: None
Physician: Dr. Cortez
Date of Admission: July 14, 2004
Admitting Diagnosis: Schizophrenia
3. Hospital Name: Mother Theresa A Home that Cares
B. CHIEF COMPLAINT
N/A (he doesn’t cooperate upon interview)
C. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS
N/A(he doesn’t answer my question about his present illness)
D. PAST HEALTH HISTORY
N/A (he doesn’t recall his past health history)
E. FAMILY ASSESSMENT
Name Relation Age Sex Occupation Educational Attainment
Mr. MP Patient 35 Male None 3rd year college
Mr. CP Father 78 Male Doesn’t recall Doesn’t recall
Mrs. DP Mother 68 Female Doesn’t recall Doesn’t recall
F. SYSTEM REVIEW
1. HEALTH PERCEPTION – HEALTH MANAGEMENT PATTERN
Not assess because patient doesn’t answer my questions about health perception and health management
2. NUTRITIONAL – METABOLIC PATTERN
N/A
3. ELIMINATION PATTERN
Patient usually urinates 6 times a day and defecates 2 times daily
4. ACTIVITY- EXERCISE PATTERN
0-Feeding 0 -Dressing 0-Grooming
0-Bathing 0 -Toileting ____others
Legend:
0- Full Care
I- Requires use of assistance
II- Requires assistance and supervisions by others
III- Requires assistance or supervisions from another and equipments and devices
IV – Dependent, doesn’t participate
4. 5. COGNITIVE – PERCEPTUAL PATTERN
Hearing: she doesn’t have any hearing problems
Vision: she’s having blurred vision and she use reading glass
Sensory: our patient is responsive and is able stimulated by closing her eyes and instructed to point what have been pointed on her
skin. There is no problem with sense of taste and smell.
Learning Styles: my patient doesn’t answer my question and sometimes not cooperative
6. SLEEP- REST PATTERN
According to my patient he sleeps at 9pm to 6am. He also stated that sometimes he had problems in sleeping.
7. SELF- PERCEPTION AND SELF- CONCEPT PATTERN
N/A
8. ROLE- RELATIONSHIP PATTERN
N/A
9. COPING- STRESS TOLERANCE PATTERN
N/A
10. VALUE- BELIEF PATTER
N/A
G. DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY
Theory Age Sex Description
Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory 35 years old Male
Intimacy vs Isolation
Mr. MP doesn’t answer my questions sometimes and doesn’t participate to the
activities because he doesn’t trust me as his nurse.
H. PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
A. General Survey
1. Overall appearance and grooming: upon assessment patient is neat and clean, he manifested a good grooming.
2. Actual height and weight vs. ideal body weight: n/a
3. Symptoms of distress: he is not answering my question mostly and he prefer to be alone sometimes
4. Posture and gait: upon assessment her posture and gait are well coordinated.
5. Affect and mood: he is not answering my question mostly and he prefer to be alone sometimes.
B. Regional exam- utilize IPPA technique
5. 1. Hair: Upon inspection, his hair is evenly distributed, thick, its texture is silky and resilient hair and there is no presence of infestation
(lice) and variable in amount.
Head and face: his head is round, smooth skull contour, symmetric in size and consistent while her face is symmetric in facial
movement.
2. Eyes: Upon inspection of the client’s eyes, its eyebrows and eyelashes are symmetrically aligned, curled slightly outward and hair is
evenly distributed.
3. Nose: Upon inspection, client’s nose is symmetrical, no discharges, uniform in color, he breaths properly through the nares.
4. Ears: Through inspection, client’s ears are symmetrical; the auricle is aligned with the outer canthus of the eyes and same with the
color of facial skin.
5. Mouth and throat: Through inspection, client’s lips and buccal mucosa is pink in color. No retraction of gums, with incomplete
teeth. Tongue moves freely.
6. Neck and lymph nodes: The client’s neck muscles are equal in size, no enlargement of nodules or masses upon palpation. Head
movement is coordinated and smooth movement with no discomfort.
