The document discusses a study on the awareness of anganwadi workers regarding female foeticide in Kathua district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It finds that while the workers were generally aware of female foeticide and its causes, their knowledge of relevant laws was low. Only 6% knew about the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, and many were unaware of legal fines and imprisonment for sex determination. The study aims to increase awareness among anganwadi workers of the issue and existing policies to address female foeticide.
PREMARURE ENGAGEMENT IN SEXUAL ACTIVITIES BY ADOLESCENTS: AN ASSESSMENT OF ITS IMPACTS ON THEIR HEALTH, ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL-WELFARE. The case of Government High School Kendem, Mbeme and Kendem Communities – Mamfe, South West Region of Cameroon.
Presented by JOHN NYAH MBOUT
Knowledge of Premarital Sex and its influence on Sexual Behaviour of Adolesce...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This study investigatedthe knowledge of premarital sex and its influence on the sexual behaviour of
adolescents in Federal Government senior secondary schools in Nigeria.An ex-post facto research design was
used for this study. The population for this study consisted of students in Federal Government Senior Secondary
Schools in Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data for this study in thirteen Federal
Government senior secondary schools selected from the six geo-political zones in Nigeria through stratified and
purposive sampling techniques. A total of 576 copies of questionnaire were administered to respondents in SS1,
SS2 and SS3 in Federal Government Senior Secondary Schools in Nigeria. The data collected were statistically
analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) at 0.05 level of
significance. It was found that, the influence of knowledge of premarital sex of adolescents was found to be
significantly related. It was recommended that; there is the need for the relevant educational authorities to
increase knowledge of reproductive health in secondary schools in Nigeria through symposiums, workshops and
seminar presentation in which emphasis could be on the influence of premarital sex on adolescent development.
PREMARURE ENGAGEMENT IN SEXUAL ACTIVITIES BY ADOLESCENTS: AN ASSESSMENT OF ITS IMPACTS ON THEIR HEALTH, ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL-WELFARE. The case of Government High School Kendem, Mbeme and Kendem Communities – Mamfe, South West Region of Cameroon.
Presented by JOHN NYAH MBOUT
Knowledge of Premarital Sex and its influence on Sexual Behaviour of Adolesce...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This study investigatedthe knowledge of premarital sex and its influence on the sexual behaviour of
adolescents in Federal Government senior secondary schools in Nigeria.An ex-post facto research design was
used for this study. The population for this study consisted of students in Federal Government Senior Secondary
Schools in Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data for this study in thirteen Federal
Government senior secondary schools selected from the six geo-political zones in Nigeria through stratified and
purposive sampling techniques. A total of 576 copies of questionnaire were administered to respondents in SS1,
SS2 and SS3 in Federal Government Senior Secondary Schools in Nigeria. The data collected were statistically
analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) at 0.05 level of
significance. It was found that, the influence of knowledge of premarital sex of adolescents was found to be
significantly related. It was recommended that; there is the need for the relevant educational authorities to
increase knowledge of reproductive health in secondary schools in Nigeria through symposiums, workshops and
seminar presentation in which emphasis could be on the influence of premarital sex on adolescent development.
The negative impacts of adolescent sexuality problems among secondary school ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
This study was conducted to focus on the negative health outcomes related to sexual behaviour in adolescents and young adults attending public school in the Oworonshoki region of Lagos, Nigeria, Africa. Since, there is a relative dearth of knowledge on adolescents who face unique and challenging economics, health and education problems in our society. Data on the socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence and knowledge towards STD including HIV/AIDS, prevalence of sexual abuse practice/sexual behaviour, family planning awareness and acceptance including abortion practice were sorted out using self structured questionnaires and administered to 60% of student’s population using a stratified random sampling technique. 55.8% lived with both parents. While, 50.3% of the mothers had basic secondary school qualifications, 72.4% of them are traders. 61.5% had sex education were from misinformed friends/peers while 51% had no basic knowledge about sexual behavioral practice and attitude towards STDs/AIDS (HIV). STD has a prevalence of 34 and 41% of boys used condoms for preventing STI/HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancies. One out of every five sexually active teenagers has experienced forced sex, especially among the circumcised girls who were more sexually active than the uncircumcised girls. 60% of girls between ages of 12 and 18 years had more than one unsafe abortion with severe vaginal bleeding (haemorrhage) as the chief complication. However, 65% of the girls did abortion for fear of leaving school and financial hardship as the reasons.
This study investigates the prevalence and determinants of sexting behaviour among undergraduates in Kwara State. The population for this study comprised all undergraduates in Kwara State while the target population was undergraduates of three universities in the Kwara States. A stratified sampling the technique was used to categorise universities based on ownership (Federal, State and Private) as well as gender. A random sampling technique was used to select 100 undergraduates from each university, totaling 300 respondents. A researcher-designed questionnaire titled Prevalence and Determinants of Sexting Behaviour Questionnaire (PASODOEBEQ) was used to elicit information from sampled respondents. The instrument was validated by experts in Sociology of Education and Educational Psychology. Test re-test method of reliability was applied to test the reliability of the instrument, using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation statistics. The coefficient value of 0.86r was derived. The data collected were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation and Multiple Regression Statistical Tool. The result of the findings revealed that sexting behaviour is prevalent among undergraduates and low self-esteem and peer association are significant determinants. The study recommended among others that schools authorities as a matter of fact should organize a sensitization workshop or seminar for undergraduates on the meaning, ripple effects and the punishment associated with sexting behaviour for necessary social adjustment.
