This document provides an overview of different methods for measuring muscle performance, including their reliability and validity. It discusses the use of instruments like cable tensiometers and strain gauge devices to objectively measure elements of muscle performance like force, torque, power and work. It emphasizes that the term "strength" is vague and different instruments actually measure different aspects of performance. The document also notes issues like the type of muscle contraction being measured and lack of standardized assessment criteria.
Physiological changes During Aerobic ExerciseAnand Vaghasiya
Exercise induces more activity in the whole body almost every system of the body affected by exercise.
Increasing muscular activity demands the more Oxygen and red blood cell supply to the muscular tissue.
So what is Physiological changes During Aerobic Exercise? explained in detail.
Changes in Cardio-Vascular System
Changes in Respiration
Changes in Blood System
Endocrine functions
The Fick principle
Oxygen delivery or oxygen consumption ( VO2 )
Arterial venous oxygen difference (a-v O2 difference )
Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.
Physiological changes During Aerobic ExerciseAnand Vaghasiya
Exercise induces more activity in the whole body almost every system of the body affected by exercise.
Increasing muscular activity demands the more Oxygen and red blood cell supply to the muscular tissue.
So what is Physiological changes During Aerobic Exercise? explained in detail.
Changes in Cardio-Vascular System
Changes in Respiration
Changes in Blood System
Endocrine functions
The Fick principle
Oxygen delivery or oxygen consumption ( VO2 )
Arterial venous oxygen difference (a-v O2 difference )
Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.
OBJECTIVES
Identify the anatomical structures, indications, and contraindications of therapeutic exercise.
Describe the equipment, personnel, preparation, and technique in regard to therapeutic exercise.
Review the appropriate evaluation of the potential complications and clinical significance of therapeutic exercise.
Summarize inter-professional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance therapeutic exercise and improve outcomes.
Dear all,
This ppt includes the acute and chronic effect of exercise on different body system which includes musculoskeletal systems, cardiovascular systems, respiratory system, endocrive system, psychological effects etc. I hope this is helpful for you.
Thank you
Beneficial for those who are in the field of rehabilitation. In this presentation, i have covered all the basics of mobility aids, their purposes, types of mobility aids, gait with different types of mobility aids.
Hope this presentation is beneficial for you all.
At the end of this you will be able to:
Define Posture.
Define types of Posture.
Give the Mechanism of Posture.
Explain the Pattern of Posture.
Demonstrate the Principles of Re-education.
Express the Technique of Re-education.
Cardio and muscle endurance
Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. Aerobic literally means "relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism. Generally, light-to-moderate intensity activities that are sufficiently supported by aerobic metabolism can be performed for extended periods of time
The below training fitness standards are different from the Applicant Physical Abilities Test (APAT) fitness standards.
This hand-out has been designed to educate the reader on the United States Secret Service Physical Fitness standards and the proper protocols necessary to accomplish those standards. Recruits who will be attending training at the James J. Rowley Training Center (JJRTC) are expected to arrive in good physical condition, ready to begin a functional fitness program.
The fitness evaluation measures strength, endurance, and aerobic capacity in four core elements. The core elements are Push-ups, Sit-ups, Chin-ups, and the 1.5 mile run. The fitness evaluation will be administered at the beginning, during, and end of training. Secret Service weapon carrying employees are additionally required to participate in the USSS Physical Fitness Evaluation quarterly.
The following point system will be applied to the fitness category level achieved by the student in accordance with their age and gender. The point system will be applied to the four (4) core elements of the U.S. Secret Service Individual Fitness Profile Evaluation.
OBJECTIVES
Identify the anatomical structures, indications, and contraindications of therapeutic exercise.
Describe the equipment, personnel, preparation, and technique in regard to therapeutic exercise.
Review the appropriate evaluation of the potential complications and clinical significance of therapeutic exercise.
Summarize inter-professional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance therapeutic exercise and improve outcomes.
Dear all,
This ppt includes the acute and chronic effect of exercise on different body system which includes musculoskeletal systems, cardiovascular systems, respiratory system, endocrive system, psychological effects etc. I hope this is helpful for you.
Thank you
Beneficial for those who are in the field of rehabilitation. In this presentation, i have covered all the basics of mobility aids, their purposes, types of mobility aids, gait with different types of mobility aids.
Hope this presentation is beneficial for you all.
At the end of this you will be able to:
Define Posture.
Define types of Posture.
Give the Mechanism of Posture.
Explain the Pattern of Posture.
Demonstrate the Principles of Re-education.
Express the Technique of Re-education.
Cardio and muscle endurance
Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. Aerobic literally means "relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism. Generally, light-to-moderate intensity activities that are sufficiently supported by aerobic metabolism can be performed for extended periods of time
The below training fitness standards are different from the Applicant Physical Abilities Test (APAT) fitness standards.
