2 2 Reported data versus the unknown data within sexual exploitation of children Sexual exploitation of children is a form of sexual abuse whereby a child is given money, gifts, among others, in exchange for doing sexual activities. In this case, the children are misled into thinking they are in a consensual and loving relationship and hence may end up trusting their abuser and thus not understand that they are being abused. The issue of sexual exploitation has gained much attention especially with the evolution of the internet which has elevated child trafficking across the globe. However, the true scale of the issue is unknown. This is because centralized data is lacking and also reporting bodies are inadequate. This is further contributed by the culture of shame, stigma, and silence, and also the expansion of information technology all of which are risk factors for the issue. Hence the relevance of the research topic is to assess the available resources regarding the issue to understand the scale of the problem. Boyd, D., & Mitchell, K. J. (2014). “Understanding the role of technology in the commercial sexual exploitation of children: the perspective of law enforcement”. In this article, Boyd & Mitchell (2014), conducted an exploratory study to evaluate how technology could be utilized in investigating child trafficking. According to the authors, commercial sexual exploitation of children, also known as child sex trafficking constitute a wide context of sexual victimization because, in addition to the victims being sexually assaulted and abused, they are treated as commodities and used for economic and financial gain. It is now obvious that many types of social activities involve the use of technology. However, criminal and child protection investigators are always struggling to use technology effectively to assess the underlying issues. Also, empirical research on the issue is almost non-existence, and hence media stories and legal reports offer guidance on summaries of case characteristics and the use of technology in such cases. The use of technology to investigate the issue is seen to offer both benefits and drawbacks. The drawbacks lean more towards the offender which includes giving them more opportunity to widen their activities. Hence, the investigators instead feel overwhelmed to deal with what they do not have control over and hence turn to analog means. This, in turn, contributes to the lack of data for research on the issue. Franchino-Olsen, H. (2019). “Vulnerabilities relevant for commercial sexual exploitation of children/domestic minor sex trafficking: A systematic review of risk factors. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 1524838018821956”. In this article, Franchino-Olsen (2019) conducted a review of the reviewed publications to identify the risk factors for commercial sexual exploitation for children. According to the author, the issue has become widespread across the United States, violating the health and the rights of many .

1. 2
2
Reported data versus the unknown data within sexual
exploitation of children
Sexual exploitation of children is a form of sexual abuse
whereby a child is given money, gifts, among others, in
exchange for doing sexual activities. In this case, the children
are misled into thinking they are in a consensual and loving
relationship and hence may end up trusting their abuser and thus
not understand that they are being abused. The issue of sexual
exploitation has gained much attention especially with the
evolution of the internet which has elevated child trafficking
across the globe. However, the true scale of the issue is
unknown. This is because centralized data is lacking and also
reporting bodies are inadequate. This is further contributed by
the culture of shame, stigma, and silence, and also the
expansion of information technology all of which are risk
factors for the issue. Hence the relevance of the research topic
is to assess the available resources regarding the issue to
understand the scale of the problem.
Boyd, D., & Mitchell, K. J. (2014). “Understanding the role of
technology in the commercial sexual exploitation of children:
the perspective of law enforcement”.
In this article, Boyd & Mitchell (2014), conducted an
exploratory study to evaluate how technology could be utilized
in investigating child trafficking. According to the authors,
commercial sexual exploitation of children, also known as child
sex trafficking constitute a wide context of sexual victimization
because, in addition to the victims being sexually assaulted and
abused, they are treated as commodities and used for economic
and financial gain. It is now obvious that many types of social
activities involve the use of technology. However, criminal and

2. child protection investigators are always struggling to use
technology effectively to assess the underlying issues. Also,
empirical research on the issue is almost non-existence, and
hence media stories and legal reports offer guidance on
summaries of case characteristics and the use of technology in
such cases. The use of technology to investigate the issue is
seen to offer both benefits and drawbacks. The drawbacks lean
more towards the offender which includes giving them more
opportunity to widen their activities. Hence, the investigators
instead feel overwhelmed to deal with what they do not have
control over and hence turn to analog means. This, in turn,
contributes to the lack of data for research on the issue.
Franchino-Olsen, H. (2019). “Vulnerabilities relevant for
commercial sexual exploitation of children/domestic minor sex
trafficking: A systematic review of risk factors. Trauma,
Violence, & Abuse, 1524838018821956”.
In this article, Franchino-Olsen (2019) conducted a review of
the reviewed publications to identify the risk factors for
commercial sexual exploitation for children. According to the
author, the issue has become widespread across the United
States, violating the health and the rights of many children and
youth. Also, the author identifies that those researchers trying
to understand the issue face several barriers. For example, the
united states do not have a common database for statistics
collection and hence most agencies use their databases leading
to double counting hence overlap and widening the gap for
identification. The area on the identification of risk factors has
numerous gaps with little focus placed on exploited boys. The
main identified risk factor in the reviewed literature includes
the role of childhood abuse.
Wurtele, S. K., & Miller-Perrin, C. (2017). “Sex trafficking and
the commercial sexual exploitation of children. Women &
Therapy, 40(1-2), 123-151”.

