This document discusses drives used for heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. It compares AC and DC drives, describing their advantages and disadvantages. AC drives have lower motor costs but higher power converter costs compared to DC drives. Microprocessor control is discussed for both AC and DC drives. Common industrial applications of microprocessor controlled AC drives are also listed, such as for fans, pumps and compressors. The document concludes with advantages of microprocessor controlled drives like better process control and reliability.
In this presentation talk about:
Able to describe Substation.
Importance of substation.
Factors governing the selection of side.
Classification of Sub-Station.
Elements of a substation.
Operation of substation.
Hazards & safety.
Recent substation accident Bangladesh.
The document describes an automatic synchronization and load sharing system between two diesel generator sets. When the mains power fails, the master generator set is started and picks up the load once its voltage is healthy. If the load reaches 80% of the first generator's capacity, the second generator is automatically started. Load is then shared between the two generators proportionally to their capacities. The generators continue to run in synchronization until the load drops below 80% of one generator's capacity.
The document discusses excitation systems for power plants and their importance. Excitation systems provide variable DC current to control terminal voltage, reactive power, and power factor. They ensure stable operation with the network and other machines. Outdated excitation systems can result in inefficient plant operation, shutdowns, and network instability. Upgrading to a modern, efficient excitation system provides benefits like higher availability, reduced maintenance costs, less outage time, better power system stability, and longer-term spare parts and support availability. The presentation provides a case study and recommends existing plants audit their excitation systems and consider upgrades.
Variable frequency drives (VFDs) are used to control the speed of AC induction motors by varying the frequency of the power supplied to the motor. A VFD system consists of an AC motor, controller, and operator interface. VFDs allow for control of motor speed, torque, and power to match application needs. They provide benefits like energy savings, protection from overloads, and flexibility in motor control for various industrial applications like pumps, fans, conveyors, and compressors.
Power control for vast north sea offshore wind farm - Case StudySollatek
Greater Gabbard Offshore Wind Farm is a huge offshore wind farm currently under construction in the North Sea 25 kilometres (22 miles) off the Suffolk coast. In the onshore substation for the site a total of three of Sollatek’s automatic voltage regulators control the power supply.
http://www.sollatek.com/product-category/voltage-protection/
This document provides an overview of the electrical equipment found in a switchyard at an NTPC power plant, including transformers, conductors, insulators, isolators, busbars, lightning arresters, circuit breakers, relays, and capacitor banks. It describes the purpose and basic functioning of each type of equipment, such as how transformers change voltage levels, current transformers reduce current readings, conductors transmit power, and relays and circuit breakers disconnect faulty circuits. The document also notes that new technologies like SCADA allow remote control and monitoring of substations.
This document discusses drives used for heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. It compares AC and DC drives, describing their advantages and disadvantages. AC drives have lower motor costs but higher power converter costs compared to DC drives. Microprocessor control is discussed for both AC and DC drives. Common industrial applications of microprocessor controlled AC drives are also listed, such as for fans, pumps and compressors. The document concludes with advantages of microprocessor controlled drives like better process control and reliability.
In this presentation talk about:
Able to describe Substation.
Importance of substation.
Factors governing the selection of side.
Classification of Sub-Station.
Elements of a substation.
Operation of substation.
Hazards & safety.
Recent substation accident Bangladesh.
The document describes an automatic synchronization and load sharing system between two diesel generator sets. When the mains power fails, the master generator set is started and picks up the load once its voltage is healthy. If the load reaches 80% of the first generator's capacity, the second generator is automatically started. Load is then shared between the two generators proportionally to their capacities. The generators continue to run in synchronization until the load drops below 80% of one generator's capacity.
The document discusses excitation systems for power plants and their importance. Excitation systems provide variable DC current to control terminal voltage, reactive power, and power factor. They ensure stable operation with the network and other machines. Outdated excitation systems can result in inefficient plant operation, shutdowns, and network instability. Upgrading to a modern, efficient excitation system provides benefits like higher availability, reduced maintenance costs, less outage time, better power system stability, and longer-term spare parts and support availability. The presentation provides a case study and recommends existing plants audit their excitation systems and consider upgrades.
Variable frequency drives (VFDs) are used to control the speed of AC induction motors by varying the frequency of the power supplied to the motor. A VFD system consists of an AC motor, controller, and operator interface. VFDs allow for control of motor speed, torque, and power to match application needs. They provide benefits like energy savings, protection from overloads, and flexibility in motor control for various industrial applications like pumps, fans, conveyors, and compressors.
Power control for vast north sea offshore wind farm - Case StudySollatek
Greater Gabbard Offshore Wind Farm is a huge offshore wind farm currently under construction in the North Sea 25 kilometres (22 miles) off the Suffolk coast. In the onshore substation for the site a total of three of Sollatek’s automatic voltage regulators control the power supply.
http://www.sollatek.com/product-category/voltage-protection/
This document provides an overview of the electrical equipment found in a switchyard at an NTPC power plant, including transformers, conductors, insulators, isolators, busbars, lightning arresters, circuit breakers, relays, and capacitor banks. It describes the purpose and basic functioning of each type of equipment, such as how transformers change voltage levels, current transformers reduce current readings, conductors transmit power, and relays and circuit breakers disconnect faulty circuits. The document also notes that new technologies like SCADA allow remote control and monitoring of substations.
1. An electric power substation is a facility used to transform electricity from high to low voltage or vice versa for transmission or distribution. It contains equipment like transformers, circuit breakers, and switches.
2. Substations are used to connect generators and transmission lines, transform power between voltage levels, interconnect power sources, switch connections, control voltage and power flow, and detect and respond to faults on the system.
3. They are classified by their main function as transmission substations for high voltages or distribution substations for low voltages. Transformer substations contain transformers while switching substations focus on connections.
A substation receives high voltage electricity from power plants, steps down the voltage to safer levels for local use, and provides facilities for switching and safety devices. It contains components like busbars to carry electricity, disconnects to isolate equipment, circuit breakers to safely interrupt current, and transformers to detect and transform voltage and current for instruments. Substation equipment requires regular preventative maintenance like cleaning, inspection, and checking for tight connections to ensure safe and reliable operation.
A variable frequency drive (VFD) controls the speed and torque of an AC electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of the power supplied to the motor. It does this by drawing AC power from the utility, converting it to DC, and then converting the DC back to a variable AC waveform. VFDs help conserve energy by only providing the power needed based on the motor's load, rather than running the motor at full speed all the time. The document outlines the basic components and operation of a VFD, as well as goals and timelines for designing and building a VFD circuit.