This hand-out has been designed to educate the reader on the United States Secret Service Physical Fitness standards and the proper protocols necessary to accomplish those standards. Recruits who will be attending training at the James J. Rowley Training Center (JJRTC) are expected to arrive in good physical condition, ready to begin a functional fitness program.
The fitness evaluation measures strength, endurance, and aerobic capacity in four core elements. The core elements are Push-ups, Sit-ups, Chin-ups, and the 1.5 mile run. The fitness evaluation will be administered at the beginning, during, and end of training. Secret Service weapon carrying employees are additionally required to participate in the USSS Physical Fitness Evaluation quarterly.
The following point system will be applied to the fitness category level achieved by the student in accordance with their age and gender. The point system will be applied to the four (4) core elements of the U.S. Secret Service Individual Fitness Profile Evaluation.
In this presentation, i have explain the role of instruments, its working principle with suitable examples.
its application and how a student can learn more about instruments.
Online "Experience" of Chapter 19: Measurementshaynaynay
Take a virtual tour of chapter 19, on Measurement. Learn all about standard and nonstandard units of length, volume, area, angles, time and so much more.
This presentation gives the information about Force, Pressure and Torque measurements of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-6.
This presentation by Hooria Shahzad is about measuring instruments in which we study metre rule, measuring tape, vernier callipers and screw gauge ; construction of vernier callipers and screw gauge.
2nd and 3rd September 2011,a General Lecture Theatre, Dr Chirantan Mandal, Dr Avik Basu, Dr Dipayan Sen Dr Ushnish Adhikari,Dr Srimanti Bhattacharya, Dr Shubham Presided by Dr Arnab Sengupta (Physiology Dept Medical College Kolkata)
2nd and 3rd September 2011,a General Lecture Theatre, Dr Chirantan Mandal, Dr Avik Basu, Dr Dipayan Sen Dr Ushnish Adhikari,Dr Srimanti Bhattacharya, Dr Shubham Presided by Dr Arnab Sengupta (Physiology Dept Medical College Kolkata)
2nd and 3rd September 2011,a General Lecture Theatre, Dr Chirantan Mandal, Dr Avik Basu, Dr Dipayan Sen Dr Ushnish Adhikari,Dr Srimanti Bhattacharya, Dr Shubham Presided by Dr Arnab Sengupta (Physiology Dept Medical College Kolkata)
A chronicle on muscle strengthening:
MMT is a procedure for the evaluation of strength of individual
muscle or muscles group, based upon the effective performance of a movement in relation to the forces of gravity or manual resistance through the available ROM.
HFS clinics is a company dedicated to providing the highest standards in physiotherapy and podiatry care with clinics based in Liverpool street, Harley Street, West Hampstead and Crosswall in London. All clinicians are highly trained and specialise in the assessment and treatment of musculoskeletal and sports injuries. We are registered with all major private medical insurance companies
A journey through Corrective Exercise - the AiM way. Measuring shock, vibration and energy consumption, we can transform the physical functioning human body using simple whole body movement patterns - and it's actually not that difficult.
Similar to 2 Measurement of Muscle Performance with instrument (20)
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
INTRODUCTION
In this lecture we will emphasis on
clinical practice and selective
review of literature.
3. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Muscle testing to be meaningful it must
reflect muscle performance and not other
variables.
We test muscle to determine patient
restrictions and collect information that will
help us make decisions. The most common
decision is whether or not we want to exercise
specific muscles.
4. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS
The terms used most often to describe muscle
performance are “strength “ and “weakness”,
both have no units of measurement.
The only definition of strength suggest that it
is the maximal force can be exerted during a
single isometric contraction.
This definition implies that all other forms of
measurement (isokinetic, manual muscle test)
do not assess strength.
5. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS
If someone tells you they have measured
strength.
Do you know what they did?
Do you know what units they obtained?
Did they measure force, torque, or power?
Under what conditions and with what type of
device did they measure?
6. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS
Using the term “strength” give a false
impression that the same thing is being
measured in the same way.
A fundamental question in muscle
assessment concerns the best approach to
measurement.
7. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS
Are force measurement better than torque?
Does use of one type of device or one type of
contraction tell us more than use of another?
From publications we found many authors
said they measuring strength. The authors
were not measuring the same thing but they
all described what they were measuring by
using the same term.
8. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS
We have avoided using term
“strength” and prefer using
“muscle performance”.
We can measure muscle
performance isokinetically,
isometrically, etc.
9. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS
“Weakness” obviously depends on a
definition of strength.
There are lack of data that can be used
to make judgment.
We should use terms which indicate that
we are expressing opinion not terms that
imply documented levels of
performance.
10. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
One of the advantages of using instrument to
measure muscle performance is that they yield
units that have universal meaning.