Timing of Sexual Initiation and Contraceptive use: a study on the female adol...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
College Students' Attitude towards Premarital Sex: Implication for Guidance a...AJSERJournal
In many African countries, discussing sexuality still remains a taboo, despite the increasing number of
sexual activities among college students. The study sought to find out college students attitude towards premarital sex
and the implication of guidance and counselling. It was guided by the social learning theory. Using a descriptive survey
design data was collected through personally delivered questionnaire to 452 students who were randomly selected
from middle level colleges in Nakuru County. The questionnaire was validated through piloting in one college outside
Nakuru. Reliability coefficient for questionnaire was estimated through test-retest method and Cronbach’s alpha stood
at R=84. Data was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative data. Study findings indicate that 258 or 57% of the
respondents were liberal about premarital sex and viewed it as a normal act that should not attract criticism. A total of
194 or 43% were conservative and believed that it is against the norms of society and the teachings of the church.
Factors associated with premarital sex, include love, peer pressure, drug abuse and economic factors. Counselling was
seen as the best strategic to handle sex issues, but was not effective due to stigma associated with premarital sex. The
study recommended the college administrators step up strategies to supervise both the social and academic life of the
students. By providing them with information, to make informed consent on sexual matters.
The negative impacts of adolescent sexuality problems among secondary school ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
This study was conducted to focus on the negative health outcomes related to sexual behaviour in adolescents and young adults attending public school in the Oworonshoki region of Lagos, Nigeria, Africa. Since, there is a relative dearth of knowledge on adolescents who face unique and challenging economics, health and education problems in our society. Data on the socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence and knowledge towards STD including HIV/AIDS, prevalence of sexual abuse practice/sexual behaviour, family planning awareness and acceptance including abortion practice were sorted out using self structured questionnaires and administered to 60% of student’s population using a stratified random sampling technique. 55.8% lived with both parents. While, 50.3% of the mothers had basic secondary school qualifications, 72.4% of them are traders. 61.5% had sex education were from misinformed friends/peers while 51% had no basic knowledge about sexual behavioral practice and attitude towards STDs/AIDS (HIV). STD has a prevalence of 34 and 41% of boys used condoms for preventing STI/HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancies. One out of every five sexually active teenagers has experienced forced sex, especially among the circumcised girls who were more sexually active than the uncircumcised girls. 60% of girls between ages of 12 and 18 years had more than one unsafe abortion with severe vaginal bleeding (haemorrhage) as the chief complication. However, 65% of the girls did abortion for fear of leaving school and financial hardship as the reasons.
This study investigates the prevalence and determinants of sexting behaviour among undergraduates in Kwara State. The population for this study comprised all undergraduates in Kwara State while the target population was undergraduates of three universities in the Kwara States. A stratified sampling the technique was used to categorise universities based on ownership (Federal, State and Private) as well as gender. A random sampling technique was used to select 100 undergraduates from each university, totaling 300 respondents. A researcher-designed questionnaire titled Prevalence and Determinants of Sexting Behaviour Questionnaire (PASODOEBEQ) was used to elicit information from sampled respondents. The instrument was validated by experts in Sociology of Education and Educational Psychology. Test re-test method of reliability was applied to test the reliability of the instrument, using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation statistics. The coefficient value of 0.86r was derived. The data collected were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation and Multiple Regression Statistical Tool. The result of the findings revealed that sexting behaviour is prevalent among undergraduates and low self-esteem and peer association are significant determinants. The study recommended among others that schools authorities as a matter of fact should organize a sensitization workshop or seminar for undergraduates on the meaning, ripple effects and the punishment associated with sexting behaviour for necessary social adjustment.
Timing of Sexual Initiation and Contraceptive use: a study on the female adol...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
College Students' Attitude towards Premarital Sex: Implication for Guidance a...AJSERJournal
In many African countries, discussing sexuality still remains a taboo, despite the increasing number of
sexual activities among college students. The study sought to find out college students attitude towards premarital sex
and the implication of guidance and counselling. It was guided by the social learning theory. Using a descriptive survey
design data was collected through personally delivered questionnaire to 452 students who were randomly selected
from middle level colleges in Nakuru County. The questionnaire was validated through piloting in one college outside
Nakuru. Reliability coefficient for questionnaire was estimated through test-retest method and Cronbach’s alpha stood
at R=84. Data was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative data. Study findings indicate that 258 or 57% of the
respondents were liberal about premarital sex and viewed it as a normal act that should not attract criticism. A total of
194 or 43% were conservative and believed that it is against the norms of society and the teachings of the church.
Factors associated with premarital sex, include love, peer pressure, drug abuse and economic factors. Counselling was
seen as the best strategic to handle sex issues, but was not effective due to stigma associated with premarital sex. The
study recommended the college administrators step up strategies to supervise both the social and academic life of the
students. By providing them with information, to make informed consent on sexual matters.
