Afghanistan as a landlocked country occupies crucial geo-strategic location connecting East & west Asia. This work is also the sincere effort to highlight the factors which can bring sustainable development and peace in Afghanistan & also those negative factors which are encouraging extremism of Taliban, terrorism and undue interference by some countries. Generally it has been seen that the regional powers are also vary in action. I also highlight the role of regional and trans- regional actors which are creating obstacles in the construction of peaceful Afghanistan. I have also try to highlights the suggestions and recommendation for the establishment of sustainable development & peace in afghanistan through the collective support of major powers. Key words : Afghanistan, Taliban, Great Game, Durand line,Russia ,Caspian sea,WTC

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5. 50 Research Analysis and Evaluation
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Research Paper - International Relations & Political Science
Introduction :
From the middle age to
1750,Afghanistan had been called as
Khorasan.Afghanistan occupies a vital position
becauseofitsgeographicalsituation.It iscentrally
located between the traditional power seat of
Eurasia,MiddleEast&SouthAsia.TheHindukhush
ranges divide its area,Torkham border crossing is
also important strategic point. Wakhan corridor is
anarrowstripoflandinBadakshanprovincewhich
is known as a Panhandle of Afghanistan. In 1893
,it was createdas a buffer zonebetween theBritish
empire&Russianempire.Iwasapoliticalcreation
of the great game theory.
The Islamic Republic ofAfghanistan is a
geo-strategicallylandlockedmountainousimportant
country in Asia .In history it is called as the
graveyardofempiresbecause itwaseasytoinvade
but difficult to rule over itdue to its geographical,
tribal & ethnic divisions. ManyEmpires struggled
or defeated here from Alexender the Great to the
presence of US .
It is surrounded by Pakistan, Iran,
Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan,Tajikistan&chinawhich
confirms its location more vital inAsia .In the late
nineteenth century ,the Great Game was played
The Geo-Strategic Significance of Afghanistan :
From The Past to The Present Era
*Dr.TanveerKhan
A B S T R A C T
*Assistant Prof. of International Relations & Pol.Sc
Afghanistan as a landlocked country occupies crucial geo-strategic
location connecting East & west Asia. This work is also the sincere effort to highlight the
factors which can bring sustainable development and peace in Afghanistan & also those
negativefactors whichareencouragingextremismofTaliban,terrorismand undueinterference
by some countries. Generally it has been seen that the regional powers are also vary in action.
I also highlight the role of regional and trans- regional actors which are creating obstacles
in the construction of peaceful Afghanistan. I have also try to highlights the suggestions and
recommendation for the establishment of sustainable development & peace in afghanistan
through the collective support of major powers.
Key words : Afghanistan, Taliban, Great Game, Durand line,Russia ,Caspian sea,WTC
among between the British and Russian empires
.In 1893 thebritishers under thepolicy of divide&
rule they created the Durand line which is still
treatedasa causeofcontentionbetweenPakistanis
Pastun and Afghani Pashtun.
The great game theory is a geopolitical
game, a conflict of supermacy for gaining the
control over Asia and sea access by controlling
Afghanistan.ln1979whenthesovietforcesentered
Afghanistan ,revived the new cold war between
US & Soviet Union. Stilltoday thenewgreat game
can be seen among new players such as US, India,
turkey,Iran,china,Pakistan and again Russia.
Afghanistan has rich culture history,geography,
naturalresources & civilization.But unfortunately
it has been remained as a wrestling ground of
super powers .Almost all the powers are trying to
serve their interest in Afghanistan.
TodayAfghanistan is completely in chaos
condition.Asthemembersofthisworld,thenations
should come forward to preserve the peace of
Afghanistan because if it will be in the fire of
terrorismandconflictthantheneighbouringcountry
will also be affected by it.The US President Bush
declared war on terror campaign in order to take

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revenge after 9/11 (attack WTC). but as a true
democraticcountryUS,shouldprotecttheintegrity
of the Afghan state, US Policy should aim to end
the conflict in ways that mitigate the threats of
terrorism, instability, and regional conflict 1
.
As US calls itself as the supporter of
democracy & human rights,so it should work for
its development.No doubt US is the biggest donor
ofaidinAfghanistan, soit mustwork forthepeace
and progress of Afghanistan.
Glimpse of Afghanistan :
Afghanistan as a landlocked country
occupiescrucial geo-strategiclocationconnecting
East & west Asia .Regional power like Pakistan
encourages terrorism inAfghanistan and supports
Taliban whereas India gives all types of friendly
aid for the progress of Afghanistan .