If you are measuring force although you may use
English or metric units, it is always:
force= mass X acceleration.
work = force X distance.
power = work X time.
Torque = force X perpendicular distance from the
axis of rotation
11. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Redefinitionof terms adds nothing to
our understanding muscle
performance (assessment of power
during isokinetic high speed or low
speed testing).
12. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Which of the units (force, torque, power or
work) best describes muscle performance?
That will depend on the reason muscle
performance is being measured.
13. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Therapist must ask what aspect of
muscle performance needs
assessment?
Therapist need understanding of
muscle biology and kinesiology.
14. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
MUSCLE BIOLOGY AND KINESIOLOGY
Muscle has been described as a
physiological transducer of chemical
energy (ATP) to mechanical (muscle
tension).
Tension is actually a type of force that
can be measured by instrument (usually
a strain gauge) which must be attached
to the muscle or tendon.
15. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
MUSCLE BIOLOGY AND KINESIOLOGY
Wecannot measure muscle tension in
humans but measure force created
when muscle tension acts through
skeletal leverage system.
16. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
MUSCLE BIOLOGY AND KINESIOLOGY
Forces and torques will vary because of
biomechanical factors ( changes in angle of
insertion, rotational and compression
components).
Forces and tension are both vectors (have
magnitude, direction, a line of application
and angle of application).
Forces and torques are consistently reflect
tension during isometric contraction.
17. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
MUSCLE BIOLOGY AND KINESIOLOGY
when we assess muscle, we are measuring
forces of which only the magnitude element
varies.
example: biomechanically biceps brachii might
measure more force with elbow 90°than at
120°of flexion- even though there could be
more tension developed at 120° of flexion.
18. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
SPEED OF MOVEMENT AND SPEED OF
CONTRACTION
When a limb moves, we can measure its
speed or with isokinetic devices we can
control the angular speed.
The rate of tension development is speed
of contraction.
19. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
SPEED OF MOVEMENT AND SPEED OF
CONTRACTION
Two legs may be moving through an arc with
the same speed of movement. but if one has a
greater mass, it will develop more tension per
unit time to move the heavier limb at the same
speed as the lighter limb.
20. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
TORQUE AND FORCE
It is better to measure force, which is a linear
quantity, or to use the rotational measurement,
which is torque?
Measurement of force using cable tensiometer or
hand-held dynamometer.
Torque is difficult to drive unless a device is used
has an axis of rotation aligned with the subject’s
anatomical axis of rotation. But we can measure
torque from (force X distance between resistance
and axis of rotation).
Muscle torque can only be estimated by calculating
from anatomical studies.
21. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
ISSUES
Muscle contraction have been described as
eccentric, isometric, or concentric.
Greatest tension per unit of muscle can be
generated eccentrically, less can be generated
isometrically and less concentrically.
Eccentric contraction use less metabolic energy
(ATP) per unit of tension than do other
contractions.
22. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
ISSUES
when we assess muscles, we must be aware of
the type of contraction we are measuring.
a major clinical concern is whether the
performance in any one mode reflects the
others and whether training in one mode
increases performance in the others, we do not
know the answer.
23. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
Comparison between “affected” and “non
affected” limbs may be useful, but there are no
data that tell us how much inter-limb variation
is normal.
We advocate good clinical sense- that is we
urge clinicians to use all available data and not
to be tempted to relay on questionable criterion
24. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
Some forms of fatigue tests measure the
number of contractions it takes before a
subject reaches a percentage of their maximal
force or torque. Although such an index may
reflect on a relative basis the biological
properties of muscle that relate to “endurance”
The problem arises because “fatigue” and
“endurance” lack clinically applicable
operational definitions.
25. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
CABLE TENSIOMETERS
Cable tensiometers are
used to test muscle
performance, one end
of the cable is
attached to some fixed
(stable) object and the
other end is attached
to a limb segment.
26. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
CABLE TENSIOMETERS
The tensiometer is placed at
some point between the two
sites of fixation. As a cable is
pulled, it presses on the
tensiometer’s rises (a bar)
which is connected to a gauge
that measures in relative
units.
27. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
CABLE TENSIOMETERS
The cable must be fixed
to immovable object (a
wall, column, or floor).
The other end of the
cable must be attached
to whatever body
segment is being tested.
The cable must be in the
plane of the movement
28. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
RELIABILITY
Clarke’s systemic investigation tested 64
subjects twice within a single session by two
different examiners not specified.
The paired measures (the values obtained by
each examiner) were correlated.
Clarke states that coefficients of 0.90 or
greater are (desirable) whereas coefficients as
low as 0.80 indicate that the test can be used
for individual measurements
29. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
RELIABILITY
Alderman and Banfield tested the reliability of
cable tensiometer for three sets of muscles
(knee extension, elbow flexion and extension)
were tested bilaterally in 32 male using
modified Hettinger chair for stabilization.