Apart from limited attempts to understand the sexual and reproductive health situations of street children in general, little is known about the overall psycho-social and health related circumstances surrounding pregnancy and child bearing practices of homeless women. The present research was at assessing the overall psycho-social circumstances surrounding Incidences of pregnancy and child bearing among homeless women in Shashemene town. A cross-sectional study design was used in which data were collected between December, 2018 and January, 2019. 163 homeless women, selected on the basis of purposive sampling procedure have participated in the study. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected using survey and depth interview methods (methodical triangulation). While quantifi able data were entered in to SPSS version. 20 for further analysis, qualitative data were transcribed, organized, and narratively presented after fi nding themes in the data. Marriage between homeless women and their men counterparts is a common feature of social interaction in the study area. This social context may justify the fact that most (93.7%) women conceived their last babies intentionally. While respondents were relatively. better off in terms of receiving prenatal care (50.3%), the experience of attending postnatal health care services has been moderately low
(40.6%). Above all, street sides and religious compounds (2.8% & 2.8%, respectively) were also among the places where babies were delivered. Attendance of prenatal care was signifi cantly associated to education (-.284, P < 0.01) and postnatal care (.590, P < 0.01) while post-natal health care seeking behavior was signifi cantly associated to the number of children a woman have (.228, P < 0.01), age of respondents (.278, P < 0.01), experiences of attending prenatal care (.590, P < 0.01) and education (-.389, P < 0.01). Patterns of psycho-social relationships prevalent among the homeless women in Shashemene town hold similarity with the pattern existing in the mainstream society. The concerned governmental and non-governmental organizations should work to enhance the
awareness of the homeless women about contraceptive methods, its advantage, and how it is relevant to their living situations.
Decling Sex Ratio and Violation of human Rights
Dr. Vibhuti Patel, Director, PGSR and Professor & Head, Department of Economics,
SNDT Women’s University, Churchgate, Mumbai-400020.
E-mail- vibhuti.np@gmail.com Phone-91-022-26770227, mobile-9321040048
Recent controversy over Bombay Municipal Corporation filing case against Malpani Infertility Clinic at Colaba, Mumbai for violating the recently amended Pre-conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Determination) Act, 1994 has once again brought the issue of the doctor’s participation in endangering lives of girl children to lime-light. Rated as India’s top 5 infertility clinics, it’s website told the public how to select sex of their child. Despite highly reported concerns of the Supreme Court, expressed in a PIL on the subject for a very long time, the clinic continued to advertise in defiance. So far 48 clinics have been prosecuted for violation of the Act.
Legacy of continuing declining sex ratio in India in the history of Census of India has taken new turn with widespread use of new reproductive technologies (NRTs) in cities and towns of India. NRTs are based on principle of selection of the desirable and rejection of the unwanted. (Patel, 2002). In India, the desirable is the baby boy and the unwanted is the baby girl. The result is obvious. The Census results of 2001 have revealed that with sex ratio of 933 women for 1000 men, India had deficit of 3.5 crore women when it entered the new millennium. To stop the abuse of advanced scientific techniques for selective elimination of female foetuses through sex -determination, the government of India passed the PNDT Act in 1994. But the techno-docs based in the metropolis and the urban centres and the parents desirous of begetting only sons have subverted the act.
Son preference and fertility behavior evidence from Viet Nam - Project statementHanh To
This project seeks to contribute to the current literature of son preference and sex imbalance in Vietnam and other developing countries by extending the measure of “son preference” to birth interval, number of children and probability of using contraceptive methods.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The Blame of Infertility in Families amongst the Ikwerre People of Rivers StateAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Infertility, the inability to get pregnant after twelve months or more regular unprotected sexual
intercourse is a global phenomenon but among the Ikwerre people of Rivers State, the blame of infertility in the
family is always shifted to the woman despite the discovery of modern diagnosis that reveals that men and
women can be responsible for childlessness. This research brings to bear the fact that modernity has not affected
the Ikwerre people on the blame game of infertility in families. Thus, this paper looked at the problem of
infertility using a structured questionnaire of 4-point Likert scale, analyzed the data with a descriptive statistics
and simple percentage for the socio-demographic distribution of respondent while mean and standard deviations
were used to analyze the research questions. It adopted the use of Fertility Awareness Methods Theory as a
panacea to the blame of infertility and concludes that knowledge of the reproductive anatomy and physiology of
couples as it relates to fertility will help them make informed decisions concerning childbearing. (keywords:
Infertility, Blame, Marriage, Pregnancy)
Deficit of Girls in India
Dr. Vibhuti Patel, Director, Dept. of P.G. Studies & Research
Professor & Head, Department of Economics,
SNDT Women’s University, Churchgate, Mumbai-400020.
E-mail- vibhuti.np@gmail.com Phone-91-022-26770227, mobile-9321040048
Selective elimination of female foetuses and selection of male at a preconception stage contributes to more and more ‘missing girls’. Legacy of continuing declining sex ratio in India in the history of Census of India has taken new turn with widespread use of NRTs in India. NRTs are based on principle of selection of the desirable and rejection of the unwanted. In India, the desirable is the baby boy and the unwanted is the baby girl. The result is obvious. The Census results of 2001 have revealed that with sex ratio of 927 girls for 1000 boys, India had deficit of 60 lakh girls in age-group of 0-6 years, when it entered the new millennium.
Female infanticide was practiced among selected communities, while the abuse of NRTs has become a generalised phenomenon encompassing all communities irrespective of caste, class, religious, educational and ethnic backgrounds. Demographers, population control lobby, anthropologists, economists, legal experts, medical fraternity and feminists are divided in their opinions about gender implications of NRTs. NRTs, in the context of patriarchal control over women’s fertility and commercial interests are posing major threat to women’s dignity and bodily integrity. The supporters of sex selective abortions put forward the argument of “Women’s Choice” as if women’s choices are made in social vacuum. In this context, the crucial question is- Can we allow Asian girls to become an endangered species?
