Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes inflammation in the air sacs, making it difficult to breathe. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The document discusses the causes, types, symptoms, complications, treatment including antibiotics and respiratory support, and nursing management of pneumonia with a focus on improving breathing, rest, hydration, and nutrition.

1. CLINICAL SPECIALITY – II CARDIOVASCULAR & THORACIC
NURSING
UNIT V CARDIAC DISORDERS AND NURSING MANAGEMENT
PNEUMONIA

2. General objective:
 At the end of this class students will be acquainted with
Pneumonia.
Specific objective:
 Define Pneumonia.
 Mention the causes of Pneumonia
 Discuss the types of Pneumonia
 Describe clinical manifestation of Pneumonia.
 Discuss management of Pneumonia.

4.  Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lungs. It can be
caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
 Pneumonia causes inflammation in the air sacs in your
lungs, which are called alveoli. The alveoli fill with fluid
or pus, making it difficult to breathe.
PNEUMONIA

5.  Cigarette smoking
 Recent viral respiratory infection (common cold,
laryngitis, influenza)
 Difficulty swallowing (due to stroke, dementia,
Parkinson’s disease, or other neurological conditions)
 Chronic lung disease (COPD, bronchiectasis, cystic
fibrosis)
RISK FACTORS

6.  Cerebral palsy
 Other serious illnesses, such as heart disease, liver
cirrhosis, or diabetes mellitus
 Impaired consciousness (loss of brain function due to
dementia, stroke, or other neurologic conditions)
 Recent surgery or trauma
 Immune system problem

7.  Bacterial pneumonia :
 Pneumococcal pneumonia :
 Staphylococcal pneumonia :
 Streptococcal pneumonia :
 Viral and mycoplasma pneumonia :
 Pneumocytitis carinii pneumonia
TYPES

8.  Legionella pneumonia
 Aspiration pneumonia
 Hypostatic pneumonia
 Lobar pneumonia
 broncopneumonia
 Community-acquired pneumonia
 Hospital- acquired pneumonia

9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Inflammatory pulmonary response to
organism
Defense mechanism affected and organism penetrate the
lower airway
Alveolar sacs are affected fluid filled and gas exchange is
affected
Alveolar exudates tends to consolidate and difficult to expectorate
Engorgement of alveolar space with fluid & hemorrhagic exudates
Coagulation of exudates occurs resulting in the red appearance of affected lung
Neutrophils infiltrates the alveoli making the lung tissue to be solid and gray

10.  CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS :

11. Complications:
 Pleurisy
 Atelectasis
 Lung abscess
 Pericarditis
 Endocarditic.
 Pleural effusion
 Bactremia.

13.  Antibiotics are prescribed based on gram strain results and
antibiotic guidelines.
 The management of pneumonia centers is a step-by-step
process that zeroes on the treatment of the infection
through identification of the causative agent.
 Administration of macrolides. Macrolides are
recommended for people with drug-resistant S.
pneumoniae.
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT

14.  Hydration is an important part of the regimen because fever
and tachypnea may result in insensible fluid losses.
 Administration of antipyretics. Antipyretics are used to
treat fever and headache.
 Administration of antitussives. Antitussives are used for
treatment of the associated cough.
 Bed rest. Complete rest is prescribed until signs of infection
are diminished.
 Oxygen administration. Oxygen can be given if hypoxemia
develops.

15.  Pulse oximetry. Pulse oximetry is used to determine the
need for oxygen and to evaluate the effectiveness of the
therapy.
 Aggressive respiratory measures. Other measures
include administration of high concentrations of oxygen,
endotracheal intubation, and mechanical ventilation.

16. Nursing Assessment
 Nursing assessment is critical in detecting pneumonia.
Assess respiratory symptoms.
 Symptoms of fever, chills, or night sweats in a patient
should be reported immediately to the nurse as these can
be signs of bacterial pneumonia.
Assess clinical manifestations.
Respiratory assessment should further identify clinical
manifestations such as pleuritic pain, bradycardia,
tachypnea, and fatigue, use of accessory muscles for
breathing, coughing, and purulent sputum.
NURSING MANAGEMENT

17.  Physical assessment.
 Assess the changes in temperature and pulse; amount,
odor, and color of secretions; frequency and severity
of cough; degree of tachypnea or shortness of breath; and
changes in the chest x-ray findings.
 Assessment in elderly patients. Assess elderly patients
for altered mental status, dehydration, unusual behavior,
excessive fatigue, and concomitant heart failure.

18. o Ineffective airway clearance related to copious
tracheobronchial secretions.
 Activity intolerance related to impaired respiratory
function.
 Risk for deficient fluid volume related to fever and a
rapid respiratory rate.
Nursing diagnosis

19. To improve airway patency:
 Removal of secretions.
 Adequate hydration of 2 to 3 liters per day thins and loosens
pulmonary secretions.
 Humidification may loosen secretions and improve ventilation.
 Coughing exercises. An effective, directed cough can also
improve airway patency.
 Chest physiotherapy. Chest physiotherapy is important
because it loosens and mobilizes secretions.

20. To promote rest and conserve energy:
 Encourage avoidance of overexertion and possible
exacerbation of symptoms.
 Semi-Fowler’s position.
To promote fluid intake:
 Fluid intake. Increase in fluid intake to at least 2L per day
to replace insensible fluid losses.

21. To maintain nutrition:
 Fluids with electrolytes. This may help provide fluid,
calories, and electrolytes.
 Nutrition-enriched beverages. Nutritionally enhanced
drinks and shakes can also help restore proper nutrition.