The inter tester reliability are reasonably in
agreement with Clarke.
30. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
VALIDITY
Clarke compared cable tensiometer, a Wakim-
porter strain gauge, a spring scale, and a
Newman Myometer on the basis of which
instrument were the most reliable and
equivalent.
Finger flexion, wrist dorsal flexion, shoulder
outward rotation, neck extension, knee
extension and ankle planter flexion were
examined as strong or weak.
31. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
VALIDITY
The cable tensiometer and strain gauge were used
for al tests, whole spring scale was used to
examine shoulder rotation and neck extension
only.
The myometer was used only for wrist and finger
tests.
Clarke argued that strain gauge was less useful
because it was too sensitive and other two devices
had limited application for many muscles.
32. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
VALIDITY
The tensiometer was the best overall
instrument. This conclusion is clearly
based on his subjective observations
relative to the ease of application of
the various instruments rather than
on reported data.
33. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
STRAIN-GAUGE DEVICE
34. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
STRAIN-GAUGE DEVICES
Used for muscle performance measurement
with great differences in design, electronics
and methods of application.
Loads (tension, compression, or shear)
applied to material cause a change
(deformation) called strain which is
measurable.
35. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
STRAIN-GAUGE DEVICES
Strain gauge are made of electroconductive material and are usually
applied to the surfaces of finely machined metal ring or rods. When
load is applied to the ring, the metal deforms with strain gauge leading
to a change in the electrical resistance of the gauge. The current or
voltage passed through the gauge will vary ( Ohm’s Law) as a function
of the applied load.
36. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
Various strain gauge designs in the form of
geometrically formed foil made of conductive material.
Foil must be positioned on the supporting surface, to
achieve sensitivity to the application of force in the
desired direction
37. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
MUSCLE EVALUATION BY STRAIN GAUGE
Strain gauge devices have been most often used for
muscle evaluation by having the metal ring
attached to an object that a limb segment can
either push or pull against (creating either
compressive or tensile strain).
If the device is calibrated, the voltage or current
change can be converted into measurements of
force.
38. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
Other uses of strain gauge
The basic system FDM-T consists of a
treadmill ergometer with an integrated,
calibrated measuring sensor. The sensor
element itself consists of numerous high-
quality capacitive force sensors. On a
treading area of 150 x 50 cm the sensor
unit comprises more than 5000 pressure
/ force sensor
39. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
DYNATRON PINCH GAUGE
Using The Same Accurate Gauge As The
Hand Dynamometer, The Dynatron Pinch
Gauge Measures Forces Up To 45-lbs/20 Kg.
Peak/hold Needle Stays At The Highest
Reading Until Reset. Wrist Strap For
Practitioner To Hold Gauge While Testing.
Comes In A Padded Case.
40. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
THE DIFFERENCES
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BETWEEN VARIOUS TYPES
OF STRAIN GAUGE
The manner in which the
voltage or current change
is displayed (strip-chart,
digital displays, or
voltmeter).
Application of device to the
limb segment ( push or
pull)
41. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
THE DIFFERENCES
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BETWEEN VARIOUS TYPES
OF STRAIN GAUGE
The type of interfaces used to connect limb
segments (cuffs, pads, or straps).
Methods of applications (easy in use or
difficult).
42. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
RELIABILITY OF STRAIN GAUGE
Asmussen and his colleagues used five
different strain gauge dynamometers to
demonstrate that the force measurement
obtained were replicable.
Six muscle groups in 50 normal young men
were tested twice (forward and backward
trunk flexion, downward pull of the arm,
hand grip, knee flexion and extension).
Reliability coefficient ranged from .91 to .96
with no report about statistical method used.
43. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
RELIABILITY OF STRAIN GAUGE
Clarke compared the reliability of cable
tensiometer and the Wakim-porter strain gauge of
six muscle group in 64 nondisabled male college
students. Tests were also performed with a spring
scale and a myometer for some muscles.
The results of test- retest correlation were very
similar to cable tensiometer results (ranged from
.81 to.94).
44. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
CAUSES OF ERRORS IN STRAIN GAUGE
Limb must either push or pull and in the
same line.
The application during different tests must
be identical.
Stabilization of the limbs must be
maintained to localize force measurement
only to that muscle tested.
45. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
VALIDITY
Some investigators imply validity
because strain gauge instrument
accurately reflect applied load.
The comparisons with loads and
tensiometers have been used to justify
the use of strain-gauge devices to
measure muscle performance.
46. Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim - 10/16/2011
aebrahim123@hotmail.com
VALIDITY
The strain gauge can be applied to
objectify the subjective test as manual
muscle test.
Validating one test by comparing it with
another test is legitimate.
47. QUISTIONS?????
Dr. Amal Hassan Mohammed Ibrahim -
10/16/2011 aebrahim123@hotmail.com