7. Skin: Brown in color, warm to touch and equally distributed by hair.
8. Nails: fingernail plate has convex curvature and an angle of nail plate about 160˚, smooth texture, finger nail and toenail bed color is
pale, with intact epidermis.
9. Thorax and lungs: Chest is symmetric, spine vertically aligned, spinal column is straight, right and left shoulder are at same height.
10. Breast and axilla: not assessed
11. . Abdomen: not assessed
12. Extremities: there is no presence of edema or abnormal findings
13. Genitals: not assessed
14. Rectum and anus: not assessed
15. Neurological/Cranial nerves: not assessed.
6. INTRODUCTION
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder (or a group of disorders) marked by severely impaired thinking, emotions, and behaviors. Schizophrenic
patients are typically unable to filter sensory stimuli and may have enhanced perceptions of sounds, colors, and other features of their environment.
Most schizophrenics, if untreated, gradually withdraw from interactions with other people, and lose their ability to take care of personal needs and
grooming.
Clinical Manifestations
The symptoms of schizophrenia are divided into two major categories:
A. The positive symptoms include:
delusions and its types,
hallucinations,
loose associations and
bizarre or disorganized behavior
B. The negative symptoms includes:
restricted emotions,
anhedonia,
avolition,
alogia,
catatonia and
social withdrawal.
Diagnostic Test
7. Clinical diagnosis is developed on historical information and thorough mental status examination.
No laboratory findings have been identified that are diagnostic of schizophrenia.
Routine battery of laboratory test may be useful in ruling out possible organic etiologies, including CBC, urinalysis, liver function tests,
thyroid function test, RPR, HIV test, serum ceruloplasmin ( rules out an inherited disease, wilson’s disease, in which the body retains
excessive amounts of copper), PET scan, CT scan, and MRI.
Rating scale assessment:
Scale for the assessment of negative symptoms.
Scale for the assessment of positive symptoms.
Brief psychiatric rating scale
Treatment
A comprehensive treatment program can include:
Antipsychotic medication
Education & support, for both ill individuals and families
Social skills training
Rehabilitation to improve activities of daily living
Vocational and recreational support
Cognitive therapy
Nursing Interventions:
A. Strengthening Differentiation
Provide patient with honest and consistent feedback in a non threatening manner.
Avoid challenging the content of patient’s behavior
Focus interactions on patient’s behavior.
Administer drugs as prescribed while monitoring and documenting patient’s response to drug regimen.
Use simple and clear language when speaking with the patient.
Explain all procedures, test and activities to patient before starting them
B. Promoting Socialization
Encourage patient to talk about feelings in the context of a trusting, supportive relationship.
Allow patient to reveal delusions to you without engaging in power struggle over the content or the entire reality of the delusions.
Use supportive, emphatic approach to focus on patient’s feelings about troubling events or conflicts.
Provide opportunities for socialization and encourage participation in group activities.
8. Be aware of personal space and use touch judiciously.
Help patient to identify behaviors that alienate significant others and family members.
C. Ensuring Safety
Monitor patient for behaviors that indicate increased anxiety and agitation.
Collaborate patient to identify anxious behaviors as well as causes.
Establish consistent limits on patients behavior and clearly communicate these limits to patients, family member, and health care providers.
Secure all potential weapons and articles from patients room and the unit environment that could be used to inflict injury.
Determine the need for external control, including seclusion or restraints. Communicate the decision to patient and put plan into action.
Frequently monitor the patient within guidelines of facility’s policy on restrictive devices and assess the patients level of agitation.
When patient’s level of agitation begins to decrease and self control regained, establish a behavioral agreement that identifies specific
behaviors that indicate self control against are escalation agitation.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
I. Structures
A. The neurologic system consists of two main divisions, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The
autonomic nervous system (ANS) is composed of both central and peripheral elements.
1. The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
2. The PNS is composed of the 12 pairs of the cranial nerves and the 31 pairs of the spinal nerves.
3. The ANS is comprised of visceral efferent (motor) and the visceral afferent (sensory) nuclei in the brain and spinal cord. Its peripheral
division is made up of visceral efferent and afferent nerve fibers as well as autonomic and sensory ganglia.