Asian countries are undergoing a demographic transition of low death and birth rates in their populations. The nation-states in S. Asia are vigorously promoting small family norms. India has adopted two-child norm and China has ruthlessly imposed ‘one child per family’ rule. Sex ratios in Europe, North America, Caribbean, Central Asia, the poorest region- sub Saharan Africa are not favourable to women as these countries neither kill / neglect girls nor do they use (New Reproductive Technologies) NRTs for production of sons.
The Relationship of Coping Mechanisms to the Role of 4PS Families in Northern...YogeshIJTSRD
This study analyzed the relationship between the roles and coping mechanisms of the recipient of 4Ps in the province of Northern Samar considering the 4Ps recipients as the representatives of the poor families. It described the socio demographic characteristics of the poor families in the selected communities in the Northern Samar. It analyzed the emergent roles of families in relation to income generation, provision of basic needs and family spending. The power patterns among poor families were also examined. It also discussed the coping mechanisms of poor families in terms of income generation, provision of basic needs and family spending. This study considered the heads of poor families in the drawing out area. The recipients of the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program 4Ps were basically the subjects of the study. They were drawn through purposive sampling technique. The findings revealed that a majority of the parents of the poor families of Northern Samar were elementary graduates, with a monthly income of one thousand or less which were generally earned from farming as the major sources of income and were found to spend much for their “food-. A majority of the poor families had nuclear structure, with carpentry and “others- as their special skills had single houses type with light materials that need minor repair however, a majority owned their respective dwelling places but these were used to be attacked by typhoons. In terms of income generation, family coping mechanisms of poor families in Northern Samar, the frequently practiced mechanisms was generally, the culture of sharing is observed in the family while the seldom practiced was a member of the family has to stop schooling and work to augment the income of the family. It further illustrated that the profile of the poor families such as educational attainment and monthly income was significant predictors in generating income, in the provision of basic needs and family spending. Veronica A. Aleria "The Relationship of Coping Mechanisms to the Role of 4PS Families in Northern Samar, Philippines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43780.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/43780/the-relationship-of-coping-mechanisms-to-the-role-of-4ps-families-in-northern-samar-philippines/veronica-a-aleria
Assessment of Premarital Sexual Practices and Associated Factors among Privat...AI Publications
Background Sexual activity among adolescent has been reported to be on the increasing worldwide. Globally, puberty is occurring earlier for both boys and girls, and the age at which people marry is rising. These leave a widening gap of time during which young adults can potentially engaged in premarital sexual activity. Therefore this study was done to assess pre-marital sexual practices and associated factors among private college students in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia.
Method: An institution based cross-sectional study was employed in private college, Bahr Dar, North west Amhara, Ethiopia from July to December 2016. The sample size to each college was allocated using probability proportional to size (number of student) allocation, and study participants were selected by systematic sampling technique. A total of 402 students were included in the study. Pre-testing of the questionnaire was undertaken. Data was collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire through self administration. Data entry and analyses were performed using SPSS statistical packages (version 20 for Windows). Bivariate and Multivariable analysis were computed.
Result: : A total of 344 students took part in the survey. More than one fifth of survey respondents (23.3%) reported that they have had premarital sex. Multi--‐variate logistic regression analysis showed that male respondents were two times more likely to be have premarital sexual intercourse as compared to female respondents (AOR: 2.3,95% CI:1.4-4.1). Students who watch video, movies or other entertainment programs were more than five times more likely to start pre-marital sexual debut than those not watching video, movies or other entertainment programs (AOR: 5.5, 95%CI: 2.7-11.2).similarly work to earn money was found to be positively associated with premarital sex in this study (AOR: 3.2, 95% CI:1.8-5.7).
Conclusion and recommendation: A significant number of students had started pre marital sexual activity that might predispose them to varied sexual and reproductive health problems. Hence, sex education & targeted behavioural change interventions are recommended.
The adolescent stage is a period of turmoil marked with enormous vibrancy, discovery, innovation and hope and also the time when many of them initiate sexual relationships and involvement. This can be a challenging time for young people who are becoming aware of their sexual and reproductive rights and needs, and who rely on their families, peers, schools, media and health service providers for affirmation, advice, information and the skills to navigate is sometimes a difficult transition to adulthood. The subject on sex has been surrounded by mystery and beclouded by dark silence as neither parents nor teachers are ready to discuss it with teenagers despite unplanned pregnancies, dropping out of school by students, Sexually Transmitted Infections among teenagers. The study investigated influence of teen contraceptive use) on academic achievement among public secondary school students in Bungoma South Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory postulated in 1986. A descriptive research design was used with target population of 3774 Form 3 students. A sample of 400 students was selected using, Miller, L.R. & Brewer, J.D. (2003) mathematical formula and stratified randomly from 52 schools and conveniently selected equally between boys and girls. Data was collected using structured interview schedule and questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. Results highlights most students were aware about contraceptive use with females slightly more than males and media was the major source of information on contraceptive use while parents/guardians had no significant contribution since teenagers rarely receive their first information on sexual matters from their parents. More than half of the sexually active students used contraceptives though it still interfered with their academic performance. This paper points at sex education curriculum in schools, setting up reproductive health institutions for the youth and distribution of contraceptives among teenagers which has a bearing on students’ performance.
22Reported data versus the unknown data within sexual exploi.docxdomenicacullison
2
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Reported data versus the unknown data within sexual exploitation of children
Sexual exploitation of children is a form of sexual abuse whereby a child is given money, gifts, among others, in exchange for doing sexual activities. In this case, the children are misled into thinking they are in a consensual and loving relationship and hence may end up trusting their abuser and thus not understand that they are being abused. The issue of sexual exploitation has gained much attention especially with the evolution of the internet which has elevated child trafficking across the globe. However, the true scale of the issue is unknown. This is because centralized data is lacking and also reporting bodies are inadequate. This is further contributed by the culture of shame, stigma, and silence, and also the expansion of information technology all of which are risk factors for the issue. Hence the relevance of the research topic is to assess the available resources regarding the issue to understand the scale of the problem.