3. In this article, Wurtele & Miller-Perrin (2017) conducted a
comprehensive review to assess what is known concerning the
issue of child sex trafficking. According to the authors, the
associated problem of human trafficking has become an area of
major concern and of international discussion. Despite this
recognition, the attention of social workers, psychologists, and
other legal and mental health professions towards the issue is
seen as being relatively limited up to the present. Several
factors contribute to the true number of victims not accurately
being identified. The first is the covert nature of the crime due
to the effect of law enforcement and mainstream culture. Also,
there is a lack of uniform reporting system on victims. These
factors, among others, contribute to underreporting of cases
hence creating a gap between the known and the unknown.
CCAN, Crawford-Jakubiak, J. E., & Greenbaum, J. (2015).
“Child sex trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation:
health care needs of victims. Pediatrics, 135(3), 566-574”.
In this article, Greenbaum et al. (2015) provide a detailed view
on the issue of human trafficking and barriers that pediatricians
encounter while assisting the victims. Although large numbers
of youths and children are affected there many challenges are
prevalent which contribute to inadequate data available to
pediatricians concerning the issue. According to the authors, the
limited research regarding the issue is a common challenge
contributed by various factors. An example is the victim
identification challenge associated with misidentification of
youth as criminals instead of identifying them as victims of
child exploitation and abuse. Other challenges include
variations in the definition of terms, mixed populations, and
small sample sizes. Also, the underlying social factors, family-
related factors, and also identification of possible victims make
it difficult for the pediatricians to understand and tackle the
underlying consequences.

4. Takaoka, K., Aoyama, I., Tanaka, M., MacMillan, H. L., &
Suzuki, Y. E. (2017). “Child sexual abuse in Japan: A
systematic review and future directions. Child abuse &
neglect, 66, 31-40”.
In this article, Suzuki et al. (2017) conducted a systematic
review to review non-clinical studies that estimate the
prevalence of child sexual abuse in japan. According to the
authors, although data on the issue is available in many
countries, very little is known in japan concerning the
epidemiology of child sexual abuse. Paradoxically, rape which
is a very serious sexual offense is not often considered a crime.
Also, devotion to traditional gender roles may act as a
hindrance to the victims not acknowledging victimization. This
is seen in japan where men are expected to have male
characteristics hence not judged for their actions. Also, the
culture of Japanese places emphasis on group harmony. This
introduces the context of shame, stigma, and acknowledging
sexual victimization. Also, the responsibility for sexual contact
lies in women and girls and thus the issue of sexual abuse
revolves around children under 13 years especially in Japan.
References
Franchino-Olsen, H. (2019). The Vulnerabilities relevant for
commercial sexual exploitation of children/domestic minor sex
trafficking: A systematic review of risk factors. Trauma, Abuse
& Violence, 1524838018821956.
Crawford-Jakubiak, J. E., & Greenbaum, J., Committee on Child
Abuse and Neglect. (2015). Child sex trafficking and
commercial sexual exploitation: health care needs of
victims. Pediatrics, 135(3), 566-574.
Wurtele, S. K., & Miller-Perrin, C. (2017). The commercial
sexual exploitation of children and Sex trafficking. Women &
Therapy, 40(1-2), 123-151.
Boyd, D., & Mitchell, K. J. (2014). “Understanding the role of

5. technology in the commercial sexual exploitation of children:
the perspective of law enforcement”.
Suzuki, Y. E., Tanaka, M., Aoyama, I., MacMillan, H. L., &
Takaoka, K. (2017). Child sexual abuse in Japan: A systematic
review and future directions. Neglect & Child abuse, 66, 31-40.
Watch the documentary for this week (No Impact Man) (Links
to an external site.) before answering the question. There are
no viewing questions that accompany this video. You will need
to take notes on it.
Our documentary and our articles for this week argue that our
society cannot continue being based on consumption. This was
reinforced by the IPCC special report we read earlier this term.
These materials argue that we must re-conceive our lives and
our attitudes toward consumption because, no matter what, we
will soon not be able to continue on with this life-style
anyway.
Often sustainable living is described as a sacrifice made for the
sake of environment. Do you think a sustainable lifestyle could
improve the quality of your life? If so, how, and if not, why
not?
Composition:
Is the writing clear and error free?
Do citations reflect adherence to a style manual?
Argument (reply to forum question):
Does the main argument have reasons that are stated clearly and
led to the conclusion the author presented?
Does the author bring in at least one credible outside source and
used it effectively?
Counterargument:
Does student cite an outside author’s argument with which they
disagreed (VERY important).
Is the argument paraphrased so that the outline contains at least

6. three lines but no more than five?
Is the text color changed to make the outline identifiable?
Conclusion:
Is conclusion clearly specified in forum post?
Is color changed to blue and the length of conclusion limited?
Write a 250 word post APA.