The document describes a variable frequency drive (VFD) created by engineering students to control the speed of a single-phase induction motor. The VFD uses a microcontroller to generate pulse width modulation for an inverter that varies the frequency and voltage supplied to the motor. The students faced issues with components not supplying enough current and burning out. They overcame these by replacing mosfets with higher capacity IGBTs, lowering the input voltage, and trial-and-error tuning of circuit elements. The VFD allows control and energy savings compared to a fixed speed motor.
Generator protection system by nicholas naingNicholas Naing
This document outlines the agenda for a generator protection system seminar taking place on January 13, 2016 from 1pm to 3pm at the YTU Electrical Power Department. The agenda includes welcome and introduction sessions followed by a presentation on generator protection systems and their functions. There will then be a tea break followed by more detailed explanations of protection functions and a question/answer section before concluding at 3pm. The document also provides sample generator protection relay wiring diagrams and listings of common protection functions and relay actions.
Our complete range of servo drives not only provides any power range you need, it provides the highest density power (smallest servo drives) in the industry, precisely delivering the exact power you need, with zero emissions and zero noise technology.
Elmo’s Gold Servo Drives master the ability to run any
servo motor with qualitative power in the range of
10W – 65,000W.
The document discusses automatic transfer switches (ATS). An ATS automatically switches power sources to ensure reliable electrical supply to connected loads. It will start a backup generator and switch over to it upon sensing a failure of the primary power source. When the primary power is restored, the ATS will switch back and shut off the generator. ATS are commonly used in homes with backup generators to power the home during utility outages. They isolate the generator from utility lines for safety and prevent overloading. The document describes different types of ATS including open transition, closed transition, soft loading, and static, as well as their applications.
- Synchronous generator excitation requires varying levels of excitation depending on the machine's size, number of poles, speed, and desired regulation. Smaller machines with many poles require proportionally more excitation, while larger machines with fewer poles require less.
- Exciters are commonly built to operate at 125 or 250 volts. Larger alternators are better suited to 250-volt exciters to decrease current.
- Common excitation systems involve a self-excited or separately excited DC shunt generator. For larger machines, a separately excited main exciter driven by a pilot exciter is often used. Automatic voltage regulators aim to maintain a constant voltage despite load changes.
Variable speed drives (VSDs) can significantly reduce pumping system energy consumption through more efficient motor control. VSDs allow pumping system motors to vary their speed based on system demands, lowering energy usage compared to fixed speed motors. There are mechanical and electrical methods for varying motor speed, with electrical VSDs being the most common. VSDs provide advantages like reduced power requirements, increased efficiency, lower wear on pumps, and longer equipment life. However, care must be taken to avoid potential vibration issues at certain speeds. Overall, implementing VSDs in pumping systems can help address energy costs and consumption worldwide.
The document is a seminar report on switchyard equipment and protection systems at NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited in Rourkela, India. It provides an overview of the captive power plant, including its major equipment like generators, transformers, and switchyard components. The switchyard contains 20 operating bays including generators, grid feeders, smelter feeders, and transformers. Important switchyard components discussed include busbars, bus couplers, insulators, circuit breakers, isolators, current and voltage transformers, and lightning arresters.
Dewalt is one of the renowned manufacturers of different kind of tools including wood working best Dewalt router of different size.
The tools are made in such a way that it ensures the safety and security of the users. And by the same time will perform the wood workings smoothly. The devices and accessories are useable to perform any form of woodworking.
Our top selections are as bellow:
1. DEWALT DWP611PK Variable Speed Compact Router
2. DEWALT DW618PK Plunge and Fixed-Base Variable-Speed Router
3. DEWALT DWP611 Variable Speed Compact Router
4. DEWALT DW618B3 Plunge Base and Fixed Base
5. DEWALT DW618 Variable-Speed Fixed-Base Router
Whatever the application is the router is suitable for the users. Including expert and beginner and the most important issue is the pricing. The router prices are reasonable comparing the other manufacturers.
For the detail visit: http://myhandtools.com/best-dewalt-router/
by http://myhandtools.com/
The document discusses excitation in generators and loss of excitation (LOE). It begins by explaining what excitation is, why it is required, and how it is provided in generators of different sizes. It then discusses what will happen if excitation is lost, including potential overspeeding, abnormal heating, and loss of synchronization. Several protection schemes for LOE are presented, including impedance-based R-X schemes which monitor changes in generator terminal impedance during LOE. Settings for typical LOE relays are also calculated and described.
Relays are electrically operated switches that use a low-power signal to control a circuit with higher power. They have various operating principles and types. Relays allow for control of circuits with complete isolation and for one signal to control multiple circuits. Common types include latching, induction, reed, mercury-wetted, and solid-state relays. Relays are used where control of high power loads is needed, such as in protection devices, contactors, stabilizers, inverters, and welders. They provide advantages of fast operation, reliability, and allowing control of AC and DC circuits with one device.
This document summarizes a presentation on variable frequency drives (VFDs). VFDs vary the speed of 3-phase AC motors by converting AC power to DC and then converting it back to variable voltage/frequency AC. They allow constant and variable torque motor loads to operate at variable speeds. Applications include pumps, fans, compressors. Selecting a VFD depends on the motor's current, kW rating, type of machine/application, and required functionality/controls. Rockwell Automation offers their PowerFlex line of VFDs in compact, standard, and premium models for applications from small to large horsepower. The presentation reviews VFD components, operations, applications in industries, and key selection factors.
This document is a project report on relays by Sheshadri Shekhar Rauth for his Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It discusses the history and holding capacity of Diesel Loco Shed in Kharagpur, the basic design and operation of relays, and the types of relays used in the shed including wheel slip relays, general purpose relays, and contactor relays. It also provides references and concludes that the training opportunities at the shed were helpful for gaining knowledge about machinery and instruments.
1. The document is a seminar presentation about the 220kV Grid Sub Station in Mansarovar, Jaipur.
2. A sub station transforms voltage from high to low and performs other functions like distributing power. It must be located near load centers and allow for expansion.
3. The Mansarovar sub station receives power from two incoming transmission lines and distributes it through six outgoing 132kV lines and eight 33kV lines serving various areas of Jaipur.
Solid-state relays (SSRs) perform similar switching functions as electromechanical relays but without moving parts. SSRs rely on semiconductors and electrical components to isolate and switch loads. They turn loads on by energizing a light-emitting diode that triggers a light-sensitive semiconductor. Proper heat sinking is important when using SSRs to switch currents over 5 amps. SSRs are used in a wide variety of industrial and commercial applications such as industrial automation, manufacturing equipment, and medical devices. They provide benefits like long life, low interference, vibration resistance, and fast response compared to electromechanical relays. Care must be taken to ensure surge currents from loads like motors or capac
This document discusses the main components and construction of generators, how generators produce power, and generator protection systems. It describes the rotor, stator, and other main generator parts. It explains how generators work using the principle of electromagnetic induction. It then discusses various electrical, system, and mechanical faults that can occur in generators. Finally, it provides details on primary, backup, and different classes of protection systems for generators, including differential protection, earth fault protection, loss of excitation protection, and more.