Boyd, D., & Mitchell, K. J. (2014). “Understanding the role of technology in the commercial sexual exploitation of children: the perspective of law enforcement”.
In this article, Boyd & Mitchell (2014), conducted an exploratory study to evaluate how technology could be utilized in investigating child trafficking. According to the authors, commercial sexual exploitation of children, also known as child sex trafficking constitute a wide context of sexual victimization because, in addition to the victims being sexually assaulted and abused, they are treated as commodities and used for economic and financial gain. It is now obvious that many types of social activities involve the use of technology. However, criminal and child protection investigators are always struggling to use technology effectively to assess the underlying issues. Also, empirical research on the issue is almost non-existence, and hence media stories and legal reports offer guidance on summaries of case characteristics and the use of technology in such cases. The use of technology to investigate the issue is seen to offer both benefits and drawbacks. The drawbacks lean more towards the offender which includes giving them more opportunity to widen their activities. Hence, the investigators instead feel overwhelmed to deal with what they do not have control over and hence turn to analog means. This, in turn, contributes to the lack of data for research on the issue.
Franchino-Olsen, H. (2019). “Vulnerabilities relevant for commercial sexual exploitation of children/domestic minor sex trafficking: A systematic review of risk factors. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 1524838018821956”.
In this article, Franchino-Olsen (2019) conducted a review of the reviewed publications to identify the risk factors for commercial sexual exploitation for children. According to the author, the issue has become widespread across the United States, violating the health and the rights of many .
Investigations were carried out to see the effect of pesticide 'companion' on the proximal composition and enzyme namely amylase, GOT and GPT of whole green gram in the early stages of germination. The findings revealed that the pesticides increase the enzyme activity in the early stages of germination and thus increase the metabolic rate. The Vitamin-C content was also enhanced with the use of pesticide, but there was a decrease in the proximal composition of the gram when treated with pesticide.
Afghanistan as a landlocked country occupies crucial geo-strategic
location connecting East & west Asia. This work is also the sincere effort to highlight the
factors which can bring sustainable development and peace in Afghanistan & also those
negative factors which are encouraging extremism of Taliban, terrorism and undue interference
by some countries. Generally it has been seen that the regional powers are also vary in action.
I also highlight the role of regional and trans- regional actors which are creating obstacles
in the construction of peaceful Afghanistan. I have also try to highlights the suggestions and
recommendation for the establishment of sustainable development & peace in afghanistan
through the collective support of major powers.
Key words : Afghanistan, Taliban, Great Game, Durand line,Russia ,Caspian sea,WTC
The research paper focuses on the Indian immigrant's experiences of immigration, nostalgia, language,
tradition, and acculturation in the host land with reference to Uma Parameswaran's literary fiction, "What Was
Always Hers". As a diasporic writer, she has seen and experienced immigrant life in the host country, Canada
and in her diasporic works; she has highlighted Indian immigrants' cultural displacement in the adopted country,
Canada. In the present book, she has explored the immigrant life of Indians especially immigrated women in their
adopted country. Her characters are always live in confusion to accept the culture of the native country or host
country and express their socio-cultural ties towards their homeland.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...
20 24
1. International Indexed & Referred Research Journal, April, 2012. ISSN- 0975-3486, RNI-RAJBIL 2009/30097;VoL.III *ISSUE-31
Research Paper—Home Science
Awareness Among Anganwadi Workers Related to
Female Foeticide in District Kathua, J and K State
*Dr. Shashi Manhas ** Poonam Dogra
April, 2012 *** Pushap Lata
*Associate Professor, P.G Dept. of Home science.University of Jammu
** Research Scholar, P.G Dept. of Home science.University of Jammu
****P.G Dept.of Home Sc. (Human Development) University of Jammu
A B S T R A C T
The present investigation was undertaken to know the awareness among Anganwadi workers regarding Female Foeticide.Sample
comprised of 50 Anganwadi workers selected from 25 villages of Hiranagar Block of Kathua district.Random sampling technique
was used to draw a sample for the study.A self devised interview schedule was used as a tool for data collection.The results revealed
that majority of the respondents were aware about the prevalence and causes of female foeticide.Awareness regarding contributing
factors for female foeticide found among anganwadi workers were mushrooming of ultrasound clinics , followed by ability to pay
for abortion and son preference .Son is preferred for performing the last rites of parents, support in old age and carry on the family
lineage.Anganwadi workers were also aware about the repercussions of female Foeticide.Awareness of anganwadi workers related
to Medical Termination of Pregnancy and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act was negligible.They were not aware about guide-
lines and legal aspects regarding PNDT.Intervention programmes were also organized to aware anganwadi workers regarding law
and government action plans to overcome the problem of female foeticide.
Keywords: Female foeticide, Awareness, Anganwadi workers, Repercussions.
