The adolescent stage is a period of turmoil marked with enormous vibrancy, discovery, innovation and hope and also the time when many of them initiate sexual relationships and involvement. This can be a challenging time for young people who are becoming aware of their sexual and reproductive rights and needs, and who rely on their families, peers, schools, media and health service providers for affirmation, advice, information and the skills to navigate is sometimes a difficult transition to adulthood. The subject on sex has been surrounded by mystery and beclouded by dark silence as neither parents nor teachers are ready to discuss it with teenagers despite unplanned pregnancies, dropping out of school by students, Sexually Transmitted Infections among teenagers. The study investigated influence of teen contraceptive use) on academic achievement among public secondary school students in Bungoma South Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory postulated in 1986. A descriptive research design was used with target population of 3774 Form 3 students. A sample of 400 students was selected using, Miller, L.R. & Brewer, J.D. (2003) mathematical formula and stratified randomly from 52 schools and conveniently selected equally between boys and girls. Data was collected using structured interview schedule and questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. Results highlights most students were aware about contraceptive use with females slightly more than males and media was the major source of information on contraceptive use while parents/guardians had no significant contribution since teenagers rarely receive their first information on sexual matters from their parents. More than half of the sexually active students used contraceptives though it still interfered with their academic performance. This paper points at sex education curriculum in schools, setting up reproductive health institutions for the youth and distribution of contraceptives among teenagers which has a bearing on students’ performance.
College Students' Attitude towards Premarital Sex: Implication for Guidance a...AJSERJournal
In many African countries, discussing sexuality still remains a taboo, despite the increasing number of
sexual activities among college students. The study sought to find out college students attitude towards premarital sex
and the implication of guidance and counselling. It was guided by the social learning theory. Using a descriptive survey
design data was collected through personally delivered questionnaire to 452 students who were randomly selected
from middle level colleges in Nakuru County. The questionnaire was validated through piloting in one college outside
Nakuru. Reliability coefficient for questionnaire was estimated through test-retest method and Cronbach’s alpha stood
at R=84. Data was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative data. Study findings indicate that 258 or 57% of the
respondents were liberal about premarital sex and viewed it as a normal act that should not attract criticism. A total of
194 or 43% were conservative and believed that it is against the norms of society and the teachings of the church.
Factors associated with premarital sex, include love, peer pressure, drug abuse and economic factors. Counselling was
seen as the best strategic to handle sex issues, but was not effective due to stigma associated with premarital sex. The
study recommended the college administrators step up strategies to supervise both the social and academic life of the
students. By providing them with information, to make informed consent on sexual matters.
The negative impacts of adolescent sexuality problems among secondary school ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
This study was conducted to focus on the negative health outcomes related to sexual behaviour in adolescents and young adults attending public school in the Oworonshoki region of Lagos, Nigeria, Africa. Since, there is a relative dearth of knowledge on adolescents who face unique and challenging economics, health and education problems in our society. Data on the socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence and knowledge towards STD including HIV/AIDS, prevalence of sexual abuse practice/sexual behaviour, family planning awareness and acceptance including abortion practice were sorted out using self structured questionnaires and administered to 60% of student’s population using a stratified random sampling technique. 55.8% lived with both parents. While, 50.3% of the mothers had basic secondary school qualifications, 72.4% of them are traders. 61.5% had sex education were from misinformed friends/peers while 51% had no basic knowledge about sexual behavioral practice and attitude towards STDs/AIDS (HIV). STD has a prevalence of 34 and 41% of boys used condoms for preventing STI/HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancies. One out of every five sexually active teenagers has experienced forced sex, especially among the circumcised girls who were more sexually active than the uncircumcised girls. 60% of girls between ages of 12 and 18 years had more than one unsafe abortion with severe vaginal bleeding (haemorrhage) as the chief complication. However, 65% of the girls did abortion for fear of leaving school and financial hardship as the reasons.
College Students' Attitude towards Premarital Sex: Implication for Guidance a...AJSERJournal
In many African countries, discussing sexuality still remains a taboo, despite the increasing number of
sexual activities among college students. The study sought to find out college students attitude towards premarital sex
and the implication of guidance and counselling. It was guided by the social learning theory. Using a descriptive survey
design data was collected through personally delivered questionnaire to 452 students who were randomly selected
from middle level colleges in Nakuru County. The questionnaire was validated through piloting in one college outside
Nakuru. Reliability coefficient for questionnaire was estimated through test-retest method and Cronbach’s alpha stood
at R=84. Data was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative data. Study findings indicate that 258 or 57% of the
respondents were liberal about premarital sex and viewed it as a normal act that should not attract criticism. A total of
194 or 43% were conservative and believed that it is against the norms of society and the teachings of the church.
Factors associated with premarital sex, include love, peer pressure, drug abuse and economic factors. Counselling was
seen as the best strategic to handle sex issues, but was not effective due to stigma associated with premarital sex. The
study recommended the college administrators step up strategies to supervise both the social and academic life of the
students. By providing them with information, to make informed consent on sexual matters.
The negative impacts of adolescent sexuality problems among secondary school ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
This study was conducted to focus on the negative health outcomes related to sexual behaviour in adolescents and young adults attending public school in the Oworonshoki region of Lagos, Nigeria, Africa. Since, there is a relative dearth of knowledge on adolescents who face unique and challenging economics, health and education problems in our society. Data on the socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence and knowledge towards STD including HIV/AIDS, prevalence of sexual abuse practice/sexual behaviour, family planning awareness and acceptance including abortion practice were sorted out using self structured questionnaires and administered to 60% of student’s population using a stratified random sampling technique. 55.8% lived with both parents. While, 50.3% of the mothers had basic secondary school qualifications, 72.4% of them are traders. 61.5% had sex education were from misinformed friends/peers while 51% had no basic knowledge about sexual behavioral practice and attitude towards STDs/AIDS (HIV). STD has a prevalence of 34 and 41% of boys used condoms for preventing STI/HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancies. One out of every five sexually active teenagers has experienced forced sex, especially among the circumcised girls who were more sexually active than the uncircumcised girls. 60% of girls between ages of 12 and 18 years had more than one unsafe abortion with severe vaginal bleeding (haemorrhage) as the chief complication. However, 65% of the girls did abortion for fear of leaving school and financial hardship as the reasons.
During the past century, social policies and programs for Nigerian children, youth, and families have undergone frequent shifts in philosophy and direction. Many policy frameworks, such as selective legibility universal prevention, rehabilitation, and punishment, have contributed to the conceptual bases for services, programs, and interventions designed for young people. However, the most consistent characteristic of Nigerian social policy for children and families may be the sheer inconsistency of efforts aimed at helping the nation’s most vulnerable populations. Recent advances in understanding the developmental processes associated with the onset and persistence of childhood and adolescent problems warrant new thinking about policies and programs., we have learned more about why some children and adolescents develop social and health problems, and in the case of such problems as sexually transmitted infections, drug use, and delinquency why some youths make choices that lead to poor outcomes at home and in school and the community. Unfortunately, this knowledge is not yet systematically applied to policy or program design, which results in poorly specified, inadequately integrated, and wastefully duplicated services for children and families. The motivation for this volume comes from the growing recognition that knowledge gained from understanding the developmental trajectories of children who experience social and health problems must be used to craft more effective policies and programs.
Sex Education to Indian Adolescents – Need of the Houriosrjce
Sex is very sensitive subject and public discussion on sexual matters is considered as a taboo Indian soc
iety. Most of us do not talk openly about the topic in presence of our elders. But there are certain things that the
youth of our country need to know
Fourteen years ago I was asked to prepare the following document. After it was completed, the contractor asked me to re-do it because they had made a mistake in the age they wanted covered. [They seemed to believe the information was too sensitive politically] and buried the report. I'm submitting it here now to learn what the LinkedIn audience thinks. Is it time to update it?
Household Demographic Predictors of Drug and Substance Abuse among High Schoo...Premier Publishers
Purpose: The accessibility, affordability, and consumption of abused drugs by the youths have attracted great concern among public health personnel. This descriptive cross-sectional study investigated household demographic predictors of drugs and substance abuse among high school students in Kisumu East Sub-County, Kisumu County.