B. The brain is covered by three membranes.
1. The dura matter is a fibrous, connective tissue structure containing several blood vessels.
2. The arachnoid membrane is a delicate serous membrane.
3. The pia matter is a vascular membrane.
C. The spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata to the lower border of the first lumbar
vertebrae. It contains millions of nerve fibers, and it consists of 31 nerves – 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5
lumbar, and 5 sacral.
D. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) forms in the lateral ventricles in the choroid plexus of the pia matter.
It flows through the foramen of Monro into to the third ventricle, then through the aqueduct of
Sylvius to the fourth ventricle. CSF exits the fourth ventricle by the foramen of Magendie and the two
foramens of Luska. It then flows into the cistema magna, and finally it circulates to the subarachnoid
9. space of the spinal cord, bathing both the brain and the spinal cord. Fluid
is absorbed by the arachnoid membrane.
II. Function
A. CNS
1. Brain
The cerebrum is the center for consciousness, thought, memory,
sensory input, and motor activity; it consists of two hemispheres (left and
right) and four lobes, each with specific functions.
The frontal lobe controls voluntary muscle movements and
contains motor areas, including the area for speech; it also
contains the centers for personality, behavioral, autonomic and
intellectual functions and those for emotional and cardiac
responses.
The temporal lobe is the center for taste, hearing and smell, and in
the brain’s dominant hemisphere, the center for interpreting
spoken language.
The parietal lobe coordinates and interprets sensory information
from the opposite side of the body.
The occipital lobe interprets visual stimuli.
The thalamus further organizes cerebral function by transmitting impulses to and from the cerebrum. It also is responsible for primitive
emotional responses, such as fear, and for distinguishing between pleasant and unpleasant stimuli.
Lying beneath the thalamus, the hypothalamus is an automatic center that regulates blood pressure, temperature, libido, appetite, breathing,
sleeping patterns, and peripheral nerve discharges associated with certain behavior and emotional expression. It also helps control pituitary secretion
and stress reactions.
The cerebellum or hindbrain, controls smooth muscle movements, coordinates sensory impulses with muscle activity, and maintains muscle
tone and equilibrium.
The brain stem, which includes the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata, relays nerve impulses between the brain and spinal cord.
2. The spinal cord forms a two-way conductor pathway between the brain stem and the PNS. It is also the reflex center for motor activities that do
not involve brain control.
10. B. The PNS connects the CNS to remote body regions and conducts signals to and from these areas and the spinal cord.
C. The ANS regulates body functions such as digestion, respiration, and cardiovascular function. Supervised chiefly by the hypothalamus, the ANS
contains two divisions.
1. The sympathetic nervous system serves as an emergency preparedness system, the “flight-for-fight” response. Sympathetic impulses
increase greatly when the body is under physical or emotional stress causing bronchiole dilation, dilation of the heart and voluntary muscle blood
vessels, stronger and faster heart contractions, peripheral blood vessel constriction, decreased peristalsis, and increased perspiration. Sympathetic
stimuli are mediated by norepinephrine.
2. The parasympathetic nervous system is the dominant controller for most visceral effectors for most of the time. Parasympathetic
impulses are mediated by acetylcholine.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Brain developmentfromconceptiontoearlyadulthood
Anatomicandfunctional disruptionin neural connectivity and communication
Impairmentinafundamental cognitive process
Impairmentinone ormore second-ordercognitive process
Predisposing factor
Stress
Low socioeconomics
Disturbance in neurotransmitter system
Looseness of ability in thinking
Impaired ability to perceive
11. LABORATORY RESULT
Electrolytes
Urinalysis
RESULTS SIGNIFICANCE RESULTS SIGNIFICANCE
Color:
Yellow Within normal range
Sugar:
negative Within normal range
Transparency:
Clear Within normal range
Specific gravity:
1.010 Within normal range
Reaction: Microscopic:
Pusleukocytes:
Albumin:
Acidic Albumin Within normal range Erythrocytes:
Roentrogenological report
Findings:
There are hazy infiktrates at both suprahilar area heart is not enlarged diaphragm and sulci are intact
Result Normal Values Significance
Sodium 136 135-145 Within normal range
Potassium 3.98 3.5-5.0 Within normal range
Disorganized thought confusion
S/Sx:Delusionand hallucination
Social isolation
12. Impression
Suprahilar pneumonitis, bilateral koch's etiology not ruled out
DRUG STUDY
Generic Name: Haloperidol
Brand Name: Haldol
Drug Classification: Antipsychotic
Dosage: 20mg 1/4 tab OD
Indication: Management of manifestations of psychotic disorders
Mechanism of Action Adverse Effects Contraindications Side Effects Nursing Considerations
Anti-psychotics block
postsynaptic dopamine
receptors in the brain,
depress the RAS,
including those parts of
the brain involved with
wakefulness and emesis.