TheAfghanistan & Pakistan share a long
common history of bilateral relations, not just
becauseof ethnic bondbut also theexternalities of
conflictinAfghanistanimpactingPakistan.Besides
this,therearenumberoffactorslike Taliban,ethnic
rebel issues, terrorismwhich effects thepolitics of
Afghanistan. The Indo –Afghan friendship is also
becomingacauseofcontentionasIndiaisanenemy
of Pakistan.
Pakistan is the backer of the Taliban
regime in Afghanistan2
Pakistan should not
encourageterrorismin Afghanistan.Pakistanmust
understand that the security of Afghanistan is as
much equally important as its own security is
,because Pakistan too is a part ofAsia and it is the
first neighbour ofAfghanistan.InBonnconference
,it was felt that the military action was not be a
solutionoftheproblemofAfghanistan.Thepolitical
influence of Taliban can’t be ignored so the US
had been started the Peace Talks with Taliban
since 2018.
AsduringelectioncampaignUSPresident
Trump promisedtoAmericans that hewould solve
Afghan problem.On 29feb,2020, Doha accord or
US Taliban peace accord was signed between US
and Taliban .Many regional powers like India,
Pakistan,Russia,China&NATOcountriesplayed
important role in facilitating the peace talk.Under
which US promised to withdraw its troops within
fourteenmonthstillApril2021.butAfghanpresident
Ghanirejected thepeacedeal’s prisoner swap with
Taliban .US- Taliban peace talk may be hindered
by many non- state actors like ISIS, Al-Qaeda &
Tehreek-e- Taliban.
US-Talibanpeacetalkencouragedfurther
Intra -Afghan talk between the Taliban and other
Afghan stakeholders including thegovernment of
Afghanistan for ending civil war in
Afghanistan.Thus the deal is negotiated between
the US and the Taliban with no involvement of
Afghangovernment.TalibanrefusedtotalkAfghan
government ,calling it as illegitimate.More than
Eighteen years have passed but the US is not fully
successful in its mission.
Russia wants to divide the Taliban
between moderate groups that are willing to
entertain a political settlement with Ghani’s
government. & extremist members that seek the
prolongation of the war at all cost. (To serve its
personalgain),thusRussiaisindirectlysaboteurof
peace in Afghanistan & Russia wants to increase
its diplomatic profile for its own security and its
internationalstandingintheinternationalplatform.
There are many principles in the foreign
policy of Russia for Afghanistan such as Russia’s
chief focus on-
(a) Reducing threats to Central Asia from the
terrorism of Afghanistan.
(b) Support Anti - terrorist campaign
(c) Combating the trafficking in drugs 3
China now days in order to established its
holdonAfghanistan,Chinaisinvestinghugechunk
of money, china enlarged its contribution in 2014
alone , China invested around $ 80 million.4
So The foreign policy of super power
towardswar-tornAfghanistanshouldbesuchwhich
can bring peace in Afghanistan and can bring
changes in the political & social life of Afghans
negatively or positively.
Research Findings:
Implications, suggestions &
Recommendations:
Afghanistan has its own geo-strategical
significance,it is the region where many major
powers competite with each others for havig a
swayonthis area.Afghanistanhas beautifulrivers
,valleys &The Hindu kush mountains ranges

7. 52 Research Analysis and Evaluation
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covered with the sheet of snow but unfortunately
,todayitisaspeacefulcountryasitshouldbe.Before
9/11 & the war on terror campaign inAfghanistan
hastroubledthepeaceofSouthAsiaregionbecause
many regional countries of SouthAsia aredirectly
or indirectly indulge in US campaign.
After 11 sept 2001, The US trend of war
on terror war started which is still continued in
different forms and its global implications are
various .Presently it is very easy to imagine but
very difficult to re-establlish peaceinAfghanistan
.NotonlyAfghanistanbutitsneighbouringcountries
are also facing terrorism like Pakistan & India
they are becoming the victims of terrorism.
The former US President Bush doctrine
of war on terror has produced new environment in
which economic burden on US govt, Political
instabilityinAfghanistan&terroristsactivitieshave
become the permanent features of international
politics .this type of environment has created a
newraceofunhealthycompetitionamongcountries
that has divided theworldin favour and against of
each others.
Uptil nowUS has spent billions of dollars
initsmilitary&humanitarianactionseventhenUS
is not able to control the situation ofAfghanistan
. US cant understand the reality of situation that
without the help of neighbouring countries the
situation of Afghanistan can not be improved by
US . There are some points which i want to put
forward which as follow as:
(A) At present 18 years have been passed since
2001 US forces has been stabled in
Afghanistan nowquestion that its presenceis
relevant or not.US justifies its answers that
its military presenceis to dismantleAl Qaeda
& removing Taliban from power & it is
necessary for the stablity of Afghanistan
that military action to be taken.
