Ch3 (31 57)
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The document discusses the biomechanics of resistance exercise. It covers topics like human strength and power, sources of resistance to muscle contraction, joint biomechanics concerns in lifting, and movement analysis and exercise prescription. Resistance training can be safe when proper form and safety principles are followed, including good lifting form, appropriate resistance, accommodation for injuries, balance, and variety. Specificity is also important in designing exercise programs, where the sport movement is analyzed and similar joint movements are emphasized.
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The hamstring exercises you should be doing
The hamstrings are made up of three
muscles: semitendinosus (ST), semimembranosus (SM) and the biceps femoris
(BF). ST is in the back, inner part of your thighs. SM is in the back, outerish part
of your thighs along with the BF. [Do not get the biceps femoris in your legs
confused with the biceps brachii in your arm..] This group of muscles, in general,
allows us to curl our legs and bring our shins to our butt.
Squat jump Biomechanics
- The study examined the effects of gastrocnemius (calf muscle) fatigue on ankle joint kinetics during the squat jump in 5 trained male basketball players.
- Participants performed squat jumps before and after a calf raise protocol to induce gastrocnemius fatigue. Kinematic and kinetic data of the foot segment was analyzed.
- Results showed no significant difference in foot segment power between pre- and post-fatigue jumps, indicating that bi-articular muscle fatigue did not reduce segmental kinetics.
- The conclusion is that the gastrocnemius acts to transfer energy between segments rather than generate work, so its fatigue did not decrease ankle joint power during the squat jump.
Hamstrings training and injury prevention
The four hamstrings muscles are: the biceps femoris (long head), the biceps
femoris (short head), the semitendinosus, and the semimembranosus. The
two biceps femoris muscles are located on the lateral part of the thigh.
The semitendinosus and the semimembranosus are located on the medial
part of the thigh.
LEVERS & LEVERS OF THE BODY
The document discusses the three types of levers found in the human body - 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order levers. A 1st order lever provides stability with or without mechanical advantage, such as when nodding the head. A 2nd order lever is the lever of power, with the fulcrum between the effort and weight, like when standing on the toes. A 3rd order lever has a mechanical disadvantage but provides speed and range of motion, like when flexing the elbow. Examples of each type of lever are described.
Tennis Serve Analysis
The document analyzes the author's tennis serve technique. It identifies key joints, muscles, and phases involved in the serve. The author conducted qualitative assessments of their hip height, elbow angle at contact, and ball projection angle. Areas for improvement include increasing compactness in the prepatory phase to allow for greater extension, and working on transverse shoulder rotation for a more advanced serving motion.
ACL Injury Prevention Program
This document summarizes components of ACL injury prevention programs including dynamic warmups, plyometrics, strengthening, proprioception, agilities, and flexibility exercises. It discusses studies that showed training programs incorporating jump training, strength training, and plyometrics reduced ACL injury rates in female athletes compared to untrained groups. The PEP program at USC demonstrated an up to 88% reduction in ACL injuries compared to control groups. Effective prevention programs address all phases to develop neuromuscular control and coordination to reduce risky movement patterns.
1.0 introduction to biomechanics
This is a simple lecture on basics of biomechanics which include terminologies used and lever systems etc in Physiotherapy.
Strength exercise techniques
Lecture on basic squat technique and other exercises for strength and conditioning. Lecture for HPE 345, Strength Programming for Sport. Wilmington College, Ohio.
Recommended
The hamstring exercises you should be doing
The hamstrings are made up of three
muscles: semitendinosus (ST), semimembranosus (SM) and the biceps femoris
(BF). ST is in the back, inner part of your thighs. SM is in the back, outerish part
of your thighs along with the BF. [Do not get the biceps femoris in your legs
confused with the biceps brachii in your arm..] This group of muscles, in general,
allows us to curl our legs and bring our shins to our butt.
Squat jump Biomechanics
- The study examined the effects of gastrocnemius (calf muscle) fatigue on ankle joint kinetics during the squat jump in 5 trained male basketball players.
- Participants performed squat jumps before and after a calf raise protocol to induce gastrocnemius fatigue. Kinematic and kinetic data of the foot segment was analyzed.
- Results showed no significant difference in foot segment power between pre- and post-fatigue jumps, indicating that bi-articular muscle fatigue did not reduce segmental kinetics.
- The conclusion is that the gastrocnemius acts to transfer energy between segments rather than generate work, so its fatigue did not decrease ankle joint power during the squat jump.
Hamstrings training and injury prevention
The four hamstrings muscles are: the biceps femoris (long head), the biceps
femoris (short head), the semitendinosus, and the semimembranosus. The
two biceps femoris muscles are located on the lateral part of the thigh.
The semitendinosus and the semimembranosus are located on the medial
part of the thigh.
LEVERS & LEVERS OF THE BODY
The document discusses the three types of levers found in the human body - 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order levers. A 1st order lever provides stability with or without mechanical advantage, such as when nodding the head. A 2nd order lever is the lever of power, with the fulcrum between the effort and weight, like when standing on the toes. A 3rd order lever has a mechanical disadvantage but provides speed and range of motion, like when flexing the elbow. Examples of each type of lever are described.
Tennis Serve Analysis
The document analyzes the author's tennis serve technique. It identifies key joints, muscles, and phases involved in the serve. The author conducted qualitative assessments of their hip height, elbow angle at contact, and ball projection angle. Areas for improvement include increasing compactness in the prepatory phase to allow for greater extension, and working on transverse shoulder rotation for a more advanced serving motion.