Methods: Sample size of 434 was calculated using Yamane formula and the participants selected through Snow ball, random, cluster and stratified sampling. Descriptive data was summarized using tables while inferential statistic done using Chi square and logistic regression. Data collection done through observation and semi- structured questionnaires. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Overall, 219 (61.17%) students reported to have engaged in drug and illicit substance abuse with higher proportion reported among the Christians as compared to Islamic and Hinduism. Religion, Parental / guardian’s level of education and the person living with the student were found to significantly predict the abuse of drug and illicit substance among high school students (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Drug and illicit substance abuse remains a major public health problem among all age groups worldwide with several negative impacts. Due to its magnitude, it calls for concerted multi-sectorial effort by all stakeholders for the dream of drug free world to be achieved.
In Africa, the concept of Guidance and Counseling although relatively new in educational systems, has been embraced by most governments. Although most African countries recognize the essential role of organized Guidance and Counseling Programmes, there are limited researches studies conducted to assess the effectiveness of the programmed services being implemented to improve the student’s decision making processes that lead to improved future benefits. Research is yet to identify gender specific strategies to positive psychosexual development in boys and girls that can promote safe reproductive health. A wide spread ignorance on the subject of sex is due to the fact that the subject has been surrounded with mystery and beclouded by dark silence. The result has increased curiosity and desire to acquire more knowledge on this forbidden subject; yet, the people entrusted with the responsibility of educating the adolescents on the subject have not made appropriate information readily available. The study investigated effectiveness of guidance and counselling programmes on academic achievement among public secondary school students in Bungoma South Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory postulated in 1986. A descriptive research design was used with target population of 52 guiding and counselling teachers. A sample of 16 participants was selected using, using 30% of Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) and randomly selected from 52 schools. Data was collected using structured interview schedule and questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. Results highlights teacher counselling and peer counselling were the most effective strategies in guidance and counselling as compared to students suspension and corporal punishment. More than half of guidance and counselling teachers asserted that schools had inadequate policy and manual procedures and code of ethics and regulation governing sexual behaviour. This paper points at need of guidance and counselling departments to develop policies and manual procedures on sex and relationship education that acts as a reference point to all members of the school. In addition, the Government should set up reproductive health institutions for the youth, promote peer counseling, talks by health providers in schools which has a bearing on students’ performance.
During the past century, social policies and programs for Nigerian children, youth, and families have undergone frequent shifts in philosophy and direction. Many policy frameworks, such as selective legibility universal prevention, rehabilitation, and punishment, have contributed to the conceptual bases for services, programs, and interventions designed for young people. However, the most consistent characteristic of Nigerian social policy for children and families may be the sheer inconsistency of efforts aimed at helping the nation’s most vulnerable populations. Recent advances in understanding the developmental processes associated with the onset and persistence of childhood and adolescent problems warrant new thinking about policies and programs., we have learned more about why some children and adolescents develop social and health problems, and in the case of such problems as sexually transmitted infections, drug use, and delinquency why some youths make choices that lead to poor outcomes at home and in school and the community. Unfortunately, this knowledge is not yet systematically applied to policy or program design, which results in poorly specified, inadequately integrated, and wastefully duplicated services for children and families. The motivation for this volume comes from the growing recognition that knowledge gained from understanding the developmental trajectories of children who experience social and health problems must be used to craft more effective policies and programs.
Sex Education to Indian Adolescents – Need of the Houriosrjce
Sex is very sensitive subject and public discussion on sexual matters is considered as a taboo Indian soc
iety. Most of us do not talk openly about the topic in presence of our elders. But there are certain things that the
youth of our country need to know
Fourteen years ago I was asked to prepare the following document. After it was completed, the contractor asked me to re-do it because they had made a mistake in the age they wanted covered. [They seemed to believe the information was too sensitive politically] and buried the report. I'm submitting it here now to learn what the LinkedIn audience thinks. Is it time to update it?
Household Demographic Predictors of Drug and Substance Abuse among High Schoo...Premier Publishers
Purpose: The accessibility, affordability, and consumption of abused drugs by the youths have attracted great concern among public health personnel. This descriptive cross-sectional study investigated household demographic predictors of drugs and substance abuse among high school students in Kisumu East Sub-County, Kisumu County.
Methods: Sample size of 434 was calculated using Yamane formula and the participants selected through Snow ball, random, cluster and stratified sampling. Descriptive data was summarized using tables while inferential statistic done using Chi square and logistic regression. Data collection done through observation and semi- structured questionnaires. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Overall, 219 (61.17%) students reported to have engaged in drug and illicit substance abuse with higher proportion reported among the Christians as compared to Islamic and Hinduism. Religion, Parental / guardian’s level of education and the person living with the student were found to significantly predict the abuse of drug and illicit substance among high school students (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Drug and illicit substance abuse remains a major public health problem among all age groups worldwide with several negative impacts. Due to its magnitude, it calls for concerted multi-sectorial effort by all stakeholders for the dream of drug free world to be achieved.
In Africa, the concept of Guidance and Counseling although relatively new in educational systems, has been embraced by most governments. Although most African countries recognize the essential role of organized Guidance and Counseling Programmes, there are limited researches studies conducted to assess the effectiveness of the programmed services being implemented to improve the student’s decision making processes that lead to improved future benefits. Research is yet to identify gender specific strategies to positive psychosexual development in boys and girls that can promote safe reproductive health. A wide spread ignorance on the subject of sex is due to the fact that the subject has been surrounded with mystery and beclouded by dark silence. The result has increased curiosity and desire to acquire more knowledge on this forbidden subject; yet, the people entrusted with the responsibility of educating the adolescents on the subject have not made appropriate information readily available. The study investigated effectiveness of guidance and counselling programmes on academic achievement among public secondary school students in Bungoma South Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory postulated in 1986. A descriptive research design was used with target population of 52 guiding and counselling teachers. A sample of 16 participants was selected using, using 30% of Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) and randomly selected from 52 schools. Data was collected using structured interview schedule and questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. Results highlights teacher counselling and peer counselling were the most effective strategies in guidance and counselling as compared to students suspension and corporal punishment. More than half of guidance and counselling teachers asserted that schools had inadequate policy and manual procedures and code of ethics and regulation governing sexual behaviour. This paper points at need of guidance and counselling departments to develop policies and manual procedures on sex and relationship education that acts as a reference point to all members of the school. In addition, the Government should set up reproductive health institutions for the youth, promote peer counseling, talks by health providers in schools which has a bearing on students’ performance.
PREMARURE ENGAGEMENT IN SEXUAL ACTIVITIES BY ADOLESCENTS: AN ASSESSMENT OF ITS IMPACTS ON THEIR HEALTH, ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL-WELFARE. The case of Government High School Kendem, Mbeme and Kendem Communities – Mamfe, South West Region of Cameroon.
Presented by JOHN NYAH MBOUT
Adolescence is the most vulnerable period to reproductive health problems.
These problems include early pregnancy, unsafe abortion, sexually
infections transmitted (STIs) including the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), sexual abuse. Access for sexuality education and reproductive health
services to comprehensive and youth-friendly was limited. This study aims
to determine the effectiveness of peer educators and guidance and
counselling teachers in adolescent reproductive health level of knowledge.
This is a quantitative study with a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control
group design with treatment groups using peer educators and teacher as
control groups. The sample size was 70 respondents. Data was collected by
questionnaire that already had validity and reliability test. Data analysis used
univariate, t-test and logistic regression. The results of this study showed
that the provision of information was more effective through guidance
conselling teachers (p=0.000, exp B=14.5). This study recommends that
improve adolescents’ reproductive knowledge need to optimize the role of
guidance and counseling teachers in providing information.