Introduction not only help to supplement the family's income but
Girl child has been the subject of deprivation also a major support to the parents in old age where as
, discrimination, intimidation and unjust treatment in girls would not because after marriage they had to
society through out history.In earlier times, girls were leave their parental home(National Comission for
killed after birth by rubbing poison on the mother's Women, 2004 and National Institute of Public coop-
breast and by feeding them milk of the errukam flower eration and Child development, 2008).Social sequirty
or oleander berries. Today with the boon in economy is another reason for son preference with the belief
and innovative technologies the plight of a girl child that he will be the one who can perform the last funeral
starts before she sees the light of this beautiful rites of parents for the salvation of their souls where as
world.They are not allowed to reach to womanhood girl's cannot perform this. (Yadav and Badri 1997)
and the girl child is killed before they are born through Another reason is the notion that without a male child
female foeticide, which is an extreme manifestation of , there would be no future generation bearing the
violence against women. family name.This stereo- type notion of sons as asset
Indian society like most of the societies world and daughters as a burden is one of the main reason
over is patriarchal and patrilineal .The age old prefer- behind female foeticide (Prasad, 2001)
ence for son is motivated by economic , religious, so- The latest advances in modern medical sci-
cial and emotional desires and norms that favour males ences like Amniocentesis and Ultrasonography which
and females less desirable.Parents expect sons but not were originally designed for detection of abnormali-
daughters because daughters are considered to be eco- ties of the foetus are being misused for detecting the
nomic liability to her parents mainly because of the sex of the foetus with the intention of aborting it , if it
heavy dowry payment demanded by the groom's fam- happens to be that of a female .Study revealed that if
ily as well as the high cost of the wedding, which is the first child was a female more miscarriages were
generally the responsibility of the bride's family to reported during the second pregnancy in contrast when
bear before and after marriage where as sons add to the first child was a male.(Institute for Development
family wealth and property.The evil of dowry demand and Communication , 2002)The preference for a son
is the main reason for female foeticide.(Srivastava et.al and the abid to keep the size of the family small has
2005 and Walia 2005) promoted the mushrooming business of sex determi-
As per famous Telgu saying,'' bringing up nation tests and female foeticide.The widespread
daughter is like watering plants in a neighbour's availability of facilities such as ultrasound and genetic
garden''.In contrast to girls , sons are a source of eco- tests prompted the people to avail these services.Pre
nomic sequirity and support provider in old age.They birth elimination of females found to be increased along
20 RESEARCH AN ALYSI S AND EVALU ATION
2. International Indexed & Referred Research Journal, April, 2012. ISSN- 0975-3486, RNI-RAJBIL 2009/30097;VoL.III *ISSUE-31
with the increase in female literacy rates.(Chattopadhay district female sex ratio declines from 898 in 2001 to
, 2003).It seems to be more prevalent in urban areas 877 in 2011 which indicates a trend of female
then in rural areas, but the gap is increasingly decreas- foeticide.The study was conducted on factors that pre-
ing because of easy availability of sex determination fer sons and undervalued daughters and to find out the
tests in rural areas.Study shows that the good trans- root causes responsible for female foeticide.Anganwadi
portation network and the ability to pay for the ser- workers were selected for the study as they continuosly
vices of the mobile doctors are responsible for the track women and children through contacts and their
widespread recourse to ultrasound in rural areas monthly meetings.These people have mass contacts
also(Bose, 2001). and they can offer a unique opportunity to address the
The increasing incidence of female foeticide problem of female foeticide.
has led to a drastic decrease in the number of girls/ Methodology
boys.The practice of eliminating females is believed to Sample : The sample for the present investigation com-
be one of the main reasons for adverse sex prised of 50 Anganwadi workers belonging to Hiranagar
ratio(Sen,2002).The report of the 15th Indian census block of Kathua District. Data was collected in the
is alarming for the simple reason that while in a coun- month of Jan- Feb , 2011. A systematic random sam-
try of 1.2 billion strong people, the overall sex ratio pling technique was used to select the sample for the
has improved from 933 to 940 - the highest nationwide study.
since census 1971 and a shade lower than 1961, but Tools used for data collection: Selected subjects were
the child sex ratio ie. the number of female children in contacted personally for data collection.Data was col-
the age group of 0-6 years has further dipped.In 1961, lected using a self devised interview schedule.Before
there were 978 females/1000 male children in the age finalizing the interview schedule , pretesting was done
group of 0-6 years population, by 2001 the figure has on 10 anganwadi workers to see the appropriateness of
declined to 927.The 2011 census showed a further the interview schedule in the form of additions and
decline to 914.Till the 1980's the child sex ratio (o-6 deletions and then interview schedule was finalized
years ) was much higher than the overall sex ratio then and applied on the respondents.Major contents of the
it starts declining.The consistently declining child sex interview schedule were:demographic profile of the
ratio is a testimony to the failure of the string out laws respondents, gender discrimination , family size and
against sex determination tests and large scale preva- composition, declining sex ratio and female foeticide,
lence of female foeticide. (Kashmir times, 2011) abortion related practices and legislative and preven-
In Jammu and Kashmir - The overall sex ratio tive measures
has declined to 883 and the girl child sex ratio has Data Analysis :Collected data was analysed by both
plummeted to 859/1000 males, making it third worst qualitative and quantitative methods.