Vertigo, headache
Nasal congestion
Polyuria
Cerebral edema
Tremor
Ataxia
Orthostatic
hypotension
Cardiomegaly
SIADH
Eosinophilia
Coma
Severe CNS
depression
Bone marrow
depression
Blood dyscrasia
Circulatory collapse
Subcortical brain
damage
Cerebral
arteriosclerosis
Drowsiness
Blurring of vision
Dry mouth
Nausea and vomiting
Tachycardia,
bradycardia
Provide safety to the patient
Maintain fluid intake and use
precautions against heatstroke or
heat weather
Monitor electrolytes level
Monitor Vital Signs continuously
Provide rest and comfort
Monitor CBC, BUN, Creatinine
Gradually withdraw drug when
13. Leucopenia
Jaundice
Urticaria
Coronary disease
Severe hypotension
or hypertension
insomnia patient has been on maintenance
therapy
Generic Name: Diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Brand Name: Benadryl
Drug Classification: Antiparkinsonian
Dosage: 50mg cap HS
Indication: Parkinsonism (including drug induced parkinsonism and extrapyramidal reactions), in the elderly intolerant of more potent drugs, for
milder forms of disorder
Mechanism of Action Adverse Effects Contraindications Side Effects Nursing Considerations
Competitively blocks the
effects of histamine at
h1 receptor sites, has
atropine-like, anti-
pruritic and sedative
effects
Fatigue
Confusion
Blurred vision
Headache
Diplopia
Tremors
Palpitations
Bradycardia
Diarrhea
Constipation
Third trimester of
pregnancy
Lactation
Used cautiously
with:
Narrow angle
glaucoma
Asthmatic attack
Bladder neck
obstruction
Drowsiness
Sedation
Dizziness
Disturbed
coordination
Nausea and vomiting
Provide safety to the patient
Assist patient in ambulation
Maintain fluid intake and use
precautions against heatstroke or
heat weather
Monitor electrolytes level
Administer these drugs with food
if GI upset occur
Monitor Vital Signs continuously
14. Urinary frequency
Anorexia
Dysuria
rash
Pregnancy
Stenosing peptic
ulcer
Symptomatic
prostatic
hypertrophy
Provide rest and comfort
Monitor CBC, BUN, Creatinine
Gradually withdraw drug when
patient has been on maintenance
therapy
Generic Name: Fluoxetine hydrochloride
Brand Name: Prozac
Drug Classification: SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor)
Dosage: initially 20mg/day tab
Indication: treatment of depression; most effective in patients with major depressive disorder
Mechanism of Action Adverse Effects Contraindications Side Effects Nursing Considerations
Acts as an
antidepressant by
inhibiting CNS neuronal
uptake of serotonin;
blocks uptake of
serotonin with little
effect on norepinephrine
Agitation
Sedation
Seizure
Abnormal gait
Palpitations
Flatulence
Cystitis
Impotence
alopecia
hypersensitivity to
fluoxetine and
pregnancy
Dizziness
Headednes
Nervousness
Sweating and dry
mouth
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea
Provide safety to the patient
Teach patient about relaxation
technique
Increase fluid intake
Maintain fluid intake and use
precautions against heatstroke or
heat weather
Monitor electrolytes level
Eat foods high in fiber
Monitor Vital Signs continuously
15. constipation
bradycardia
Provide rest and comfort
Generic Name: Fluphenazine decanoate
Brand Name: Modecate
Drug Classification: Antipsychotic
Dosage: initial dose, 12.5 – 25mg IM
Indication: Management of behavioral complication in patients with mental retardation
Mechanism of Action Adverse Effects Contraindications Side Effects Nursing Considerations
Anti-psychotics block
dopamine receptors in
the brain, depress the
RAS, including those
parts of the brain
involved with
wakefulness and emesis.