The document discusses protection of transformers, generators, and motors from various faults. It describes:
1) Types of faults that can occur in transformers, generators, and motors such as winding failures, overloads, and short circuits.
2) Protection devices used such as Buchholz relays, differential relays, overcurrent relays, and thermal overload relays. Settings must coordinate with equipment thermal limits.
3) Generator protection is complex due to large size and connections; methods include neutral grounding resistors, field suppression, and differential relays. Faults can damage windings if not cleared quickly.
Vivint Wireless How to De-Risk a New Venture & Build a Better ISP - Luke L...Lounge47
The document provides an overview of Vivint Wireless, a startup internet service provider (ISP) supported by the larger company Vivint. It discusses how Vivint Wireless is working to de-risk their entrepreneurial venture by identifying key risks early, tracking and testing risks, and learning from failures of previous ventures. The case study examines Vivint Wireless' approach to addressing risks like network coverage, equipment reliability, customer acquisition costs, and more. The document also outlines Vivint's history and growth expanding into new markets like home automation, energy management, and now wireless internet.
Bryan Schmidt is seeking a position and includes his contact information, education background which includes a Bachelor's degree in Accounting from the University of Central Florida with a 3.1 GPA and minor in Legal Studies. He has experience in sales, customer service, and management roles with skills in Microsoft Office, problem solving, leadership, and attention to detail. His experience includes roles as an Assistant Manager, Delivery Driver, and Sales Representative where he developed skills in time management, communication, implementing procedures, and negotiating with customers. He is involved with founding a rugby club and holds positions in his fraternity.
1. An electric power substation is a facility used to transform electricity from high to low voltage or vice versa for transmission or distribution. It contains equipment like transformers, circuit breakers, and switches.
2. Substations are used to connect generators and transmission lines, transform power between voltage levels, interconnect power sources, switch connections, control voltage and power flow, and detect and respond to faults on the system.
3. They are classified by their main function as transmission substations for high voltages or distribution substations for low voltages. Transformer substations contain transformers while switching substations focus on connections.
A substation receives high voltage electricity from power plants, steps down the voltage to safer levels for local use, and provides facilities for switching and safety devices. It contains components like busbars to carry electricity, disconnects to isolate equipment, circuit breakers to safely interrupt current, and transformers to detect and transform voltage and current for instruments. Substation equipment requires regular preventative maintenance like cleaning, inspection, and checking for tight connections to ensure safe and reliable operation.
A variable frequency drive (VFD) controls the speed and torque of an AC electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of the power supplied to the motor. It does this by drawing AC power from the utility, converting it to DC, and then converting the DC back to a variable AC waveform. VFDs help conserve energy by only providing the power needed based on the motor's load, rather than running the motor at full speed all the time. The document outlines the basic components and operation of a VFD, as well as goals and timelines for designing and building a VFD circuit.
The document describes a variable frequency drive (VFD) created by engineering students to control the speed of a single-phase induction motor. The VFD uses a microcontroller to generate pulse width modulation for an inverter that varies the frequency and voltage supplied to the motor. The students faced issues with components not supplying enough current and burning out. They overcame these by replacing mosfets with higher capacity IGBTs, lowering the input voltage, and trial-and-error tuning of circuit elements. The VFD allows control and energy savings compared to a fixed speed motor.
Generator protection system by nicholas naingNicholas Naing
This document outlines the agenda for a generator protection system seminar taking place on January 13, 2016 from 1pm to 3pm at the YTU Electrical Power Department. The agenda includes welcome and introduction sessions followed by a presentation on generator protection systems and their functions. There will then be a tea break followed by more detailed explanations of protection functions and a question/answer section before concluding at 3pm. The document also provides sample generator protection relay wiring diagrams and listings of common protection functions and relay actions.
Our complete range of servo drives not only provides any power range you need, it provides the highest density power (smallest servo drives) in the industry, precisely delivering the exact power you need, with zero emissions and zero noise technology.
Elmo’s Gold Servo Drives master the ability to run any
servo motor with qualitative power in the range of
10W – 65,000W.
The document discusses automatic transfer switches (ATS). An ATS automatically switches power sources to ensure reliable electrical supply to connected loads. It will start a backup generator and switch over to it upon sensing a failure of the primary power source. When the primary power is restored, the ATS will switch back and shut off the generator. ATS are commonly used in homes with backup generators to power the home during utility outages. They isolate the generator from utility lines for safety and prevent overloading. The document describes different types of ATS including open transition, closed transition, soft loading, and static, as well as their applications.
- Synchronous generator excitation requires varying levels of excitation depending on the machine's size, number of poles, speed, and desired regulation. Smaller machines with many poles require proportionally more excitation, while larger machines with fewer poles require less.
- Exciters are commonly built to operate at 125 or 250 volts. Larger alternators are better suited to 250-volt exciters to decrease current.
- Common excitation systems involve a self-excited or separately excited DC shunt generator. For larger machines, a separately excited main exciter driven by a pilot exciter is often used. Automatic voltage regulators aim to maintain a constant voltage despite load changes.
Variable speed drives (VSDs) can significantly reduce pumping system energy consumption through more efficient motor control. VSDs allow pumping system motors to vary their speed based on system demands, lowering energy usage compared to fixed speed motors. There are mechanical and electrical methods for varying motor speed, with electrical VSDs being the most common. VSDs provide advantages like reduced power requirements, increased efficiency, lower wear on pumps, and longer equipment life. However, care must be taken to avoid potential vibration issues at certain speeds. Overall, implementing VSDs in pumping systems can help address energy costs and consumption worldwide.
The document is a seminar report on switchyard equipment and protection systems at NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited in Rourkela, India. It provides an overview of the captive power plant, including its major equipment like generators, transformers, and switchyard components. The switchyard contains 20 operating bays including generators, grid feeders, smelter feeders, and transformers. Important switchyard components discussed include busbars, bus couplers, insulators, circuit breakers, isolators, current and voltage transformers, and lightning arresters.
Dewalt is one of the renowned manufacturers of different kind of tools including wood working best Dewalt router of different size.
The tools are made in such a way that it ensures the safety and security of the users. And by the same time will perform the wood workings smoothly. The devices and accessories are useable to perform any form of woodworking.
Our top selections are as bellow:
1. DEWALT DWP611PK Variable Speed Compact Router
2. DEWALT DW618PK Plunge and Fixed-Base Variable-Speed Router
3. DEWALT DWP611 Variable Speed Compact Router
4. DEWALT DW618B3 Plunge Base and Fixed Base
5. DEWALT DW618 Variable-Speed Fixed-Base Router
Whatever the application is the router is suitable for the users. Including expert and beginner and the most important issue is the pricing. The router prices are reasonable comparing the other manufacturers.
