This document provides an overview of key concepts in biomechanics including mechanics, kinesiology, physiotherapy, and their applications. It defines biomechanics, human kinetics, kinesiology, and physiotherapy. It also outlines 9 principles of biomechanics related to movement and projectiles. Finally, it discusses applications of biomechanics to areas like prosthetics, exercise/sports, gait/locomotion, and orthopedics/rehabilitation.
Identify common imbalance patterns and potential causes, learn key assessments, approproate action plans, and exercises to help improve/control imbalanced patterns.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Identify common imbalance patterns and potential causes, learn key assessments, approproate action plans, and exercises to help improve/control imbalanced patterns.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
1. DEFINITION OF BASIC CONCEPTS
BIOMECHANICS, HUMAN KINETICS,
KINESIOLOGY AND PHYSIOTHERAPY,
PRINCIPLES OF BIOMECHANICS AND IT’S
APPLICATION IN NORMAL BODY
FUNCTIONING.
Course title: Sports Anatomy and Biomechanics.
Course code: ANA 410
Department of Human Anatomy,
SHHT, FUTA.
3. BASIC CONCEPTS MECHANICS
Mechanics is the branch of physics that studies the motion
of objects and the forces that cause that motion.
The major areas relevant to biomechanics are:
Rigid-body mechanics
Deformable-body mechanics
Fluid mechanics
4. Deformable-body mechanics studies how forces are
distributed within a material, and can be focused at
many levels (cellular to tissues/organs/ system) to
examine how forces stimulate growth or cause
damage.
Deformable-body mechanics is used to study how
biological materials respond to external forces that
are applied to them.
5. Fluid mechanics is concerned with the forces in fluids
(liquids and gasses).
A biomechanist would use fluid mechanics to study heart
valves, swimming, or adapting sports equipment to
minimize air resistance.
6. In rigid-body mechanics, the object being analyzed is
assumed to be rigid and the deformations in its shape so
small they can be ignored.
This assumption almost never happens in any material, but it
is reasonable for most biomechanical studies of major
segments of the body.
Most sports biomechanics studies are based on rigid-body
models of the skeletal system.
7. Rigid-body mechanics is
divided into statics and
dynamics.
Statics is the study of
object at rest or uniform
(constant) motion.
Dynamics is the study of
objects being accelerated
by the action of forces.
Have two branches;
Kinematics
Kinetics
8. Kinematics is motion description. In kinematics the motions
of objects are usually measured in linear (meters, feet, etc.) or
angular (radians, degrees, etc.) terms.
Examples of the kinematics of running could be the speed of
the athlete, the length of the stride, or the angular velocity of
hip extension.
Kinetics is concerned with determining the causes of motion.
Examples of kinetic variables in running are the forces
between the feet and the ground or the forces of air
resistance.
Kinetic information is often more powerful in improving human
motion because the causes of poor performance have been
identified.
9. KINESIOLOGY AND
PHYSIOTHERAPY
Kinesiology, derived from the Greek
word for movement, 'kinesis', is the
study of the mechanics of bodily
movements.
Kinesiology is the scientific study of
human or non-human body
movement. Kinesiology addresses
physiological, biomechanical, and
psychological dynamic principles and
mechanisms of movement.
Applications of kinesiology to human
health (i.e., human kinesiology)
include biomechanics and orthopedics
; strength and conditioning; sport
psychology; motor control; skill
acquisition and motor learning;
methods of rehabilitation, such as
physical and occupational therapy;
and sport and exercise physiology.
10. PHYSIOTHERAPY
Physiotherapy is the treatment of
injury, disease and disorders
through physical methods such as
exercise, massage, manipulation
and other treatments over
medication and surgery.
A physiotherapist's purpose is to
improve a person's quality of life by
using a variety of treatments to
alleviate pain and restore function
or, in the case of permanent injury
or disease, to lessen the effects of
any dysfunction.
11. PRINCIPLES OF BIOMECHANICS
Nine principles of biomechanics have been proposed.