Vertigo, headache
Nasal congestion
Polyuria
Cerebral edema
Tremor
Ataxia
Orthostatic
hypotension
Cardiomegaly
SIADH
Eosinophilia
Leucopenia
Jaundice
Coma
Severe CNS
depression
Bone marrow
depression
Blood dyscrasia
Circulatory collapse
Subcortical brain
damage
Cerebral
arteriosclerosis
Coronary disease
Severe hypotension
Drowsiness
Blurring of vision
Dry mouth
Nausea and vomiting
Tachycardia,
bradycardia
insomnia
Provide safety to the patient
Maintain fluid intake and use
precautions against heatstroke or
heat weather
Monitor electrolytes level
Monitor Vital Signs continuously
Provide rest and comfort
Monitor CBC, BUN, Creatinine
Gradually withdraw drug when
patient has been on maintenance
therapy
16. Urticaria or hypertension
Generic Name: Clozapine
Brand Name: Ziproc
Drug Classification: Antipsychotic
Dosage: 100mg ¼ tab 2x/week HS
Indication: Management of severely ill schizophrenics who are unresponsive to standard psychotic drug
Mechanism of Action Adverse Effects Contraindications Side Effects Nursing Considerations
Anti-psychotics block
dopamine receptors in
the brain, depress the
RAS, including those
parts of the brain
involved with
wakefulness and emesis.
Tremor
Disturbed sleep
Sedation
Sweating
Dry mouth
Urticaria
Rash
leukopenia
Severe CNS
depression
History of seizure
Granulocytopenia
Myeloproliferative
disorders
Drowsiness
Sedation
Dizziness
Headache
Nausea and vomiting
Constipation
Fever
Tachycardia
hypotension
Provide safety to the patient
Maintain fluid intake
Monitor electrolytes level
Eat food rich in fiber
Tepid sponge bath
Monitor Vital Signs continuously
Provide rest and comfort
Monitor CBC, BUN, Creatinine
Gradually withdraw drug when
17. patient has been on maintenance
therapy
Generic Name: Biperiden
Brand Name: Akineton
Drug Classification: Antiparkinson
Dosage: 2mg/day ½ tab
Indication: Adjunct in the therapy of parkinsonism
Mechanism of Action Adverse Effects Contraindications Side Effects Nursing Considerations
Anticholinergic activity
in the CNS that is
believed to help
normalize the
hypothesized imbalance
of cholinergic and
dopaminergic
neutransmission in the
basal ganglia in the brain
of a parkinsonism
patient.
Memory loss
Agitation
Depression
Drowsiness
Tachycardia
Palpitations
Hypotension
Rash
Urticaria
weakness
Glaucoma
Pyloric or duodenal
obstruction
Stenosing peptic
ulcer
Achalasia
Prostatic
hypertrophy
Myasthenia gravis
Disorientation
Confusion
Blurred vision
Dizziness
Light-headednes
Nervousness
Dry mouth
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea
constipation
Provide safety to the patient
Orient patient about time, place,
event or things around her.
Teach patient about relaxation
technique
Maintain fluid intake and use
precautions against heatstroke or
heat weather
Monitor electrolytes level
Eat foods high in fiber
Monitor Vital Signs continuously
Provide rest and comfort
Monitor CBC, BUN, Creatinine
Gradually withdraw drug when
18. bradycardia patient has been on maintenance
therapy
LIST OF IDENTIFIED PROBLEMS ACCORDING TO PRIORITY
1. Disturbed thought processes related to inability to trust evidenced by delusional thinking.
2. Social Isolation related to alteration in mental status
3. Situational low self-esteem related to cognitive impairment
NURSING CARE PLAN
Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Interventions Rationale Evaluation
19. Subjective:
Objective:
>inability to trust
>lack of interest
Disturbed thought
processes related to
inability to trust
evidenced by
delusional thinking.