For the detail visit: http://myhandtools.com/best-dewalt-router/
by http://myhandtools.com/
The document discusses excitation in generators and loss of excitation (LOE). It begins by explaining what excitation is, why it is required, and how it is provided in generators of different sizes. It then discusses what will happen if excitation is lost, including potential overspeeding, abnormal heating, and loss of synchronization. Several protection schemes for LOE are presented, including impedance-based R-X schemes which monitor changes in generator terminal impedance during LOE. Settings for typical LOE relays are also calculated and described.
Relays are electrically operated switches that use a low-power signal to control a circuit with higher power. They have various operating principles and types. Relays allow for control of circuits with complete isolation and for one signal to control multiple circuits. Common types include latching, induction, reed, mercury-wetted, and solid-state relays. Relays are used where control of high power loads is needed, such as in protection devices, contactors, stabilizers, inverters, and welders. They provide advantages of fast operation, reliability, and allowing control of AC and DC circuits with one device.
This document summarizes a presentation on variable frequency drives (VFDs). VFDs vary the speed of 3-phase AC motors by converting AC power to DC and then converting it back to variable voltage/frequency AC. They allow constant and variable torque motor loads to operate at variable speeds. Applications include pumps, fans, compressors. Selecting a VFD depends on the motor's current, kW rating, type of machine/application, and required functionality/controls. Rockwell Automation offers their PowerFlex line of VFDs in compact, standard, and premium models for applications from small to large horsepower. The presentation reviews VFD components, operations, applications in industries, and key selection factors.
This document is a project report on relays by Sheshadri Shekhar Rauth for his Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It discusses the history and holding capacity of Diesel Loco Shed in Kharagpur, the basic design and operation of relays, and the types of relays used in the shed including wheel slip relays, general purpose relays, and contactor relays. It also provides references and concludes that the training opportunities at the shed were helpful for gaining knowledge about machinery and instruments.
1. The document is a seminar presentation about the 220kV Grid Sub Station in Mansarovar, Jaipur.
2. A sub station transforms voltage from high to low and performs other functions like distributing power. It must be located near load centers and allow for expansion.
3. The Mansarovar sub station receives power from two incoming transmission lines and distributes it through six outgoing 132kV lines and eight 33kV lines serving various areas of Jaipur.
Solid-state relays (SSRs) perform similar switching functions as electromechanical relays but without moving parts. SSRs rely on semiconductors and electrical components to isolate and switch loads. They turn loads on by energizing a light-emitting diode that triggers a light-sensitive semiconductor. Proper heat sinking is important when using SSRs to switch currents over 5 amps. SSRs are used in a wide variety of industrial and commercial applications such as industrial automation, manufacturing equipment, and medical devices. They provide benefits like long life, low interference, vibration resistance, and fast response compared to electromechanical relays. Care must be taken to ensure surge currents from loads like motors or capac
This document discusses the main components and construction of generators, how generators produce power, and generator protection systems. It describes the rotor, stator, and other main generator parts. It explains how generators work using the principle of electromagnetic induction. It then discusses various electrical, system, and mechanical faults that can occur in generators. Finally, it provides details on primary, backup, and different classes of protection systems for generators, including differential protection, earth fault protection, loss of excitation protection, and more.
The document discusses protection of transformers, generators, and motors from various faults. It describes:
1) Types of faults that can occur in transformers, generators, and motors such as winding failures, overloads, and short circuits.
2) Protection devices used such as Buchholz relays, differential relays, overcurrent relays, and thermal overload relays. Settings must coordinate with equipment thermal limits.
3) Generator protection is complex due to large size and connections; methods include neutral grounding resistors, field suppression, and differential relays. Faults can damage windings if not cleared quickly.
Vivint Wireless How to De-Risk a New Venture & Build a Better ISP - Luke L...Lounge47
The document provides an overview of Vivint Wireless, a startup internet service provider (ISP) supported by the larger company Vivint. It discusses how Vivint Wireless is working to de-risk their entrepreneurial venture by identifying key risks early, tracking and testing risks, and learning from failures of previous ventures. The case study examines Vivint Wireless' approach to addressing risks like network coverage, equipment reliability, customer acquisition costs, and more. The document also outlines Vivint's history and growth expanding into new markets like home automation, energy management, and now wireless internet.
Bryan Schmidt is seeking a position and includes his contact information, education background which includes a Bachelor's degree in Accounting from the University of Central Florida with a 3.1 GPA and minor in Legal Studies. He has experience in sales, customer service, and management roles with skills in Microsoft Office, problem solving, leadership, and attention to detail. His experience includes roles as an Assistant Manager, Delivery Driver, and Sales Representative where he developed skills in time management, communication, implementing procedures, and negotiating with customers. He is involved with founding a rugby club and holds positions in his fraternity.
We took all of Vivint's marketing traffic and leads and funneled them into a customized digital marketing system. We used data analysis to segment customers and develop personalized content journeys to educate prospects on smart home products. This helped increase upsells and the lifetime value of customers. The new approach generated an additional $100 million in sales revenue, improved customer lifetime value by 30%, and achieved a 900% return on investment.
This presentation discusses preparing customers and utilities for electric vehicle adoption. It covers empowering customers through education on choosing electric vehicles and home charging options. Utilities must ensure grid resiliency and efficiency to handle increased electric loads from electric vehicles. The presentation emphasizes notifying utilities during the electric vehicle purchase process so they can help customers choose rates and check if grid infrastructure needs upgrades.
Nate Sender is a junior studying Chemical Engineering at Brigham Young University. He has experience working in nuclear power research and development optimizing power cycles. Additionally, he has worked as a technician assistant at a nuclear reactor where he collected radioactive data and documented reactor conditions. Nate also has work experience in systems design, security sales, language instruction, and volunteering as a tutor.
Vivint is a home security and automation company founded in 1997 by Todd Pederson that has grown to become a leader in the industry. Vivint protects over 200,000 homes each year with alarm systems, pioneered smart home technology, and has received recognition for the quality of its products, monitoring services, and customer support from organizations like Consumer Digest, PC World, CSAA, Stevie Awards, and the BBB. Vivint aims to be more than just a security provider but a helpful neighbor through home automation and energy services.
The document provides information about electric vehicles and charging infrastructure. It discusses:
1) The importance of notifying utilities when installing new charging locations to avoid overloading transformers and other equipment.
2) Options for home charging including Level 1, Level 2, and the costs and charging times associated with each for battery electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles.
3) SCE's various residential electric vehicle rate plans and incentives for installing solar panels through the California Solar Initiative to lower fueling costs.