Running Head Teen Pregnancy 1Teen Pregnancy .docxtoltonkendal
Running Head: Teen Pregnancy 1
Teen Pregnancy 2
Teen Pregnancy
Name
Institution
Date
Teen Pregnancy
Introduction
Early sexual activity is one of the major issues in the development of adolescents. Different surveys such as Youth Risk Behavior Survey and National Survey of Family Growth have established that most adolescents engage in sexual activities at earlier ages. However, older adolescents aged 15 years and older have recorded a reduction in sexual activity whereas those that are younger have recorded increased sexual activity. There are different factors that make adolescents engage in sexual activities. Some of these factors include peer pressure to engage in sexual activity, adolescents that mature earlier and the influence of the new media. The use of drugs as well as alcohol leads to reduced inhibitions hence, influencing unprotected sexual activity. Boys and girls that smoke or take alcohol are at risk of early sexual activity. This is because the use of these substances influences their decision making in social contexts.
Fake references According Peters, 2017, early sexual activity is associated with teen pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy has been a national concern for many decades. Teenage pregnancy in most cases complicates the development of adolescents and it leads to a difficultshift to young adulthood. This leads to potential limited economic and most important educational opportunities. There has been a significant teenage pregnancy decline in the last three decades. However, based on the National Campaign aimed at preventing teen pregnancy shows that out of ten girls, four of them get pregnant before they are twenty years old. Compared to other industrialized countries, United States has the highest teen pregnancy, abortion and birth rates (Peters, 2017).
Population Impacted and how they are affected.
Sexual risk behavior among adolescents in the United States is a major health concern. According to Rebecca et al, 2011, approximately 800,000 girls aged between fifteen and nineteen years get pregnant every year. In recent years, the proportion of sexually experienced adolescents has decreased. However, 34 percent of the ninth graders and 61 percent of the 12th graders agree to having had sexual intercourse. Of those that go to high school, 7 percent agree to have sex before their thirteenth birthday. Fake data
In 2015, 229,715babies were born to mothers aged between 15 years and 19 years. This represented a birth rate of approximately 22 per 1,000 girls in the 15-19 age group. This was a record low showing a drop of 8 percent from the previous year, 2014. There was also a significant drop of 9% for girls aged 15 to 17 and 7% for women between 18 years and 19 years. The decline was attributed to abstinence of teens from sexual activity and those that are were sexually active using birth control ...
A Study on Assessment of Knowledge of Reproductive Health Education among the...AnuragSingh1049
Adolescence is a life’s essential transition phase starting around 10, 11 or 12 years and concludes between the age of 18-21 years. Deficiency of reproductive health information and sexual experimentations in this stage of storm and stress expose adolescents to grave health pressure. Adolescents must have access to logical Reproductive Health information to increase healthy attitude towards Reproductive Health issues. The aim of writing this paper was to assess the the knowledge of adolescent students studying in Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir state towards Reproductive Health Education and to be familiar with reproductive health issues among adolescents. The present study was carried out on 400 Adolescent Higher Secondary School students of Jammu region using a well designed pre-tested questionnaire. The results of our study showed that students had constructive attitude towards Reproductive Health Education as majority (boys = 86.0%, girls=84.5%) of respondents recommended Reproductive Health Education in school curriculum. Further, 40.0% boys and 35.5% girl respondents were of the opinion that lecture by expert is a preferred method of imparting Reproductive Health Education, 32.0% boys and 28.5% girl students under study favored to communicate with Doctors/Health Workers followed by parents brothers/sisters (23.0%) in case of girls and friends (23.5%) in case of boys concerning Reproductive Health issues. Further, the study revealed that girl students (51.5%) favored to get married under 24 years as they were of the belief that it is the prime of life, and can give birth without much troubles whereas majority of boys understudy (65.5%) told that they prefer to get married above 24 years as they desire to complete education first and find a appropriate job in order to feed family unit. Majority of the respondents (58.5%) believed that youth living in urban areas possesses more knowledge about reproductive health than youth living in rural areas. Further, majority of the students possesses good knowledge about HIV/AIDS and STDs. It is concluded from our study that there is a requirement of providing proper scientific information to teenagers concerning reproductive health by incorporating Reproductive Health Education in school syllabus and lectures by experts in order to advance their awareness and consequently reproductive health condition.
TEENAGE PREGNANCY 1
TEENAGE PREGNANCY 5
Liberty University
HSCO 500
Introduction to Human Services Counseling
Author: Shawnreco Washington
Date: October 15, 2016
Introduction
Teen pregnancy is a term used to refer to girls who become pregnant before reaching the legal age of adulthood. These pregnancies are usually unplanned since many of them ignore the fact that pregnancy can occur once a girl starts ovulating from as early as thirteen years old. Teen pregnancy often encounters health issues to both the mother and child if proper prenatal care is not adhered to. Apart from health issues, there are other factors which affect pregnant teen mothers such as socioeconomic and psychological impacts to the mother and her family. Teen pregnancy, therefore, has to be addressed so as to minimize the rates of school dropouts due to pregnancy.
Causes of Teenage Pregnancy
Sexual abuse in the form of rape is one of the leading causes of teenage pregnancy. Teenage girls can undergo this ordeal when they are manipulated or forced by adult males or even boys their age to have sex against their will. Many rape cases have led to pregnancies and even fatal instances among teenage girls.
Lack of proper parental advice is also a cause of this social problem. Some parents are often held up by their work and avoid advising their teenage children about sex. Parents are responsible for molding their children in the right path, and this includes talking to them about sexual intercourse. When this issue is neglected, teenage children may not find it too wrong to experiment on having sex. Misinformed teens can often take part in sex and therefore can lead to teenage pregnancies.
Peer pressure is one of the leading causes of many social issues in the society. Teenagers often try to impress their friends so as to make them feel that they fit into the group. Sex for teens may be considered to be the perfect way to fit into a group of friends (Kearney & Levine, 2015). This may in turn influence many individuals to take part in sexual intercourse so as to impress the friends. When friends influence others decisions, they do that without taking consideration of the possible consequences of having sex such as unplanned pregnancies. Peer pressure propels this social problem since many teenagers do not want to ridicule by their peers if they fail to live up to their expectations.
Poverty can be a cause of this social dilemma. Teenage girls who come from poor backgrounds do not often have the opportunity to have a proper education. Education is necessary for developing teens since they can be educated about their sexuality and impacts of having unprotected sex. When teens are deprived of this opportunity, they lack the proper knowledge about sex and are likely to have uninten ...
Running Head SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASESSEXUALLY TRANSMIT.docxtodd521
Running Head: SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
3
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Summary of teaching plan
Title: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Overview
Sexually Transmitted Diseases are diseases that are transmitted from one person to another during oral, anal and vaginal sexual activities. STDs are very common especially among sexually active teenagers and a number of them don’t have the symptoms making it hard to tell if one has contacted one. STDs are very dangerous to one’s health however, it can be detected when one is tested and majority of them have a cure (Bouchery, Harwood, and Brewer, 2014). STDs are preventable with abstinence and safe sexual practices; one is likely not to contract the disease. Examples of the STDs are: chlamydia, genital warts, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, herpes, HIV and AIDS, Human Papillomavirus, scabies, syphilis and trichomoniais (Stingler, Neusel, and Perry, 2013).
Objectives
1. To help the teenagers understand what STDs are as well as ways one can contract them
2. To teach the teenagers some of the preventive measures of contracting STDs.
3. To educate the teenagers on measures on should take incase exposed to an environment one is likely to contract STDs
4. To help the teenagers differentiate the myths from the facts regarding STDs
Materials
Video clips featuring adults and teenage experts, Graphic power point presentations
STD pamphlets, Writing materials: Pens and Plain papers, Teacher’s laptop, overhead screen
Estimated cost: Overhead screen will be offered by the church, additional materials needed about $45-$80
Directions
The learning sessions was grouped into four different sessions lasting approximately 30 to 45 minutes. In the first session, it was purely teaching session where I addressed all the objectives in a classroom setting and the teenagers were allowed to take notes. Teaching was enhanced with graphic power points to help create a visual understanding of the different concepts put across. The second session on the other hand was purely audio visual where the teenagers were allowed to view different Video clips featuring adults and teenage experts expounding on sexually, transmitted disease. The audio-visual session also addressed all the objectives just as the case was in the classroom set up in session one.
The third session was an open forum where the teenagers were allowed to ask questions, seek clarification on different issues or add more insight on concept learned. This session was an interactive one where all disturbing questions was addressed. The end of this session was marked by satisfactory response to all questions and insight brought forward by both the teacher and the teenagers.