state in the country after Haryana and Punjab (830) Results and Discussion :
and (846).2011 figures have point out that the child Regarding awareness among anganwadi
sex ratio has improved in the two neighbouring states workers about immoral and inhuman act of female
unlike Jammu and Kashmir where it has dipped.This foeticide.The following main aspects were investigated
points out not just the inadequacies of existing laws in and related findings are detailed out below:
Jammu and Kashmir but also a complete social and Table1: Demographic profile of the respondents re-
official denial to the enormously alarming situation.A veals that majority of the anganwadi workers(42%)
study published in The Lancet reveals that wealthy and (24%)were in the middle age group ie.31-35 years
and educated families are increasingly aborting the and 36-40 years ,where as only (8%) and (2%)were in
second girl child if the first born is a girl, which points the age group of 46-50 and 51-55 years.Education
out that there is lesser female child sex ratio among the qualification reveals that majority (34%) of the re-
educated urban elite where the sizes of families by and spondents were qualified upto 10th where as( 28%
large decreased but the perverse culture guided by an )were graduate and remaining (24%) were
abnoxion and retrogressive mindset of discriminating intermediate.It reveals that only a minority(4%) were
against the girl child continues to persist (Hindustan post graduate and (2%) were graduate with
times, 2011). B.ed.Experience of anganwadi workers shows that
Keeping in view the above said facts- The present majority (46%) were newly appointed and had only 1-
study was planned to know the awareness among 5 years of work experience, another(28%) had work
anganwadi workers regarding female foeticide in Dis- experience of 11-14 years and only a minority(4%) had
trict Kathua.2011 census reveals that there is a trend experience of 21-30 years.
of declining sex ratio in Jammu and Kashmir.In Kathua See Table 1
RESEARCH AN ALYSI S AND EVALU ATION
21
3. International Indexed & Referred Research Journal, April, 2012. ISSN- 0975-3486, RNI-RAJBIL 2009/30097;VoL.III *ISSUE-31
Table1:Demographic profile of the respondents(Anganwadi workers)
Age wise distribution No.(N=100) %(N=100%)
Age in years
25-30 7 14%
31-35 21 42%
36-40 12 24%
41-45 5 10%
46-50 4 8%
51-55 1 2%
Qualification wise distribution
Below matric 4 8%
Matric 17 34%
Intermediate 12 24%
Graduate 14 28%
Post graduate 2 4%
Post graduate with B.ed 1 2%
Experience wise distribution
1-5 23 46%
6-10 7 14%
11-15 14 28%
16-20 4 8%
21-25 1 2%
26-30 1 2%
Table 2: Presents awareness and source of informa- information from doctors/nurses. But it was found
tion about female foeticide among during the study that all of the respondents were not
respondents.Findings revealed that all respondents aware about the sex ratio at State /district level.
(100%) were aware about female foeticide but regard- See Table 2
ing their source of information majority (98%) of them Fig1:presents awareness of anganwadi workers regard-
got information from health workers /ICDS surveys ing methods of sex determination.Majority of the
which they have to conduct in their area of centre, respondents (92%) were aware about the methods of
(36%) informed that they got information from media sex determination and viewed that ultrasound is the
including T.V and news papers and (6%) from rela- only single method for detecting sex of the foetus where
tives, friends and neighbours and only (2%) get this as remaining (8%) responded that they were not aware
Table 2: Source of Information among Anganwadi about any sex determination methods.
workers about female foeticide Table 3 : presents the detail information regarding
Source of Information No. % the knowledge of ICDS functionaries about Medical
Termination of Pregnancy act and Pre- natal Diagnos-
Media (T.V,Newspapers) 18 36% tic Technique act. It reveals that only (6%) respon-
Healthworkers/ICDS Surveys 49 98% dents were aware about Medical Termination of Preg-
Doctors/Nurses 1 2%
Relatives/Friends/Neighbours 3 6% Table 3: Awareness among Anganwadi workers about
Multiple response Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act and Pre- natal
Diagnostic Technique (Prevention and misuse )Act.
Knowledge about No. %
MTP
and PNDT
Aware 3 6%
Not aware 47 94%
Total 50 100%
nancy act and Pre- natal Diagnostic Technique act .It
reveals that there is lack of awareness among
anganwadi workers about MTP and PNDT act which
Fig 1 : Awareness of Anganwadi workers about requires immediate attention .
methods of sex determination Table 4:depicts awareness of anganwadi workers about
22 RESEARCH AN ALYSI S AND EVALU ATION
4. International Indexed & Referred Research Journal, April, 2012. ISSN- 0975-3486, RNI-RAJBIL 2009/30097;VoL.III *ISSUE-31
fine and imprisonment for sex determination and fe- respondents viewed that son is preferred for perform-
male foeticide.It reveals that majority of the respon- ing the last rites of parents and (52%) were of the view
dents (62%) were aware that govt. has imposed fine point that son is preferred with the belief that he will
on sex detection and female foeticide where as (38%) be the one to care for his parents in old age where as
were totally unaware about the fine imposed for sex another (52%) respondents had the opinion that the
detection made by the govt. Another (72%) respon- male child is essential with the belief that he will be the
dents were aware about imprisonment for sex deter- bread winner of the family.A negligible (2%) respon-
mination and female foeticide where as remaining dents responded that sons bring dowry at the time of
(28%) were not aware of imprisonment for sex deter- marriage which adds wealth and property whereas
mination .A study carried out on level of awareness daughters drain it through dowry.Similar kind of study
among various laws under which violence against was carried out by Anand 1998 which also depicts the
Table 4: Awareness among Anganwadi workers about above said reasons for son preference.