The document summarizes upcoming rate changes for Southern California Edison customers. It discusses the various components that make up SCE's revenue requirement, including generation, public purpose programs, transmission, and distribution. It provides details on SCE's 2012 CPUC and FERC general rate cases where they have requested increases to fund grid upgrades and renewable energy integration. Estimated average rate increases for various customer classes in 2012 are shown in tables, with residential tiered rates expected to increase 1-33% depending on usage level.
This document summarizes an approach to proactively analyze the impacts of high photovoltaic (PV) penetration on distribution systems. The analysis is conducted using the SynerGEE software to model different PV penetration scenarios on distribution feeders. Various technical criteria are evaluated, such as voltage levels, thermal loading, and impacts to voltage regulation devices. Potential mitigation measures for any issues identified are also modeled and compared, including energy storage, PV output curtailment, and advanced inverter functions. The goal of this proactive approach is to help streamline the PV interconnection process and distribution system planning for high levels of distributed energy resources.
The document outlines the generation and delivery charges for electricity. Generation charges cover the power plant infrastructure and production of electricity, while delivery charges cover the transmission and distribution infrastructure to deliver electricity to homes. Delivery charges are broken into two tiers, with the first 31 cents/kWh and anything above that tier at 15 cents/kWh. Customers are responsible for maintaining equipment on their property and utilities are responsible for larger infrastructure maintenance with scheduled rate increases. New customers must call to transfer service into their name. Payments can be made through electronic debit from a checking account.
Apps for Good: Space monkey's Fashion Disaster APP Pitch PresentationcardinalwisemanICT
This document summarizes a proposed fashion app called "Fashion Disaster" created by students. The app aims to help women ages 13-30 choose outfits by providing style recommendations based on trends. It addresses the problem of not knowing what to wear for certain occasions. According to feedback, this problem has not been solved before. The app would allow users to get outfit suggestions based on their style and personality. It requires no external data and could be built by a developer in less than 3 months. Marketing strategies proposed include handouts, posters, and social media.
Home Security and Home Automation Products and Services with VivintVivint Smart Home
Are you looking for the best in home security and home automation? Vivint provides award-winning home security to protect your family and friends. With video surveillance, temperature control, and 24 hour monitoring, you can feel safer knowing that you are protected with Vivint.
Not sure who Vivint is? Get all the details you need, highlighting Vivint's growth, products, and increasing customer satisfaction. Vivint offers complete home security packages ranging from basic burlar alarms to full home automation and protection.
To promote the grid connected SPV rooftop and small SPV power generating plants among the residential, community, institutional, industrial and commercial establishments.
Case studies – Ed Hill – Specialised Solar SystemsIIED
Presentation by Ed Hill of Specialised Solar Systems at the CHOICES project community energy workshops in Somerset East, Pearston and Cookhouse communities, Blue Crane Route Municipality in South Africa’s Eastern Cape, held in February and March 2013.
The presentation describes case studies of the work of Specialised Solar Systems.
More information about Specialised Solar Systems: http://www.specializedsolarsystems.co.za/
Further details of the CHOICES project: http://www.iied.org/choices-community-energy-project-south-africa
California Home Solar Growth Infographic 2013Sunrun
This document examines solar installation growth rates across several California cities between 2008-2009 and 2012-2013. It finds that inland cities like Murrieta, Fresno, Riverside, and Chico saw significantly higher growth rates in solar installations during the period of lower incentives from 2012-2013, when third-party ownership models had become more prevalent, compared to periods with higher upfront incentives.
Smart Grid is a domain that straddles several technologies. This is an attempt to present a quick outline of the relevant technologies. The presentation also includes a bird's eye view of the key smart grid players including large companies, start-ups and power utilities.
This document provides an overview of generator management relays, which provide protection, metering, and monitoring functions for generators. It discusses why upgrading older generator protection is important, as existing protection may lack standards compliance, comprehensive monitoring, or forensic data needed for rapid restoration. The document then covers generator protection functions including differential protection, distance backup protection, ground protection, abnormal operating conditions, and wiring. It also discusses desirable attributes like sensitivity and security features for logging changes to settings.
The document discusses generator protection systems. It introduces the basic electrical quantities used for protection like current, voltage, phase angle and frequency. Protective relays use one or more of these quantities to detect faults. The document then discusses different types of relays and circuit breakers used for protection. It describes various protection zones like generator, transformer, bus, line and utilization equipment zones. The rest of the document elaborates on different protection schemes for generators including stator protection, rotor protection, loss of excitation protection and reverse power protection.
The document provides an overview of inverter-based solar photovoltaic power plants. It discusses the key electrical components of a PV plant including the PV source, combiner boxes, power conversion stations, medium voltage transformers, and the central plant controller. The central controller manages plant control functions like active power control, voltage regulation, and power factor control. It also coordinates grid integration functions such as voltage and frequency ride-through. The document explains how inverters are used to interface DC power sources to the grid and discusses common inverter control functions including sequencing, protection, external references, monitoring, and regulating functions like current/voltage control loops.
Main equipment in the power plant is Generator. It's cost is much higher than any other equipment so we will have to protect the generator from all the possible faults and errors.
improved reactive power capability of grid connected doubly fed induction gen...vinay kumar mali
The document discusses issues related to doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) used in wind turbines remaining connected to the power grid during faults. It notes that grid codes now require renewable generators to provide ancillary services like reactive power during faults to support voltage and frequency. While DFIGs are sensitive to voltage dips, various protection methods like crowbar circuits, energy storage, and dynamic voltage restorers can help DFIGs ride through faults by limiting current surges. The document examines different control strategies and protection devices that allow DFIG wind turbines to meet grid code low voltage ride-through requirements.
This document provides an overview of generator basics, including:
1) Descriptions of synchronous generator types and connections to power systems such as direct connected and unit connected configurations.
2) Explanations of generator excitation and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) control systems.
3) Discussions of generator grounding methods like low impedance, high impedance, and dual grounding; and considerations for multiple generator installations.
4) Details on generator protection devices and multifunction digital relays, appropriate levels of redundancy, and potential VT connection issues.
GE LV5 1500V 태양광 인버터(LV5 1500V Solar Inverter)GE코리아
The document describes GE's LV5 1500V solar inverter. Key points include:
- The LV5 inverter addresses challenges of productivity, grid stability, and cost for solar installations. It provides flexibility, modularity, and supports 1.5kV and 1kV DC systems.
- The inverter builds on over 20 years of GE renewable expertise and can maximize equipment uptime and meet stringent grid codes.
- It offers solutions for productivity, grid stability, cost-effective systems, bankability, and lifetime support. The 1.5kV system can provide up to 3% lower costs and 30% lower maintenance costs than 1kV alternatives.