The fourth and final session was an examination setup where each of the participants were given a quick test to test their understanding for the concepts learnt. Those who performed exemplary were awarded certificates and gifts and the whole were issued pa.
Running Head SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASESSEXUALLY TRANSMIT.docxjeanettehully
Running Head: SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
3
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Summary of teaching plan
Title: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Overview
Sexually Transmitted Diseases are diseases that are transmitted from one person to another during oral, anal and vaginal sexual activities. STDs are very common especially among sexually active teenagers and a number of them don’t have the symptoms making it hard to tell if one has contacted one. STDs are very dangerous to one’s health however, it can be detected when one is tested and majority of them have a cure (Bouchery, Harwood, and Brewer, 2014). STDs are preventable with abstinence and safe sexual practices; one is likely not to contract the disease. Examples of the STDs are: chlamydia, genital warts, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, herpes, HIV and AIDS, Human Papillomavirus, scabies, syphilis and trichomoniais (Stingler, Neusel, and Perry, 2013).
Objectives
1. To help the teenagers understand what STDs are as well as ways one can contract them
2. To teach the teenagers some of the preventive measures of contracting STDs.
3. To educate the teenagers on measures on should take incase exposed to an environment one is likely to contract STDs
4. To help the teenagers differentiate the myths from the facts regarding STDs
Materials
Video clips featuring adults and teenage experts, Graphic power point presentations
STD pamphlets, Writing materials: Pens and Plain papers, Teacher’s laptop, overhead screen
Estimated cost: Overhead screen will be offered by the church, additional materials needed about $45-$80
Directions
The learning sessions was grouped into four different sessions lasting approximately 30 to 45 minutes. In the first session, it was purely teaching session where I addressed all the objectives in a classroom setting and the teenagers were allowed to take notes. Teaching was enhanced with graphic power points to help create a visual understanding of the different concepts put across. The second session on the other hand was purely audio visual where the teenagers were allowed to view different Video clips featuring adults and teenage experts expounding on sexually, transmitted disease. The audio-visual session also addressed all the objectives just as the case was in the classroom set up in session one.
The third session was an open forum where the teenagers were allowed to ask questions, seek clarification on different issues or add more insight on concept learned. This session was an interactive one where all disturbing questions was addressed. The end of this session was marked by satisfactory response to all questions and insight brought forward by both the teacher and the teenagers.
The fourth and final session was an examination setup where each of the participants were given a quick test to test their understanding for the concepts learnt. Those who performed exemplary were awarded certificates and gifts and the whole were issued pa ...
The purpose of this study was to determine how parenting contributes to deviancy in school among students at Bokamoso Junior Secondary School. The study was a descriptive survey in which a questionnaire was administered to Form 2 and Form 3 students of Bokamoso Secondary School to collect data. The results were then presented using mean and standard deviation. The results showed that majority of students were male around the age of 16-20 years. The results further revealed that parental involvement has a significant influence on students being deviant, which was given by an average mean of 2.55 which is above the criterion mean of 2.50 and average standard deviation of 0.572. It was concluded that parenting is factor associated with a deviancy amongst students at Bokamoso Secondary School. It was therefore recommended that they should be a joint disciplinary council consisting of parents or guardian, teachers and school management which usually recommends on how to deal or act on certain offences depending on the gravity of offences.
This paper studies the pattern of students’ movement within and around the various classes of degrees in Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria. In this paper, a transition matrix was developed for the five classes of degrees using movement patterns in ten consecutive semesters (2011 – 2016). The probabilities of moving across the five different classes was obtained. Furthermore, a fundamental matrix was obtained to determine the expected number of students who stay within each particular class (stayers).
This study endeavoured to establish the characteristics of effective teachers and how these characteristics assisted teachers to improve learner performance. To address this aim, a case study design was employed as a methodology for the study, consisting of five rural schools. A literature study was conducted, alongside semi-structured individual interviews with five school principals and focus group interviews with twenty eight teachers from the same rural schools from where school principals were drawn. The collected data was analysed thematically, by establishing themes and their emerging categories. The established themes and their categories were interpreted and discussed to answer the research questions. The major findings of the study revealed that an effective teacher has a blend of three characteristics, namely, professional characteristics, personality characteristics and social characteristics. The blend of characteristics contribute to the quality of teaching and learning processes. The study recommended that educational practitioners in diversity should be cognisant of the characteristics of effective teachers and nurture them appropriately as these characteristics have a life-transforming effects on the lives of the learners.
This study endeavoured to establish the characteristics of effective teachers and how these characteristics assisted teachers to improve learner performance. To address this aim, a case study design was employed as a methodology for the study, consisting of five rural schools. A literature study was conducted, alongside semi-structured individual interviews with five school principals and focus group interviews with twenty eight teachers from the same rural schools from where school principals were drawn. The collected data was analysed thematically, by establishing themes and their emerging categories. The established themes and their categories were interpreted and discussed to answer the research questions. The major findings of the study revealed that an effective teacher has a blend of three characteristics, namely, professional characteristics, personality characteristics and social characteristics. The blend of characteristics contribute to the quality of teaching and learning processes. The study recommended that educational practitioners in diversity should be cognisant of the characteristics of effective teachers and nurture them appropriately as these characteristics have a life-transforming effects on the lives of the learners.
This study determined the prevalence of se1f regulatory skills (behavioural, emotional,verbal) and assessed the level of social competence of primary school pupils in Osun State. The study further examined the influence of self-regulatory skills and social competence on primary school pupils’ academic achievement. These were with a view to providing information on the association between Self-regulation and Social Competence in relation to lower Primary School Pupils’ academic achievement in Osun State Nigeria. The study adopted the correlational survey research design. The population for the study comprised primary III pupils in Osun State. Sample size consisted of 418 Primary III pupils selected using the multistage sampling procedure. Firstly, from the three Senatorial districts in Osun State, nine Local Government Areas (LGAs) were selected using simple random sampling technique (three from each senatorial district). Secondly, in each LGA, two primary schools were selected using simple random sampling technique. Thirdly, eighteen intact classes of primary Ill pupils were selected from each of the selected schools using the simple random sampling technique.The three instruments used for this study were: Sell-Regulation Observation Scale (SROS) Teachers Rating Scale (TRS); and Pupils’ Achievement Test (PAT). Data was analyzed using percentage and chi-square. The results showed that the level of primary school pupils’ behavioural self-regulatory skill was low (30%), emotional self-regulatory skill was at average (43%) while the verbal self-regulatory skill was low (27%). Overall, the level of self-regulatory skills of primary school pupils’ was low (39%). The results also indicated that the level of’ manifestation of social competence was high (64%). Results further showed that there was a statistically significant influence of self-regulatory skills and social competence on primary school pupils’ academic achievement (x2= 873.532, p<0.05). The study concluded that whilst Self-regulatory skill contributed little to pupils‘ academic achievement, Social Competence greatly influenced primary school pupils’ academic achievement in Osun State.
With growth in enrollment in online courses at the university level, the quality of those courses is coming under increased scrutiny. This study surveyed faculty with experience in online, onsite, and blended courses to identify factors most likely to impede student success in online courses as well as strategies to improve online courses. The most common responses for why students might find online courses more challenging focus in the areas time management, student-teacher interaction, and motivation. The strategies for improving student success in online courses fall into the categories of assignments, teaching strategies, and training for both faculty and students. Steps for students to take before enrolling in an online course and tips for faculty who want to teach online courses for the first time are also included as appendices.
This paper focused on analysis of emergence of criminal groups in Dar es Salaam city and Zanzibar town. Data collection was based on in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Content analysis was used in analysis of data collected from the study. The study findings revealed that youths are vulnerable and susceptible to criminal activities due to corruption, fake promises from politicians, education systems, laxity of parental or guardians’ care and inspiration of children to live luxurious life. In addition, the study recommended to take proper moves that police operation and other government authorities undertake on use of force that cannot end such societal challenges. Instead, the government should provide education system, which is skilled oriented to enable young people to employ themselves. In addition, more efforts are needed to fight corruption from low level to high level of government system.