The principles can be organized into ones dealing primarily
with the creation of movement (process) and ones dealing
with the outcome of various projectiles (product).
Movement Principles Projectile principles
Force-Motion Optimal projection
Force-Time Spin
Inertia
Range of Motion
Balance
Coordination Continuum
Segmental Interaction
12. It says that unbalanced forces
are acting on our bodies or
objects when we either create or
modify movement.
In quiet standing the force of
gravity is balanced by ground
reaction forces under our feet, so
to move from this position a
person creates larger horizontal
and vertical forces with their
legs.
Force-Motion Principle
A free body diagram of a person quietly
standing
13. An important thing to notice in this principle is the sequence
of events. Forces must act first, before changes in motion
can occur
Example ---
Suppose a person is running on a sidewalk and a small
child darts directly in the runner's path to grab a bouncing
ball. In order to avoid the child, the runner must change the
state of motion.
Force–Motion principle tells us that the runner's sideward
movement (a change in direction and speed) had to be
created by large forces applied by the leg to the ground.
The force applied by the leg comes first and the sideward
motion to avoid the collision was the result.
14. Substantial changes in motion do not instantly occur but are
created over time.
It is not only the amount of force that can increase the motion
of an object; the amount of time over which force can be
applied also affects the resulting motion.
Examples ---
A person using a longer approach in bowling has more time to
apply forces to increase ball speed.
Increasing the time to apply force is also an important
technique in slowing down objects (catching)
Force-Time Principle
15. Inertia can be defined as the property of all objects to
resist changes in their state of motion.
Though inertia can be viewed as a resistance to motion
in the traditional sense, this property can also be used to
an advantage when modifying motion or transferring
energy from one body segment to another.
Inertia
16. This is the overall motion used in a movement and can be
specified by linear or angular motion of the body segments.
The purpose of some movements might require that some
body segments limit range of motion, while others requiring
maximum speed or force might require larger ranges of
motion.
Since moving through a range of motion takes time, this
principle is related to the force–time principle
Range of Motion
17. A baseball pitcher varies
range of motion of
different body segments
to improve acceleration of
the ball
18. This is a person's ability to control their body position
relative to some base of support.
Stability and mobility of body postures are inversely
related, that is the more stable the less mobile
In fact some joints of the body
sacrifice mobility for stability and
vice-versa???
Balance
Example ---
Athletes in the starting
blocks for sprints choose
body postures with less
stability in favor of
increased mobility in the
direction of the race.
19. The principle says that determining the optimal timing of
muscle actions or segmental motions depends on the goal of
the movement.
If high forces are the goal of the movement, joints rotations
are usually observed, while low-force and high-speed
movements tend to have more sequential muscle and joint
actions.
Coordination Continuum
20. The principle says that the forces acting in a system of
linked rigid bodies can be transferred through the links
and joints.
There are several terms used in describing this
principle, hence it is confusing. Additionally, it’s not
particularly useful in analyzing movement in
biomechanics
Segmental Interaction
21. The principle says that for most human movements
involving projectiles there is an optimal range of projection
angles for a specific goal.
Biomechanical research shows that optimal angles of
projection provide the right compromise between vertical
velocity (determines time of flight) and horizontal velocity
(determines range given the time of flight) within the
typical conditions encountered in many sports.
Example– The more vertical throw of a basketball player
as against the more horizontal throw of the baseball
pitcher
Optimal Projection
22. The last principle involves the Spin or rotations
imparted to projectiles, and particularly sport balls.
Spin is desirable on thrown and struck balls because
it stabilizes flight and creates a fluid force called lift.
This lift force is used to create a curve or to counter
gravity, which affects the trajectory and bounce of the
ball.
Spin
23. Examples—
A volleyball player striking above
the center of the ball to impart
topspin to the ball when
performing a jump serve.
o The topspin creates a
downward lift force, making
the ball dive steeply and
making it difficult for the
opponent to pass.