Wide Vin DC/DC Converters: Reliable Power for Demanding ApplicationsDesign World
The document discusses wide input voltage (wide Vin) DC-DC converters, highlighting their use in industrial, automotive, and communications systems where input voltages can vary widely and experience transients. It presents challenges faced in these applications and how Texas Instruments' wide Vin controllers and integrated modules address issues like reliability across voltage ranges, overload protection, and high power density with low EMI. Examples are given of wide Vin solutions for isolated bias supplies, boost converters, and automotive systems dealing with start-stop events and battery voltage variations.
The document discusses various protection schemes for generators. It describes (1) differential protection that protects the stator winding from internal faults, (2) rotor earth fault protection that protects the rotor winding, and (3) loss of excitation protection that protects the power system from instability if the generator loses its field excitation. Various other protections discussed include overcurrent, overvoltage, temperature, and reverse power protections. The document provides details on the operating principles and components of these various generator protection schemes.
The document outlines an agenda for a presentation on protection systems for power generators held by AGCC from 1-3pm on November 1, 2014. The agenda includes: a welcome speech at 1pm, introduction of the speaker at 1:10pm, a fault analysis detail session at 1:15pm, a tea break at 1:50pm, a presentation on generator protection systems from 2-2:40pm, a question and answer section from 2:40-3pm, and ending the presentation at 3pm. The rest of the document provides details on generator protection including common protection functions, wiring diagrams, and an example.
This document discusses upgrading generator protection systems using digital technology. It provides an overview of generator fundamentals and industry standards for protection. Key reasons to upgrade include improved sensitivity to detect faults, adding new protection functions, and using digital relays. Specific protection functions that can be upgraded include negative sequence, field ground fault detection, dual-level loss of field, overexcitation, inadvertent energizing, VT fuse monitoring, and sequential tripping. Digital relays provide benefits like oscillographic monitoring for fault analysis. Special applications like generator breaker failure and over/under frequency protection are also reviewed.
Grid Event Analysis In Indian Power SystemChandan Kumar
The Presentation discusses how Grid Events in Indian Power System are detected, classified, Analysed and Reported with various practical studies. It also discusses the challenges faced in the process and associated regulation.
The document discusses the installation of a 5 kW on-grid solar power plant using a net-metering system and solar inverter. It describes the different types of solar systems based on the inverter used - on-grid, off-grid and hybrid. On-grid systems can operate without batteries or with batteries for backup. Off-grid systems include batteries for backup when the grid is down. Hybrid systems combine solar with other renewable sources like wind or generators. The document also examines the advantages of different inverter types for on-grid systems - micro, string and central, concluding that grid supportive solar PV provides economic and eco-friendly electricity production.
Distribution Power Economy provides turnkey reactive power solutions including capacitors, reactors, and control and protection schemes from 400kV to 3.3kV. They offer products and services to improve voltage support, transmission capacity, reduce system losses and expansion costs. Their services include engineering studies, installation, maintenance, refurbishment, and training for utilities and heavy industries. As an electrical engineering company established in 1994, their expertise is in designing, installing, and maintaining medium to high voltage reactive power and energy saving projects.
The document provides an overview of variable frequency drive (VFD) basics, including:
- The main components of a VFD are the converter section, which converts AC to DC, the DC bus section, which stores the DC voltage, and the inverter section, which converts the DC back to variable frequency AC to control motor speed.
- Pulse width modulation (PWM) is used to vary the width of output voltage pulses to adjust motor speed and torque.
- A VFD allows controlling motor torque at all speeds to meet application needs, unlike direct AC connection which is limited to a fixed speed-torque curve.
- Proper sizing and installation of input and output components like contactors
An inverter is an electric apparatus that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). It is not the same thing as an alternator, which converts mechanical energy(e.g. movement) into alternating current.
Direct current is created by devices such as batteries and solar panels. When connected, an inverter allows these devices to provide electric power for small household devices. The inverter does this through a complex process of electrical adjustment. From this process, AC electric power is produced. This form of electricity can be used to power an electric light, a microwave oven, or some other electric machine.
The 8th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation was hosted by COVRA in the Netherlands. Fifty-five participants efficiently conducted technical discussions. Major topics included:
1) WEIMOS project testing creep behavior of WIPP salt
2) Creep at low deviatoric stress, where salt may deform faster than expected
3) Reconsolidation of granular salt and implications for operational safety and long-term performance
4) KOSINA project developing designs for a German repository in bedded salt and examining safety and verification concepts.
The workshop advanced collaboration on salt repository science and identified priorities for future research. Proceedings were produced to document discussions and guide continuing work
This document contains information from presentations given at the 8th US-German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation held from September 5-7, 2017 in Middelburg, Netherlands. It includes 26 presentations on topics related to salt repository research including salt creep properties, modeling, safety case development, and experiences from WIPP. Presenters were from organizations in the US, Germany, France and Netherlands involved in nuclear waste management and salt repository programs.
Sandia National Laboratories is conducting laboratory and potential underground tests to better understand shear stresses and strains along discontinuities in salt formations. Upcoming laboratory tests in 2017 will apply controlled shear stresses to salt samples containing clay seams and measure the effects on shear and fracture strength. The results will be used to improve models of shear behavior along interfaces. Potential future underground tests in a salt alcove in 2018 would apply stresses to a salt pillar containing a clay seam using pressurized flatjacks to directly observe shear deformation responses in situ. The aim is to reduce modeling uncertainties regarding permeability and deformation of salt near discontinuities.
The document summarizes the current status of research in the joint project WEIMOS. The project involves partners from Germany and the United States studying rock mechanical modeling of salt for final radioactive waste disposal. Work packages include studying deformation behavior at small stresses, the influence of temperature on damage reduction, tensile stresses, and the effect of inhomogeneities like layer boundaries. The goal is to improve analysis of salt's long-term integrity around an underground waste repository through advanced modeling. Current work includes laboratory creep testing, modeling salt dome uplift rates, and developing a virtual 3D demonstration model.
This document discusses efforts to model groundwater flow near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) salt repository using the d3f++ and PFLOTRAN codes. It summarizes work to update an existing coarse-scale model of the WIPP site to include density-driven flow and improve the mesh and parameterization. Challenges included the old mesh's irregularity and aspect ratios as well as representing an evolving water table. Both codes struggled with the original mesh. Simpler 2D benchmark problems were suggested to better compare the codes' capabilities before further work on the full basin-scale model.
The document summarizes the Actinide and Brine Chemistry in a Salt Repository (ABC Salt V) workshop held in March 2017. It provides an overview of the workshop sessions which covered updates on the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) and international salt repositories, salt research project updates, microbial effects, corrosion and sorption studies, modeling and solubility studies, temperature effects, and actinide redox chemistry and solubility. Key discussions focused on data gaps in solubility models and understanding actinide redox processes under repository conditions. The workshop facilitated productive discussions between international researchers and showed continued progress is being made in salt repository research despite challenges.