Zambian communities are rich with voices of the value of adult education, albeit unsystematically documented. It is these insightful voices that this article unveils. Phenomenological research design was employed. Three research sites were targeted comprising two chiefdoms and covering four villages, two villages from each chief dom. Data was collected using interviews and focus group discussions. After coding the data, narrative and thematic methods of data analysis were used. Findings reveal that the value of adult education is measured informally by the number of the adult population able to access social amenities equitably and equally on one hand, and on the other, by their ability to read the ‘word and the world’ as purported by Freire and Macedo (1987).
Despite a healthy production of teachers, teacher attrition is a significant concern facing school administrators across the state of Texas. This study sought to determine the extent to which questions on the Exit and Principal Surveys reflect three sets of standards which guide educator preparation in Texas: Association of Teacher Educators (ATE) Standards for Teacher Educators, Texas Administrative Code (TAC) Educator Preparation Program Curriculum Standards, and Pedagogy and Professional Responsibilities (PPR) Exam Standards. This analysis provides important information about the validity of survey questions as a measure of standards compliance for educator preparation in Texas and also sought to determine if there is a difference between teacher candidates’ Exit Survey evaluation of preparation and principals’ Principal Survey evaluation of first-year teachers’ preparation. Findings indicated a clear disconnect. Recommendations are provided as contributions for future discussion on much needed educator preparation program standards reform.
The study sought to investigate the effect of individual counselling on academic performance of underachievers’ pupil in Maimusari Public Primary School, Jere local Government Area, Borno State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to examine the nature and causes of underachievement in Maimusari Public Primary School, also the effect of individual counselling on academic performance of the underachievers’ pupil. Based on these objectives, two research questions and one null hypothesis were answered and tested respectively. Quasi-experimental design was used for the study. Twenty-two underachieving pupils were purposively sampled from the population of the study. Both questionnaire and interview were used as method of data collection; Effect of Individual Counselling on Underachievers in Public Primary Schools (EICUPPS) and interview schedule. The data collected was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study discovered that coming late to school, not having complete learning material, depression, anxiety and teachers attitude in the classroom were the major causes of underachievement in Maimusari primary school. The study also revealed that individual counselling has helped the pupils in overcoming their learning barriers. It is therefore, concluded that individual counselling has significant effect on underachievement among pupils of public primary school in Maiduguri, Borno State. It is recommended among others that class teachers need to be oriented on how to identify underachieving pupils in their various classes and inform the appropriate authority for proper management.
The study contributes to the on-going debate regarding the significance of early childhood teachers’ instructional decision-making that take into consideration their theoretical knowledge (explicit theories) and practical experiences (implicit theories) and how they impact their instructional decision-making processes in diverse socio-cultural contexts of children. To address this gap in the literature, a qualitative multi-case study into the perceptions and classroom practices of four kindergarten teachers in two Ghanaian schools, Tata and Kariba, was carried out over a six-month period. One research question that sought to explore factors and beliefs influencing teachers’ instructional decision-making in a kindergarten classroom guided the study. Data sources used were semi-structured individual interviews and pair-based interviews and fieldnotes of classroom observations. Both within and across case interpretative analysis, as outlined. The study’s findings revealed that these teachers’ explicit theories and implicit theories of teaching influenced their instructional decision-making processes in kinder garten classrooms.
The study aimed to evaluate the “Human resource management for vocational schools at Bac Ninh province, Viet Nam: A model of faculty development program”. It concentrated on evaluating the existing Human resource management for vocational schools of the province, determining demographic profile of the respondents, profile of vocational schools. In order to come up with this analysis, a survey covering 50 specific vocational schools is implemented aiming to assess current status of the development of contingent of teachers and the factors affecting the development of teaching staff for vocational schools in Bac Ninh province such as Human resource planning; Recruitment and selection; Training and development Retention and maintenance; Promotion; Labor relations; and Transfer and retirement. Thereby, identifing the limitations in Human resource management of vocational schools. Based from all the findings of this study, the following conclusions were derived: The human resource management of vocational schools on Bac Ninh province still limited. Human resources in sufficient quantity, but the structure is not reasonable, lack of highly qualified and experienced faculty. Support policies are not sufficient to motivate faculty and attract highly qualified human resources. From the cited summary of findings and conclusions, the following are hereby recommended: Re-examining all the plans and programs for the Quality of Human Resource so that necessary updating and modification can be done; Strongly focusing on recruitment process and policies of training and retraining human resources, Specific strategies for implementing these plans must also be considered. Conducting regular evaluation of all the programs must be implemented.
The study investigated the differences in leadership styles exhibited by principals of public Colleges of Education in Ghana in relation to their sex, age, years of work experience, and academic qualification. The cross-sectional survey design was adopted for the study. The target population was made up of all 46 principals of public Colleges of Education in Ghana. The target population consisted of all 38 public Colleges of Education which were in existence before the absorption of eight private Colleges of Education by the government of Ghana into public system. The purposive sampling technique was used to select 38 principals for the study. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire developed by Bass and Avolio (2004) was adapted to collect data. Means, standard deviations, t-test and ANOVA were used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in the leadership styles of the principals of public Colleges of Education in Ghana based on their sex, age, and academic qualification. However, there were statistically significant differences in the leadership styles adopted by the principals in relation to their years of work experience. It was therefore concluded that many years of experience of principals of public CoEs in Ghana is critical for good leadership in these colleges. Among the recommendations was that the National Council for Tertiary Education (NCTE) should consider years of work experience in the selection and appointment of principals for public Colleges of Education in Ghana. Additionally, in-service training and refresher courses should be organized regularly by NCTE for principals on the leadership styles suitable for achievement of objectives and goals of their colleges.
The aim of this research paper is to identify the the perceptions of teachers of English language about the main challenges in teaching primary stage pupils; and to recognize the challenges that are experienced locally in the five educational areas available in the state of Kuwait. Both qualitative and quantitative methods have been applied because data are supposed to be in the form of numbers. The survey was provided by a hard copy to about (20) teachers of English language in the state of Kuwait. The survey itself consisted of two sections. The first section refers to some sort of a ranking question. That means the teachers ordered the factors that may develop teaching English to young learners according to their point of views. The second section of the survey included an open question as follows: Which aspect do you think the most challenging in teaching young pupils and why? The results revealed that teachers of English are challenged by several factors including lack of training, resources and acknowledge. Most teachers suffered from lack of time to teach; particularly, teaching writing and grammar.
The study examines the effect of improvisation of teacher-made instructional media on students’ performance in some selected primary science concepts. Thus, a pre-test and post-test, non-randomized experimental design was adopted for the study. Three thousand, three hundred and sixty-eight (3,368) primary six pupils from 48 public primary schools in Akwa Ibom State formed the population while two hundred and nineteen primary six pupils from two schools formed the sample for the study. The two intact classes were exposed to standard and improvised science equipment. A Primary Science Performance Test (PSPT) instrument was used to collect data before and after each lesson. A t-test statistical analysis revealed that there is no significant difference of the post-test performance of intact classes exposed to improvised science equipment and those standard equipment indicating that pupils benefited equally from the standardized and improvised equipment with t-calculated score of 1.34 below the t-critical 2.92. It is recommended that the government should organize workshop on the use of improvised materials to change the orientation of the teacher centred instructional approach to teaching primary science.
Child and Youth Care (CYC) students have the right to be engaged in pedagogical practices that inspire and arouse their curiosity about their field of practice. Undergraduate course-based research in which students have an opportunity to conduct authentic research within a for-credit course is one such high-impact pedagogical practice with a growing body of evidence-based outcomes. This article presents an undergraduate course-based research project that examined child and youth care student’s beliefs about displaying love as a component of their practice. Located in the constructivist/interpretive research paradigm, this course-based research project collected data through the use of an expressive arts-based data method followed by a semi-structured questionnaire. Four overarching themes were identified during the thematic analysis: (a) authentic caring involves expressions of love, (b) expressions of love are an essential component of growth and development, (c) loving care as an ethic of relational practice, and (d) but…professionalism stands in the way. The results of this course-based study suggest that expressing love as a component of relational-centred CYC practice is not fully understood by CYC students and that much more research is needed to explore this issue.