The spin put on a pass in
American football stabilizes the
orientation of the ball, which
ensures efficient flight
24. APPLICATION OF BIOMECHANICS TO
NORMAL BODY FUNCTIONING
Human beings are able to produce a variety of
postures and movements giving them the ability to
move from one place to another, i.e. the locomotive
function. This is made possible by our
musculoskeletal system that supports body loads
and movement of body segments. This function is
embedded in the principles of human
biomechanics. (Levangie P., 2005)
25. APPLICATION OF BIOMECHANICS
Prosthetics /Orthotics:
The use of prostheses is one
of the most important
rehabilitation programs for
those who lose their limbs. A
high-quality lower-limb
prosthesis can restore the
locomotive function of the lost
limb, and can boost
functional status, physical
appearance, as well as
general health. However, it is
not uncommon that residual
limb pain, gait deviation and
prosthetic structural failure
occur when using a lower-
limb prosthesis. (Murdoch G.,
1990)
26. APPLICATION OF BIOMECHANICS
(CONTD)
Exercise and Sport :
Biomechanics in sport
incorporates a detailed analysis
of sport movements in order to
minimise the risk of injury and
improve sports performance.
Sport and exercise biomechanics
encompasses the area of
science concerned with the
analysis of the mechanics of
human movement. It refers to the
description, detailed analysis and
assessment of human movement
during sport activities. Mechanics
is a branch of physics that is
concerned with the description of
motion/movement and how
forces create motion/movement.
(Brukner P., 2012)
27. APPLICATION OF BIOMECHANICS
(CONTD)
Gait & Locomotion:
The deformities may greatly
increase energy consumption
and thus limit function. Under
normal conditions, however,
energy consumption is optimal.
Correction of biomechanics
towards normality improves
energy consumption. For this
reason, correction of deformities
aims at normality. As, in principle,
normal function rather than
normal anatomy is the goal,
biomechanics and muscle
function need to be understood
in normal and pathological
situations. (Ganjwala D., 2011)
28. APPLICATION OF BIOMECHANICS
(CONTD)
Orthopedics/Rehabilitation:
Rehabilitation biomechanics is a field
of study that addresses the impact of
disability and the effectiveness of
rehabilitation therapies and
interventions on human performance.
Engineering and physics principles
are applied to evaluate and analyze
body movement and manipulation.
(Koontz A., 2006)
Equipment Design:
use of biomechanical analysis in the
design of implantable artificial
prostheses, such as artificial hearts
and small-diameter blood vessels; in
the engineering of living tissues, such
as heart valves and inter-vertebral
discs (Aruin A., 2013)
29. REFERENCES
Bernstein, Nikolai (1967). The Co-ordination and Regulation of
Movement. Long Island City, NY: Permagon Press. p. 196.
Schjerve, IE; Tyldum, GA; Tjønna, AE; Stølen, T; Loennechen, JP;
Hansen, HE; Haram, PM; Heinrich, G; Bye, A; Najjar, SM; Smith, GL;
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/kinesiology
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American Physical Therapy Association Section on Clinical
Electrophysiology and Wound Management. "Curriculum
Content Guidelines for Electrophysiologic
Evaluation" (PDF). Educational Guidelines. American Physical
Therapy Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4
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McKenzie RA (1998). The Cervical and Thoracic Spine:
Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy. New Zealand: Spinal
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31. Aruin A. S.: "Biomechanics". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013.
https://www.britannica.com/science/biomechanics-science. Accessed 13 July 2021.
Levangie PK, Norkin CC. Joint Structure and function: a comprehensive analysis.
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Editor's Notes
Mechanics is a branch of physics that is concerned with the description of motion and how forces create motion.
For example, knowing that the timing and size of hip extensor action is weak in the takeoff phase for a long jumper may be more useful in improving performance than knowing that the jump was shorter than expected.
A free-body diagram is a simplified model of any system or object drawn with the significant forces acting on the object. The complexity and detail of the free-body diagram depends on the purpose of the analysis