Sandia National Laboratories researchers presented a preliminary salt design concept for disposing of high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel in salt geologic settings. They proposed direct disposal of glassified high-level waste in stainless steel canisters and using robust steel overpacks for spent nuclear fuel. Waste packages would be emplaced transversely in just-in-time constructed drifts and immediately backfilled with crushed salt to limit radiation exposure and provide stability. Thermal analysis indicated waste package spacing of around 8 meters for spent fuel and 3 to 7.7 meters for high-level waste would be sufficient to limit temperatures. The design aims to simplify handling and take advantage of salt's ability to self-heal around the waste packages.
This document discusses the ventilation system upgrades and long-term plans at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) facility. It outlines the historic and current ventilation modes, upgrades made after a radiological event in 2014, and plans for a new permanent ventilation system and exhaust shaft to support operations through 2050. This will include a new filter building capable of handling all underground exhaust air, as well as potentially a new shaft with hoisting capability to replace the aging salt handling shaft and enhance material and waste handling operations over the long term.
The document discusses recovery efforts at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) following incidents in 2014 that halted operations. Key points include:
- Ground control challenges from lack of maintenance during the shutdown and restrictions with protective equipment. Efforts are ongoing to catch up.
- Waste emplacement in Panel 7 resumed in 2017 with shipments restarting and ramping up to support filling available space for the next 3-4 years.
- Mining of new Panel 8 is planned to begin in 2017 to provide additional disposal capacity, requiring removal of left equipment.
- Recovery includes safety upgrades, restoring infrastructure, initial closures, and planning future mining and closures through 2024.
EPA reviewed DOE's 2014 application to recertify the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) for radioactive waste disposal. EPA conducted a completeness review and requested four sensitivity studies from DOE to address issues. The studies found that mean total releases increased under some modified assumptions but did not exceed limits. As a result, EPA recertified WIPP in July 2017 while recommending areas for DOE to improve in future applications.
This document summarizes work from the KOSINA project to develop generic repository concepts for storing heat-generating nuclear waste in bedded salt formations in Germany. It outlines four repository design concepts - drift disposal of casks, horizontal borehole disposal of canisters, vertical borehole disposal of canisters, and direct disposal of transport casks. For each concept, the repository layout, waste packaging and emplacement methods are described. The document also reviews the types and amounts of nuclear waste according to Germany's waste management program and summarizes the project's objectives to fill gaps in repository design and safety demonstration for bedded salt formations.
This document discusses the interaction between operational safety and long-term safety for geological radioactive waste repositories. It outlines challenges in developing a safety case that addresses both operational and post-closure phases. The project aims to identify impacts that operation may have on long-term safety and vice versa. This is done through a feature, event, and process catalog that identifies hazards during the operational phase and assesses their relevance for long-term safety. The work will help illustrate the balance and linkage between ensuring safety during facility operation and after closure.
This document summarizes discussions from a workshop on salt repository research. It addresses key issues regarding the reconsolidation of crushed salt backfill material used in nuclear waste repositories. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Understanding the relevant mechanisms (e.g. dislocation creep, pressure solution creep) and conditions (e.g. porosity, temperature) that influence reconsolidation.
2) Identifying gaps in experimental data on reconsolidation, especially at low porosities and relevant load conditions, to improve model validation.
3) Evaluating existing reconsolidation models through detailed investigation and benchmarking to calibration and identify their applicable ranges.
4) Proposing a project to address deficits in
The document summarizes an assessment of existing experimental data and constitutive models for predicting the behavior of crushed salt backfill during reconsolidation in a salt repository. It finds that while several thermo-mechanical models have been developed, the experimental database is incomplete, particularly for the low porosity range under relevant conditions. It recommends future work to complete the database through improved experiments and to calibrate and benchmark models against experimental results to enable reliable predictions of long-term behavior and hydraulic properties.
The Repoperm project studied the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of compacting crushed salt backfill at low porosities. It found that:
1) Measurement of properties like permeability and constitutive relationships for two-phase flow are possible down to gas permeabilities of 10-15 m2.
2) Presently used models have limits and material parameters depend on the specific test, so predictive capability needs improving.
3) Further research is needed to fully characterize hydro-mechanical behavior, understand permeability under unsaturated conditions, and reconcile results from different test types.
The document summarizes radiological consequence analyses for a hypothetical high-level waste repository in bedded salt formations in Germany. It describes work packages analyzing the safety concept and developing a safety demonstration concept. Test cases are analyzed to verify applicability of radiological indicators and models. The base case scenario and sensitivity cases with reduced diffusion and convergence are modeled. Results show the repository system can provide long-term containment and negligible radiological impacts due to the geological barrier and engineered barriers like shaft and drift seals and compacted salt backfill. Sensitivity studies aid understanding key parameters and processes.
This document summarizes work from the KOSINA project, which is developing concepts for a generic salt repository in Germany for heat-generating nuclear waste. It discusses two work packages (WP2 and WP4) focused on developing generic geological models and analyzing the geomechanical integrity of potential repository designs. For WP2, generic 3D models were developed for two site types - flat-bedded salt and salt pillows. Material parameters for the salt and surrounding rock were also compiled. WP4 involves thermo-mechanical modeling to demonstrate integrity for designs using each site type, including drift emplacement and horizontal borehole disposal concepts. Preliminary modeling results for a flat-bedded and pillow site are presented.
This document contains a graph showing the change in total axial strain over time for different materials under various levels of stress ranging from 0.2 to 3 MPa. The graph also includes lines for the calculated strain rates, which range from 1.5x10^-11 to 4.13x10^-12 per second. The data was collected by RESPEC over a period of up to 160 days.
1. Very slow creep tests were conducted on salt rock samples in stable underground environments to obtain strain rates in the range of 10-13/s. This provides data in the very low stress range of 0-5 MPa that is representative of conditions near deep salt caverns, filling gaps in existing data.
2. The tests found transient creep phases lasting 6-10 months and steady-state creep rates 5-6 orders of magnitude faster than extrapolated from standard higher-stress tests. Results were consistent with models assuming pressure-solution creep at low stresses.
3. One sample showed apparent "swelling" after oil was found within it, possibly due to water vapor entry leading to strain in an
More from Sandia National Laboratories: Energy & Climate: Renewables (20)
This report explores the significance of border towns and spaces for strengthening responses to young people on the move. In particular it explores the linkages of young people to local service centres with the aim of further developing service, protection, and support strategies for migrant children in border areas across the region. The report is based on a small-scale fieldwork study in the border towns of Chipata and Katete in Zambia conducted in July 2023. Border towns and spaces provide a rich source of information about issues related to the informal or irregular movement of young people across borders, including smuggling and trafficking. They can help build a picture of the nature and scope of the type of movement young migrants undertake and also the forms of protection available to them. Border towns and spaces also provide a lens through which we can better understand the vulnerabilities of young people on the move and, critically, the strategies they use to navigate challenges and access support.