This research describes an attempt to establish a pedagogically useful list of the most frequent semantically non-compositional multi-word combinations for English for Journalism learners in an EFL context, who need to read English news in their field of study. The list was compiled from the NOW (News on the Web) Corpus, the largest English news database by far. In consideration of opaque multi-word combinations in widespread use and pedagogical value, the researcher applied a set of selection criteria when using the corpus. Based on frequency, meaningfulness, and semantic non-compositionality, a total of 318 non-compositional multi-word combinations of 2 to 5 words with the exclusion of phrasal verbs were selected and they accounted for approximately 2% of the total words in the corpus. The list, not highly technical in nature, contains the most commonly-used multi-word units traversing various topic areas and news readers may encounter these phrasal expressions very often. As with other individual word lists, it is hoped that this opaque expressions list may serve as a reference for English for Journalism teaching.
The main objective of this study is to explore how podcasting can be implemented in teaching English as a Second Language as a supportive technological tool and thus contribute to the development of positive attitudes and beliefs of the learners. To this aim, the field experiment research was conducted. The study was carried out in a total of 28 pupils of the first grade of high school at an educational institution on Rhodes, Greece in February 2018. The students were assigned into the experimental group (15 students) and the control group (13 students). The results of the research have shown a positive change in students’ attitudes and beliefs, though no statistically significant difference has arisen regarding the students’ interest in the course, their self-confidence in English, the role of gender in learning English and the difficulties students come across when studying English. Similarly, no significant change has occurred regarding the usefulness of English, the importance of the English accent and the knowledge of another foreign language as a contributing factor to learning English more easily. Finally, a negative change was found regarding difficulties in oral communication in English.
One of the challenges of higher education focuses on the improvement of personal and professional skills of students, with the aim of strengthening strategies that include cutting-edge resources in the learning process. The appropriate use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in teaching work as support in face-to-face mode, has a significant impact on engineering professionals. With the correct handling of instruments, strategies, evaluations and educational materials mediated by technologies, which provide great advantages, where the student can work at their own pace and improve the synchronous and asynchronous communication channels with the teacher and their classmates to develop skills and acquire experiences. This work presents the incorporation of educational resources in virtual scenarios as support to the learning units taught in face-to-face modality in the Interdisciplinary Professional Unit of Engineering campus Guanajuato (UPIIG), with the purpose of reinforcing in the student self-management of knowledge to discover new teaching experiences and motivate them in the achievement of meaningful learning.
This study aims to recognize effectiveness methods of teaching skills in primary school in English , the researcher used the numbered heads together strategy as an effective method in education skills, the researcher used an experimental design with two groups (control group and experiment group), with a post-test for the achievement of Al-Khamaal Primary school , Fifth class , The sample of the study consisted of (60) pupils at Al-Khamaal Primary school in English, for the academic year (2018-2019). The researcher equaled the two research groups statistically by ( age by months, the marks of the last year, the achievement of the parents), so there were no statistical significance between the two groups in variables. The researcher used a test to collect data. The analysis of the data showed that the numbered heads together strategy has a great effect in teaching skills at primary schools. At the end of this study, the researcher presented some recommendations. These recommendations that focus on paying more attention to the learning strategies that used to improve educational process, moreover, teacher at primary schools should use effective strategies and effective methods in teaching skills.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Influence of Teen Contraceptive Use on Academic Achievement among Public School Students in Bungoma South Sub-County
1. Research Journal of Education
ISSN(e): 2413-0540, ISSN(p): 2413-8886
Vol. 2, No. 9, pp: 145-151, 2016
URL: http://arpgweb.com/?ic=journal&journal=15&info=aims
*Corresponding Author
145
Academic Research Publishing Group
Influence of Teen Contraceptive Use on Academic Achievement
among Public School Students in Bungoma South Sub-County
Negesa Justine V.*
Department of Educational Psychology, Masinde Muliro University, Kakamega, Kenya
Wesangula M. P. Department of Educational Psychology, Masinde Muliro University, Kakamega, Kenya
Opiyo A. R. Department of Educational Psychology, Masinde Muliro University, Kakamega, Kenya
1. Introduction
Global statistical analyses as of 2012 indicated that by the age of 19, 7 in 10 teenagers had had sex. This resulted
in approximately 18 million pregnancies among teenage girls. In equal measure, there were estimated 1.8 million to
2.4 million teenagers living with HIV/AIDs. Narrowing down to Kenya, 260,000 teenagers out of 1.6 million
infected people live with the condition. While the abovementioned effects and statistics are heart-wrenching, the
realization that they are preventable is even more distressing. The instant study seeks to interrogate the influence of
contraceptive use on academic achievement among teenagers. This has been triggered by the alarming rate of
HIV/AIDS infections, STI transmissions, pregnancies and abortions, school dropouts and death pervasive among
teenagers, being direct results of unhealthy sexual behaviour. It proceeds on the presumption that various factors
including age, peer pressure, environment and economic stability influence teen sexual activity. These, coupled with
inaccessibility and inadequate information on contraceptive use results in irresponsible teen sexual behaviour.
Tuju (1996) further noted that myths, lies and rumours on sexuality prevail in the African society. For instance,
it is a taboo for parents to discuss sexual matters with their teenagers. As a result, in the absence of sex information,
teenagers internalize the rumours and the myths and this often puts them in danger. He further pointed out that any
discussion of youth sexuality in public degenerates into a debate dominated more by emotion rather than reason. In
addition, many parents, churches and other interest groups become suspicious of any government programme which
is intended to educate the youth about sexuality or reproductive health or family life, depending on what terminology
is used. The negative side of such emotion is that nothing gets done to address the problems of youth sexuality.
Youssef (1995) adds that policy makers often fear that parents will oppose sex education for young people; this
therefore hinders teachers from giving accurate information to students.
Abstract: The adolescent stage is a period of turmoil marked with enormous vibrancy, discovery,
innovation and hope and also the time when many of them initiate sexual relationships and involvement. This
can be a challenging time for young people who are becoming aware of their sexual and reproductive rights
and needs, and who rely on their families, peers, schools, media and health service providers for affirmation,
advice, information and the skills to navigate is sometimes a difficult transition to adulthood. The subject on
sex has been surrounded by mystery and beclouded by dark silence as neither parents nor teachers are ready
to discuss it with teenagers despite unplanned pregnancies, dropping out of school by students, Sexually
Transmitted Infections among teenagers. The study investigated influence of teen contraceptive use) on
academic achievement among public secondary school students in Bungoma South Sub-County, Kenya. The
study adopted Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory postulated in 1986. A descriptive research design
was used with target population of 3774 Form 3 students. A sample of 400 students was selected using,
Miller, L.R. & Brewer, J.D. (2003) mathematical formula and stratified randomly from 52 schools and
conveniently selected equally between boys and girls. Data was collected using structured interview schedule
and questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. Results highlights most students were aware about
contraceptive use with females slightly more than males and media was the major source of information on
contraceptive use while parents/guardians had no significant contribution since teenagers rarely receive their
first information on sexual matters from their parents. More than half of the sexually active students used
contraceptives though it still interfered with their academic performance. This paper points at sex education
curriculum in schools, setting up reproductive health institutions for the youth and distribution of
contraceptives among teenagers which has a bearing on students’ performance.
Keywords: Academic achievement; Contraceptives; Reproductive health knowledge.
2. Research Journal of Education, 2016, 2(9): 145-151
146
According to the 2010 survey by WHO/ UNAIDS/UNICEF (2011) a new generation of young people is taking
charge of their destinies by protecting themselves against HIV/AIDS and unplanned pregnancies. The Center for
Disease Control affirms the same by indicating that public opinion about condom use and teenage sex had
significantly increased (Brann, 2012; Harrison et al., 2012). The former fuelled by concern with high rate of STDS
and increased education on sexual abstinence. By 2010 approximately 100 million women around the world had
used pills as contraceptives (Time Magazine, 2010). According to Ochieng et al. (2011), the social demographic
characteristics, perception of peer behavior and attitudes towards their sexual and reproductive health may impact
greatly on whether or not they have sex, the number and types of sexual relationships they form and their condom
use. Peers spend most of the time together and the values of the group may be instrumental in determining the levels
of academic success or failure of a teenager .If the peer pressure exerted is on sexual relationships, it may hamper the
academic achievement of the student (Charlie, 2010; Majeed, 2010). Peer education is a preferred measure in many
countries as it empowers students collectively and individually. The rationale behind it is that, it is easy for students
to reach out to fellow students for assistance with both personal and social problems. It is thus known to decrease
depression, reduce anxiety, and promote self-awareness, positive decision making and academic performance (Mill,
2009).