(B) But as far as truth is concerned,The security
of Afghanistan will not be determined by a
long term US military presence, but through
the sustainable political agreements between
theAfghangovernmentandtheTaliban.Today
US must ask Kabul govt to give just
concessions on power sharing with
Taliban,only then the peace can be
established.
(C) US should take clear promiseor commitment
fromTalibanthatitwillnotallowanyterrorist
group to develop in Afghanistan. US should
alsoaskregionalneighbours (India,Pakistan,
Russia & China )to contribute or cooperate
for the security of this country.
(D) US should ask its NATO military for its
withdrawal from Afghanistan.
(E) US must solveAfghan refugees problem, It
mustprovideplacefortheirrehabilitation,there
are millions of Afghan refugees who are
homeless but in practice US only accepted
317 Afghan refugees for providing shelter to
them .who will solve the rest issue ofAfghan
refugees.
(F) Taliban insurgency is big issue which is big
threat to thestability ofAfghanistan ,as it last
for two years cant be tackled single handed
by US.
(G) Some scholars say that Pakistan encourages
terrorisminAfghanistan,but it is equallytrue
that Pakistan too is unsafe circumstances .
Pakistan is also facing terrorism.
(H) when the US finalized to fight a war on
terrorism& nameditas“Operation Enduring
Freedom” , it was a very hard decision for the
world because it put two conditions before
the rest of the world that either to be with US
or be with the terrorists . It was clear threat
from US that those were not supporting US
would be treated as an enemy or terrorists.
(I) At present war like situation or on going US
action against terrorism has made Afghan-
Pak region as theatre of war.
(J) Not only US other powers like China and
Russia too want to take benefits from
Afghanistan .

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(k) Neighbouring countries of Afghanistan are
trying to control terrorism,improved security
and trade & economic cooperation through
gas ,petrol, hydroelectric projects .
(l) Majority nations support the view that US
Operation has proved as a failure or failed
whichmustbeabandonedasearlyaspossible.
(M) Tosavethestability&integrityofAfghanistan
,it is the duty of US as a true supporter of
democracy that it should work in positive
mannerforeradicatingterrorismandregional
conflicts.
(N) As far as the government of Afghanistan is
concerned, it should not remain as a Puppet
government, ratherthanitshouldtakeits own
initiatives for the betterment ofAfghanistan.
TheCorruptions ,Nepotismanddelayshould
be removed from the governmental system.It
must be public interest oriented and it must
followfreeforeignpolicywithoutanyexternal
pressure.
(O) Almost All the countries of the neighbouring
countries want peace on the land of
Afghanistan because if there will be peace in
Afghanistan then each country can beable to
derive matual benefits from Afghanistan.As
far as India is concerned , India will never
want to see Pakistan’s influence in
Afghanistanor anykindofPro-Pakistangovt
.In the nineteenth century Britishers didnt
want to see Russia ,Similarly in 1980’s US
wanted to prevent Soviet expansion. Even
Today Russia & US too want to extract
benefits from untapped natural resources of
Afghanistan such as oil and gas resources.
(P) Terrorism is such an issue on which all the
countries(regional&international powers
)unanimously wanttheeradictionofterrorism
from its very root .
(Q) TheUS should followsuch a strategy needs
through which not only its reputation as well
as the peace of Afghanistan can be achieved
and sustained , because on going prolonged
war has spoiled the fame of US.
However there are many barriers in the
path of the establishment of peacefulAfghanistan
suchassecurityissue,politicalinstability,corruption
,nepotism, weak governing system, Taliban
insurgency , the prevalence of ongoing regional
rivalries and weak economy but even then there
ishopethatUSandAfghanistanwillworktogether
for the peace and development ofAfghanistan and
its near by areas .I sum up my reseach with the
poetic lines of Robert Frost :
the woods are lovely ,dark and deep, but we have
promises to keep......
miles to go before we sleep.... before we sleep......
1. Tellis ,Ashley J. & Eggers Jeff; US Policy In Afghanistan:Changing Strategies, Preserving
Games, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 22 May 2007. website:
https://carnegieendowment.org
2. Sattu. P,Limaye, Malik, Mohan,& Wirsing, Robert G.;Religious Radicalism& Security In South
Asia, Asia- Pacific Center for Security Studies Publications, Hawaii,USA,2004, p.351
3. Agliyan, Vahagen, Puttin’s Policy in the Caspian Sea Russia via Afghanistan : The Ratio of the
political and Economic Benefits of Russia,Quarterly Journal of Central Asia and the Caucasus
Studies, yr.12 third Ed., no.43, 2003 ,p.98
4. Mohanty,Baisali,ChinainAfghanistan:Security,regionalstanding,andstatus,ObserverResearch
Foundations,no.126,2017p.18-19
R E F E R E N C E