After 1-2 days of
rendering nursing
interventions, the
patient will be able
to develop trusting
relationship with
nurse
Be sincere and honest when
communicating with the
client. Avoid vague or
evasive remarks.
Be consistent in setting
expectations, enforcing rules,
and so forth.
Do not make promises that
you cannot keep.
Encourage the client to talk
with you, but do not pry for
information.
Explain procedures, and try t
o be sure the client
understands the procedures
before carrying them out.
Initially, do not argue with
the client or try to convince
the client that the delusions
are false or unreal.
Delusional clients are
extremely sensitive about
others and can recognize
insincerity. Evasive
comments or hesitation
reinforces mistrust or
delusions.
Clear, consistent limits
provide a secure structure
for the client.
Broken promises reinforce
the client’s
mistrust of others.
Probing increases the
client’s suspicion and
interferes with the
therapeutic relationship.
When the client has full
knowledge of procedures, he
or she is less likely to feel
tricked by the staff.
Logical argument does not
dispel delusional ideas and
can interfere with the
development of trust
After 2 days of
rendering nursing
interventions, the
patient was
develop trusting
relationship with
nurse
Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Interventions Rationale Evaluation
20. Subjective:
Objective:
>uncommunicative
>seeks to be alone
> projects hostility
>sad/dull affect
Social Isolation related
to alteration in mental
status
After 1-2 days of
rendering nursing
interventions, client
will identify feelings
of isolation
>establish a
therapeutic
relationship by being
emotionally present
and authentic
>observe for barriers
to social interaction
>provide positive
reinforcement when
the client seeks out
others
>discuss causes of
perceived or actual
isolation
>being emotionally
present and authentic
fosters growth in
relationships and
decrease isolation
>adequate information
should be gathered so
appropriate
interventions can be
planned
>social support
contributes to positive
well being
>the individual’s
experience of illness;
the circumstances of
everyday living that
influence a quality of
life
After 1-2 days of
rendering nursing
interventions, client
will identify feelings
of isolation
21. Assessment Nursing
Diagnosis
Planning Interventions Rationale Evaluation
Subjective:
Objective:
> lacking eye
contact
>little interest in
activities
>lack of social
interaction
Situational low
self-esteem
related to
cognitive
impairment
After 2-3 hours of
rendering nursing
interventions, the
patient will
verbalize
understanding of
things that
precipitate current
situation and
demonstrate
behaviors that
show positive self-
esteem.
Encourage client to express
honest feelings in relation to
loss of prior level of functioning
Revise methods for assisting
client to express feelings
properly.
Encourage client’s attempts to
communicate. If verbalizations
are not understandable, express
to client what you think he
intended to say. It is necessary
to reorient client frequently.
Encourage reminiscence and
discussion of life review
Encourage to participate in
activities
Offer support and empathy
Client may be fixed in anger
stage of grieving process,
which is turned inward on
the self, resulting in
diminished self-esteem.
To explore the feelings of
the client thereby allowing
him to acknowledge his
own strength and weakness
The ability to communicate
effectively with others may
enhance self-esteem
Help client resume
progression through the
grief process associated
with disappointing life
events and increase self-
esteem
Positive feedback from
group members will
increase self-esteem
Focus on accomplishments
to lift self-esteem
After 3 hours of
rendering nursing
interventions, the
patient was
verbalized
understanding of
things that
precipitate current
situation and
demonstrated
behaviors that show
positive self-esteem.
DISCHARGE PLAN
Medication:
22. Instruct patient to continue taking her medications
Do not stop abruptly taking the medications
Report any complications or severe effects of drugs to your health care provider
Exercise:
Encourage patient to have regular exercise even he is at their home.
Treatment:
Instruct patient to continue taking her medications.
Clinical Follow-up:
Instruct patient to have her follow-up check- up after one week.
Diet:
Advise the patient to eat green leafy vegetables, rich in iron and vitamin C
Danger signs:
Instruct patient to seek medical advice to physician if she experiencing discomfort and complications