Teenage contraceptive use in Africa is 37% (Guttmacher, 2011; Kennedy et al., 2011; Kirby, 2011/2012).
According to Cleland (2009) Sub Saharan Africa is the only region where low levels of contraceptive use persist. In
Kenya to fit into the society that stigmatizes teenage sex, the Kenyan girl is ensnared into the emergency
contraception pill (e-pill) trap or injection to please a boyfriend who refuses to use the condom and at the same time
fears the relatives finding out, hence maintaining school and the relationship at the same time (Njagi, 2012). Often,
sexual activity is unplanned and many youth do not use contraceptives or use less effective contraceptives (Chipeta,
2010). In sub-Saharan Africa levels of contraceptive use increase with years of education and attendance in school is
associated with less sexual activity (Boonstra, 2007). The exposure to information on contraceptive use increases
with the number of years of education and socio economic status. The younger the adolescents begin sexual activity,
the less they are able to use contraception.
Many studies in the developed and developing countries have revealed that teenage sexual involvement at an
older age is associated with contraceptive use. The older a boy or girl is at sexual debut the more likely they are to
use contraceptives (Lowen and 2011). This is because they are able to comfortably negotiate contraceptive use
(Holcombe et al., 2008). Reports reveal that sexually active teenagers before the age of 18 years were three times
more likely to be expelled and two and a half times likely to drop out from school than virgins (Gakidou and
Vayema, 2007). The studies imply that the earlier the teenagers involve themselves in sexual relationships without
guidance on contraceptive use the more the likelihood of dropout from school
Studies by Philliber et al. (1983) reveal that, older teens are more likely to go to the clinics/shops for
contraception and to be consistent users of the first method they select than younger teens, who, are significantly
more likely to re-visit a clinic and be pregnant at the second or later visit. The observation is attributed to
unavailability of contraceptives for the younger age group, lack of or minimal information about contraceptives and
their use, psychological under-development among them where immaturity and inability to plan characterizes their
sexual activity (CDC, 2012).
Whereas it is assumed that the teens are able to make more suitable choices for safe sex and are confident about
what they are doing, teenage contraceptive use has also typically been described as irrational especially among
sexually active teenagers who have had benefit of formal sex education and have contraceptive devices available to
them (Czetkovich, 2010; Nicol, 2012). The United Nations Population Fund believes that as much as universal
access to reproductive health by 2015 is one of the targets of the Millennium Development Goals, most developing
nations still have a long way to go (Chege, 2012). Generally there is an apparent variation of contraceptive usage
across the age groups and in essence, young teenagers use contraceptives less often and are likely to be less effective
users than older teens. The younger a girl is at first sex, the less likely she is to use contraceptives. The reason for
contraception use among the teenagers did not vary substantially by age, race or ethnicity (CDC, 2012; Lowen and
2011). The researcher was prompted by the question of how does Contraceptive use influence academic achievement
among public secondary school students in Bungoma South Sub-County and based on this previously discussed
research, a competing exists to explain significance differences on teenage reproductive health knowledge,
accessibility of contraceptives and academic achievement among public secondary school students.
2. Materials and Methods
The study targeted 3774 Form 3 students from 52 schools found in Bungoma South Sub-County. A sample of
400 participants were stratified randomly and conveniently selected equally between boys and girls after sample size
obtained from Yamane (1967) formula. Only 384 participants took part in the study. This study utilized a descriptive
research design. This is because a descriptive survey research determines and reports the way things are (Mugenda
and Mugenda, 2003) and also attempts to describe such things as possible behavior, values and characteristics. This
was in line with the study purpose as it sought to investigate the influence of Contraceptive use on academic
achievement in Bungoma South Sub-County. It was the adhesive that was used to join the whole study (Teenage
reproductive health knowledge, Accessibility of Contraceptive use and academic achievement) to come up with a
beautiful pattern (meaningful and coherent study). The study employed questionnaires and interview schedule as
data collecting instruments because in researching human beings, no single source of information can be trusted to
3. Research Journal of Education, 2016, 2(9): 145-151
147
provide a comprehensive perspective in any study program. As a result it is imperative to use two methods of data
collection to improve on the reliability and validity of the data collected. Schofield (1996) reports that using a
combination of data sources and collection methods are a validating aspect which cross-checks the data. Data was
analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson’s r) and presented in form of frequency, percentages
and means to get the quantities of teenage contraceptive users and academic achievement.
3. Results and Discussion
The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of Contraceptive use on academic achievement among
public secondary school students in Bungoma South Sub-County. The study return rate of 96.0 per cent was
achieved which boosted the reliability of the results that were set at a 5 per cent level of precision. The mean age of
the students was 18 years for both boys and girls and 74.7 per cent of the students reported having both parents and
25.3 per cent had singlehood parents. The findings of the study indicates that 49.2 per cent of students mostly
preferred friends as their overall confidants in sharing contraceptive use and sex education followed by
parents/guardians at 38.02 per cent, teachers at 9.11 per cent and the least preferred were relatives at 3.64 per cent.
This means peers have a great influence on teenagers lives and they can ‘make or break’ them. This may also depend
on the student’s efficacy level, since they believe in each other more as teenagers are likely to spend more time
together and this has a bearing on students’ performance in schools. This results points at Charlie (2010) and Majeed
(2010) who noted that peers spend time together and values of the group are instrumental in determining the level of
success or failure of the group.
The study found out that 89.58 per cent of the male students and 97.92 per cent of the females had heard about
contraceptives, while 10.42 per cent of the male and 2.08 per cent of the female students were ignorant. Overall most
of the students were aware about contraceptive use, with females slightly more than males. This could be attributed
to the fact that more females engage in sexual relationships earlier than males, are likely to be vulnerable to
pregnancies and therefore are more curious to know about contraceptive use to take charge of their reproductive
health. Awareness is not a precursor for contraceptive use as reported by the 2010 survey by WHO/
UNAIDS/UNICEF (2011), a new generation of young people is taking charge of their destinies by protecting
themselves against HIV/AIDS and unplanned pregnancies. Concerning the source of information on teen sexual
behaviour, most of the students, both male 75 per cent and female 65.1 per cent indicated that the media was the
major source of information on contraceptive use. Friends/peers were second at 15.1 per cent males and 18.75 per
cent females, followed by teachers at 9.9 per cent males and 10.94 per cent females while parents/guardians were the
least source of information at 0 per cent for males, 5.21 per cent for females. The task of instructing adolescents
about sex has been seen as the responsibility of the parents. But parent-child communication in sexual matters may
be hindered by parental inhibitions or by various intergenerational tensions, and studies have shown that teenagers
rarely receive their first information on sexual matters from their parents. This implies parents/guardians and
teachers play the least role in teaching students on contraceptive use. This could be attributed to the parental role
where the parents /guardians and teachers due to the cultural and religious aspect shy away from the topic. These
findings points at Tuju (1996) who noted that myths, lies and rumours on sexuality prevail in the African society.
For instance, it is a taboo for parents to discuss sexual matters with their teenagers. As a result, in the absence of sex
information, teenagers internalize the rumours and the myths and this often puts them in danger. He further pointed
out that any discussion of youth sexuality in public degenerates into a debate dominated more by emotion rather than
reason. Therefore, both parties feel sex is sacred and should be practiced within marriage and therefore teaching
teenagers about contraceptive use is like allowing them to engage in pre-marital sex as it is even taboo talking about
sex. The average response was 3.7 for male students and 3.9 for female students. This means majority of the students
were in agreement on the importance of awareness and use of contraceptives. This shows most of the students are
able to make informed decisions on their sexual life given proper information on contraceptive use. Results are
shown in Table I.