fine and imprisonment for sex determination and fe- Fig 2: Reasons responsible for son preference accord-
male foeticide ing to Anganwadi workers
Awareness No. %
Awareness about
fine
Yes 31 62%
No 19 38%
Total 50 100%
Awareness
about imprisonment
Yes 36 72%
No 14 28%
Total 50 100%
women and their harassment is a punishable offence
was very low among the women.In a study carried out Table 6:Provides information regarding contributing
by Nayar in 1995 also depicts that there was less aware-factors for female foeticide, according to anganwadi
ness among women regarding various laws. workers. Majority (42%) of respondents were of the
Table 5 : highlights the gender sensitization view that mushrooming of ultrasound clinics were
programmes organized by their department including contributing factors for female foeticide.(36%) were of
their CDPO'S and Supervisors on different issues re- the opinion that ability to pay for abortion, (20%) said
lated to women and children.It shows that (64%) of that due to son preference , (14%) disclosed that due to
respondents had attended programmes on issues re- poor implementation of MTP act and remaining (6%)
lated to inequality with girls in education and nutri- responded that dowry was also the contributing factor
tion and female foeticide where as (36%) did not at- towards female foeticide.Similar contributing factors
tended any gender sensitization programme, but after for female foeticide including dowry and the wide-
attending these programmes by (64%) respondents spread availability of ultrasound and genetic facilities
only (12%) organized programmes to sensitize public were also found by Voluntary Health Association of
on the issue of female foeticide with the help of com- India, 2003.
Table5 :Gender Sensitization programmes attended and organized by Anganwadi workers.
Gender sensitization programmes Gender sensitization programme
No. (%) No. (%)
Attended 32 (64%) Organised 6 (12%)
Not attended 18 (36%) Not organized 44 (88%)
Total 50 (100%) Total 50 (100%)
munity women and members of mahila mandals and Increasing incidences of female foeticide and decline
remaining (88%) respondents did not organized any in the no. of females lead to various demographic and
programme and they were of the view that it does not social consequences.The various problems forseen
come under their work and duties. owing to increased female foeticide include non- avail-
Fig 2: gives an insight into reasons for son preference ability of brides,rise in sexual violence against women
according to anganwadi workers.It reveals that (78%) and lack of female workforce(Ghosh et.al ,2005)
Fig 3 : depicts that non- availability of brides was
RESEARCH AN ALYSI S AND EVALU ATION
23
5. International Indexed & Referred Research Journal, April, 2012. ISSN- 0975-3486, RNI-RAJBIL 2009/30097;VoL.III *ISSUE-31
perceived by (96%) of respondents as the major reper-
cussion of female foeticide followed by increase in
Table 6 : Awareness among Anganwadi workers re-
garding factors contributing to female foeticide
Contributing factors No. %
Son preference 10 20%
Dowry/Financial liability 3 6%
Poor implementation of
MTP Act 7 14%
Ability to pay for abortion 18 36%
Mushrooming of ultrasound
clinics 21 42%
Multiple Response
crime against women especially sexual violence (42%) Fig 3 :Awareness of Anganwadi workers regarding
and lack of female workforce(16%). repercussions of female foeticide
Conclusion workers related to female foeticide it appears that
Female foeticide is a symptom of underlying anganwadi workers were aware about female foeticide
malady.Its incidence is increasing as familiar perceiv- and major reasons perceived for son preference were
ing that bearing daughters does not make economic for performing the last rites of parents followed by
sense and does not provide any social earn and support in old age. Similar reasons for son
advantages.Added to that is generation of bias that preference including son is a support provider in old
favours bearing a male child, Hence efforts directly age and perform the last rites of parents were also
selectively towards curbing the practice of prenatal found by (MOHFW and TINNARI, 2002).Majority of
sex determination are unlikely to provide such the respondents perceived non - availability of brides
dividends.This situation calls for a two prolonged strat- as the major repercussion of female
egy - one to take steps to improve the status of women foeticide.Anganwadi workers were aware of only ul-
and girls in the society and the other to ensure effective trasound method for sex determination of the foetus
implementation of the Prenatal Diagnostic Technique but there is lack of awareness among anganwadi work-
(PNDT) act so that families find it difficult to under- ers regarding Medical Termination of Pregnancy act
take sex determination and sex selective abortion.From and Prenatal Diagnostic Technique act which needs
the results of the study on awareness among anganwadi urgent attention.They were in favour of strict imple-
mentation of law against this immoral act.
R E F E R E N C E
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infanticide.Department of H.sc, University of Delhi pp. 285 Bose A 2001. Fight- Child Development 2008.A Socio- Cultural Study of the Declining Sex Ratio in
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and Political Weekly,36 (36):3427-29 Chattopadhay D 2003.Child Sex Ratio on before Birth: Study of Declining Sex Ratio in the age group of 0-6 years in Selected
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Aborting Girls more than Ever 2011.Hindustan times,May 25 Ghosh Ester A, Studies pp.287 Prasad S 2001.Female Foeticide:A Study of Varanasi,
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India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Third World Centre for Com- Srivastava A, Das Gupta P, Rai S 2005. Attitude Towards Girl Child and Declining
parative Studies 2002.Missing Girls:A Study of Declining Sex Ratio in the age Sex Ratio in Bhopal.Bhopal, Centre for Women's Studies pp.42 Voluntary Health
group of 0-6 years.A case study of Delhi.New Delhi, the Author, pp.160 Institute Association of India 2003.Darkness at noon:Female foeticide in India:VHAI pp.
for Development and Communication 2002.Identifying and controlling Female 52 Walia A 2005.Foeticide in Punjab:Exploring the Socio Economic and Cultural
Foeticide and Infanticide in Punjab.Chandigarh :pp100 National Commission Dimensions.A Report of NIPCCD Yadav SS, Badri VS 1997.Gender Preference
and Anxiety of Pregnant Women.Banglore Population Centre pp 10-14
24 RESEARCH AN ALYSI S AND EVALU ATION