The findings in this report highlight some of the key factors shaping the experiences and vulnerabilities of young people on the move – particularly their proximity to border spaces and how this affects the risks that they face. The report describes strategies that young people on the move employ to remain below the radar of visibility to state and non-state actors due to fear of arrest, detention, and deportation while also trying to keep themselves safe and access support in border towns. These strategies of (in)visibility provide a way to protect themselves yet at the same time also heighten some of the risks young people face as their vulnerabilities are not always recognised by those who could offer support.
In this report we show that the realities and challenges of life and migration in this region and in Zambia need to be better understood for support to be strengthened and tuned to meet the specific needs of young people on the move. This includes understanding the role of state and non-state stakeholders, the impact of laws and policies and, critically, the experiences of the young people themselves. We provide recommendations for immediate action, recommendations for programming to support young people on the move in the two towns that would reduce risk for young people in this area, and recommendations for longer term policy advocacy.
A Guide to AI for Smarter Nonprofits - Dr. Cori Faklaris, UNC CharlotteCori Faklaris
Working with data is a challenge for many organizations. Nonprofits in particular may need to collect and analyze sensitive, incomplete, and/or biased historical data about people. In this talk, Dr. Cori Faklaris of UNC Charlotte provides an overview of current AI capabilities and weaknesses to consider when integrating current AI technologies into the data workflow. The talk is organized around three takeaways: (1) For better or sometimes worse, AI provides you with “infinite interns.” (2) Give people permission & guardrails to learn what works with these “interns” and what doesn’t. (3) Create a roadmap for adding in more AI to assist nonprofit work, along with strategies for bias mitigation.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
UN WOD 2024 will take us on a journey of discovery through the ocean's vastness, tapping into the wisdom and expertise of global policy-makers, scientists, managers, thought leaders, and artists to awaken new depths of understanding, compassion, collaboration and commitment for the ocean and all it sustains. The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
2014 PV Distribution System Modeling Workshop: Purpose of Advanced Inverters- mitigation and grid support: Richard Bravo, SCE
1. Purpose of Advanced Inverters
Mitigation and Grid support
PV Distribution System Modeling Workshop
Presenter: Richard Bravo, SCE
2. Solar PV Inverters Advanced Features
1
SCE started assessing solar PV inverters in 2009
• Tested multiple U.S. standard inverters (res. and comm.)
• Tested several “Smart Inverters”
• Provide feedback to national and state standards
3. 2
Ramp Rate
• Potential benefits
– Prevent unintended over-voltages on distribution circuits
– Provide time for utility voltage support devices to adjust states properly
– LOCAL VOLTAGE SUPPORT
4. Voltage Ride Through
• Potential benefits
– Prevent unnecessary disconnection
– Prevent longer voltage recoveries
– Provides limited short circuit
– Prevent/contain voltage events
(FIDVR, etc)
– SUPPORT GRID STABILITY
3
6. Autonomous Volt/VAR Support
• Potential benefits
– Prevent unintended under/over-voltages
– Support motor VAR demand
– Allow CVR when needed
5
– Support voltage imbalance when VARs
are independent in each phase
– SUPPORT LOCAL VOLTAGE
7. Auxiliary Power Supply
• Potential benefits
– Power to loads during emergency events
– Powers outlet isolated (does not back-
feed in to the grid)
6
– CUSTOMER SUPPORT LOCAL VOLTAGE
8. Distribution
BUS
SUBSTATION FIELD
Thevenin
Equivalent
Isc=17KA
Feeder “A”CB1
ISC= 17.5kA
Feeder “B”
L1a
L2a
CB2
ISC= 17.5kA
L1b
L2b
Feeder “C”CB3
ISC= 17.5kA
Feeder “D”
L3a
L4a
CB4
ISC= 17.5kA
L3b
L4b
Feeder “E”CB5
ISC= 17.5kA
Feeder “F”
L5a
L6a
CB6
ISC= 17.5kA
L5b
L6b
Circuit Breakers Impacts
7
P_1a=7MWG1a
Isc=430A
17.0kA 17.43kA
P_1a=7MWG1a
Isc=430A
17.86kA
• Distribution circuits were
designed for one way power flow
• DG will alter this power flow and
provide additional fault current
• DG could provoke CB to go above
their ratings
9. Solar PV
Generation3
Rural Circuits Impacts
8
Distribution
BUS
Distribution feeder
Cap1
SW4
Load4
M
CB1
Cap2
Cap3Cap4
DISTRIBUTION
SUBSTATION
Cap5
FIELD
P
Q
InfiniteBus
SW3
SW1 SW2
Load5
M
Load2
M
Load1
M
Load6
M
Load3
M
Solar PV
Generation1
Solar PV
Generation2
SWY
SWX
• Utilities are facing challenges during DG
interconnections specially at rural areas
• DG can provoke OV due to cable limitations
VR
10. FIDVR Impacts
9
• Present inverter standards will trip inverters during low voltage ( FIDVR) events
• Events will worsen with higher DG penetration with current standards
• A good VRT settings can support the grid during these type of events
11. Solar PV Inverters Advanced Features
10
ADVANCED FEATURE
PRESENTLY
AVAILABLE? BENEFITS
RAMP RATES Prevent local overvoltages during low-load/high-gen
VRT Support transmission system
FRT Support transmission system
WATTS-HZ DYNAMIC SUPPORT Supports grid during over generation conditions
VOLTAGE (VAR) SUPPORT
(PHASE INDEPENDENT)
Supports local voltage
Support voltage imbalance due to 1Φ load/generation
VOLTAGE SUPPORT AT NIGHT TIME Supports grid specially during high load conditions
10% ABOVE RATING FOR GRID Owner not lose revenue during grid support
STANDARD COMMUNICATIONS Owners/utility
AUXILIARY POWER SUPPLY Provide owners emergency power
Some day solar PV inverter may help:
– Damping voltage oscillations
– Reduce/eliminate Flickering
– Voltage support during emergencies
– Reduce/eliminate harmonics
– Support some micro-grids
12. Conclusions
• Advanced features may need to be modified based on needs
– Residential inverter features infrastructure needed to communicate
– Commercial grid-tied inverter features may be practical for utilities to adjust
• Develop testing standards
– To comply with UL certification
• Utilities will face additional work when advanced features are
adopted:
– Develop and validate advanced inverter models
– Study the effects on present voltage support devices
– Pilot advanced inverters
– Design and build communications infrastructure
– Revise interconnection standards/procedures
11