Table-I. Teenage Reproductive health knowledge and its influence on Academic Achievement among public secondary school students
Description F %
Level of Awareness on
contraceptive use
Source of information
Male
Female
Male
Female
Yes
No
Yes
No
Parents
172
20
188
4
0
89.58
10.42
97.92
2.08
9.9
Teachers 19 75.0
Friends
Media
Parents
Teachers
Friends
Media
29
144
10
21
36
125
15.1
75.0
5.21
10.94
18.75
65.1
Surveyed data (2016)
4. Research Journal of Education, 2016, 2(9): 145-151
148
This result is in line to those by WHO/ UNAIDS/UNICEF (2011) that a new generation of young people is
taking charge of their destinies by protecting themselves against diseases and pregnancies. Whereas the males were
non-committal on this, females were certain on importance on awareness of contraceptive use. This could be
associated to the fact that the repercussions on the females are more severe (dropping out schools due to
pregnancies) as compared to their male counterparts.
The study then explored the opinion of students on whether their engagement in sex for pocket money without
using contraceptives made them drop out of school at one time, 17.71 per cent male and 19.27 per cent of female
students strongly agreed, 10.94 per cent of male students and 8.85 per cent female students agreed, 5.73 per cent
males and 9.9 per cent female students were neutral, 25 percent male students and 14.58 per cent female students
disagreed with 40.63 per cent male students and 47.4 per cent female students strongly disagreed. The average
response was 2.4 for both male and female students. This means that most of the students disagreed with this. It also
means few engaged in sex without contraceptive use and could have dropped out due to pregnancies or disease. If
done intentional at times this could be due to need to prove their fertility. Families are an incredibly important
influence on the behaviour of any child in many ways. For instance, low family socio economic status has been
repeatedly linked to risky adolescent sexual behaviour. Findings points at Chipeta (2010) that often, sexual activity is
unplanned and many youth do not use contraceptives or use less effective contraceptives and these teenagers engage
sex without at times thinking about repercussions despite knowledge on contraceptive use.
Furthermore, students had recently engaged in an intimate relationship without using contraceptives and that had
affected their academic performance, 16.67 per cent male and 11.97 percent female students strongly agreed, 14.58
per cent male students and 15.1 percent female students agreed, 13.02 per cent males and 14.1 percent female
students were neutral in giving their opinion, 35.42 per cent male students and 25 percent female students, disagreed
with 18.75 percent male students and 33.85 per cent female students strongly disagreed. The average response was
2.7 for male students and 2.5 for female students. This means that a number of the students were non-committal.
Results are stated in Table II.
Table-II. Teenage contraceptives accessibility and their influence on academic achievement
Access to
Teenage
Contraceptives
G SA A N D SD TOTALS
F % F % F % F % F % TF %
1. At the age [16-
19] it is healthy to
be aware of and use
of contraceptives.
M 68 35.2 52 27.1 20 10.4 40 20.8 12 6.3 192 100
F 108 56.3 13 6.8 24 12.5 20 10.4 27 14.6 192 100
2. At the age [16-
19] it is not worth
being aware on the
use of
contraceptives.
M 60 31.3 51 26.6 20 10.4 33 17.2 28 14.6 192 100
F 39 20.3 36 20.3 18 9.38 41 21.4 58 30.2 192 100
3. I use condoms to
avoid diseases and
I do not miss
school
M 44 22.9 23 11.9 14 7.3 59 30.7 52 27.1 192 100
F 16 8.3 20 10.4 33 17.2 52 27.1 71 36.9 192 100
4. My engagement
in sex for pocket
money without
using
contraceptives
made me drop out
of school at one
time.
M 34 17.7 21 10.9 11 5.7 48 25 78 40.6 192 100
F 37 19.3 17 8.9 19 9.9 28 14.6 91 47.4 192 100
5. Having ignored
use of condoms I
once contracted a
disease that made
me miss school for
medication
purpose.
M 17 8.9 21 10.9 22 11.5 56 29.2 76 39.6 192 100
F 11 5.7 26 13.5 21 10.9 77 40.1 57 29.7 192 100
6. I have always s
engaged myself in
sex due to my
family conditions
and have never
contracted diseases
M 26 13.5 23 11.9 17 8.9 48 25 78 40.6 192 100
F 27 14.1 24 12.5 11 7.5 59 30.7 71 36.9 192 100
5. Research Journal of Education, 2016, 2(9): 145-151
149
Surveyed data (2016)
These results are low when compared to others where Teenage contraceptive use in Africa is 37 per cent
(Guttmacher, 2012; Kennedy et al., 2011; Kirby, 2011/2012). According to Cleland (2009) Sub Saharan Africa is
the only region where low levels of contraceptive use persist. In Kenya to fit into the society that stigmatizes teenage
sex, the Kenyan girl is ensnared into the emergency contraception pill (e-pill) trap or injection to please a boyfriend
who refuses to use the condom and at the same time fears the relatives finding out, hence maintaining school and the
relationship at the same time (Njagi, 2012). It implies either they could not link their academic performance to
sexual engagement or used contraceptives and therefore no impact.
4. Conclusion
In light of the findings of this study, the following conclusions were made:
Based on the findings of the study, the paper concludes that 74.7 per cent of the students had both parents but
they had no significance influence on teen sexual behaviour since most of students preferred friends as their overall
confidants in sharing contraceptive use and sex education. This pointed at peers having a great influence on
teenagers lives and they can ‘make or break’ them hence affects academic achievement.
The study points at the major role of Teen reproductive health knowledge on use of contraceptives and the
significance contribution of open discussion of sex and relationship education since the media plays a crucial role
disseminating sex education, it may not give target specific information to teenagers. Therefore, Peer and teacher
counseling have a significance influence on contraceptive use that ultimately answers students’ anxiety and emotions
in making the right decisions which may influence their academic achievement in schools.
Furthermore, most students had heard about contraceptive use, accessing was a challenge and therefore average
response was 2.7 for male students and 2.5 for female students. This means that a number of the students were non-
committal and found difficulties in accessing contraceptives and this point at high rate of STDS, unplanned
nor been absent
from school
because I use
contraceptives.
7. I have had
multiple lovers but
use of condoms as
a measure against
diseases which has
made me stay safe
in school without
interrupting my
studies.
M 27 14.1 12 6.3 9 4.7 52 27.1 92 47.9 192 100
F 20 10.4 16 8.3 18 9.4 48 25 90 46.9 192 100
8. I am in an
intimate
relationship and I
use contraceptives
and that has never
affected my
academic
performance
M 44 22.9 21 10.9 28 14.6 65 33.9 34 17.7 192 100
F 25 13.0 16 8.33 12 6.25 48 25 91 47.4 192 100
9. I recently had an
intimate
relationship
without using
contraceptives and
that affected my
academic
performance.
M 32 16.7 28 14.6 25 13.0 68 35.4 36 18.8 192 100
F 23 11.9 29 15.1 27 14.1 48 25 65 33.9 192 100
10. I have had a
relationship
without using
contraceptives in
order to win my
rival and as a result
I contracted an
STD that made me
temporarily drop
out of school.
M 20 10.4 15 7.82 23 11.9 88 45.8 46 23.9 192 100
F 12 6.3 42 21.9 12 6.3 64 33.3 62 32.3 192 100
6. Research Journal of Education, 2016, 2(9): 145-151
150
pregnancies due to increased education on sexual abstinence alone. This has been triggered by the alarming rate of
HIV/AIDS infections, STI transmissions, pregnancies and abortions, school dropouts and death pervasive among
teenagers, being direct results of unhealthy sexual behaviour hence students’ performance if affected.
Based on the findings, this paper points at the following recommendations of the study:
Detailed sex and relationship education curriculum in schools is key alongside the implementation of academic
curriculum for the young people in schools. This should help schools in formulation of policies, provision of
adequate support and training materials and also training of competent sex education instructors.
The Government should set up reproductive health institutions for the youth, promote peer counseling, talks by
health providers in schools and distribution of contraceptives among teenagers at the youth friendly reproductive
centers which has a bearing on students’ performance.
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