ACL Injury Prevention Program
This document summarizes components of ACL injury prevention programs including dynamic warmups, plyometrics, strengthening, proprioception, agilities, and flexibility exercises. It discusses studies that showed training programs incorporating jump training, strength training, and plyometrics reduced ACL injury rates in female athletes compared to untrained groups. The PEP program at USC demonstrated an up to 88% reduction in ACL injuries compared to control groups. Effective prevention programs address all phases to develop neuromuscular control and coordination to reduce risky movement patterns.
1.0 introduction to biomechanics
This is a simple lecture on basics of biomechanics which include terminologies used and lever systems etc in Physiotherapy.
Strength exercise techniques
Lecture on basic squat technique and other exercises for strength and conditioning. Lecture for HPE 345, Strength Programming for Sport. Wilmington College, Ohio.
The Efficacy of Exercise on Arthritis
The document discusses the effects of exercise on arthritis. It finds that a dynamic exercise program (DEP) including cycling, running, and resistance training can significantly improve functionality, health profiles, and aerobic capacity for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) after one month. For osteoarthritis (OA) patients, a DEP involving resistance band exercises improved walking, flexibility, strength, and reduced arthritic pain after three months. The studies show that regular exercise through DEP can help manage arthritis and improve quality of life.
BIO-MECHANICS
This document provides an introduction to biomechanics. It defines biomechanics as the study of the structure and function of biological systems through the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics applies mechanical principles to understand the human body. The document outlines the key concepts in mechanics including kinematics, kinetics, and simple machines. It discusses areas of biomechanics like developmental, exercise, and rehabilitation biomechanics. Examples of levers in the body and their application to sports are also provided.
Sssssssssssss
This document discusses different components of health and sports related fitness: speed, stamina, strength, flexibility, and skill related fitness. Stamina can be divided into cardiovascular and muscular stamina. Strength includes dynamic, explosive, and static types. Flexibility refers to the range of motion around joints. Skill related fitness encompasses agility, balance, coordination, power, and reaction time.
Kinesiology intro 1
Human movement can be analyzed from the perspectives of mechanics, anatomy, and physiology. Biomechanics studies the mechanics of movement, musculoskeletal anatomy analyzes the bones and muscles involved in movement, and neuromuscular physiology examines how the nervous system controls muscles during movement. Movement is analyzed for safety to avoid harm, effectiveness in meeting performance goals, and efficiency in achieving the goal with least effort. Therapists and trainers focus on restoring function while movement professionals focus on performance. Skills are described, evaluated, and corrected based on relevant anatomical and mechanical principles.
The Effects of Heel Lift Height on Back Squat Performance
1) The study examined the effects of different heel lift heights (0.64 cm, 1.27 cm, 2.54 cm, 3.18 cm) on back squat performance and biomechanics in one male participant.
2) Preliminary results found that trunk lean was lowest at heel heights above 0.64 cm, suggesting weightlifting shoes with heels over 0.64 cm may reduce risk of back injury during squats.
3) Increasing heel height reduced ankle range of motion but increased peak ankle flexion, indicating a more vertical shank position conducive to proper squat form. Knee displacement did not significantly change with heel height.
strength PDHPE
There are three main types of resistance training: isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic. Isometric training involves contracting muscles without movement through static positions. Isotonic training uses weights and allows muscle movement through a range of motion with constant resistance. Isokinetic training uses machines to provide resistance equal to the force exerted through a full range of motion at a controlled speed. Each method has advantages like targeting specific muscles or joints and disadvantages such as limited range of motion or expensive equipment requirements.
Muscle activation during various hamstring exercises
The main findings of this investigation demonstrate that
there are significant differences in activation within muscles
when comparing all exercises. Although one might expect
similar activation for a given muscle for activities of similar
kinematics, such as the prone leg curl and glute-ham raise,
this is not the case with the data herein
Components of fitness
The document outlines the key components of physical fitness, which it divides into health-related and skill-related components. The health-related components include cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, power, and speed. The skill-related components include agility, balance, coordination, and reaction time. It also discusses nutrition and body composition as additional components of overall physical fitness.
Sports biomechaniscs
The document discusses the definition and applications of sports biomechanics. It explains that biomechanics analyzes human movement in sports to improve performance and reduce injuries. It covers biomechanical principles like forces, torques, momentum and Newton's laws of motion. Examples are given of biomechanics in running, cycling, cricket bowling and other sports. The goal of biomechanics is to identify optimal techniques, assess muscle loading, and analyze equipment to enhance sports performance while reducing risks of injury.
Pulling Exercises: Analyzing the Deadlift
This document discusses different styles of deadlifts, including conventional and sumo. It analyzes the biomechanics of each style and finds they are surprisingly similar, though conventional deadlifts involve greater range of motion in the hips, knees and shanks. Muscle recruitment is also largely the same between styles. Deadlifting places significant stress on the lower back but the back can adapt over time, increasing bone mineral content and resistance to compression. A variety of pulling exercises are mentioned that work the lower back in different ways.
1. components of fitness
The document discusses the ten components of physical fitness: flexibility, strength, speed, power, aerobic capacity, muscular endurance, agility, balance, coordination, and body composition. It provides brief definitions and explanations of each component, describing flexibility as the ability of muscles to stretch, strength as the force muscles can generate, and aerobic capacity as the ability of the heart and lungs to deliver oxygen to muscles for extended periods.
The components of fitness powerpoint
The document outlines the key components of physical fitness: cardiorespiratory endurance refers to efficiently delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste; muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle can exert; muscular endurance is repeatedly exerting sub-maximal force over time; flexibility is moving joints through their full range of motion; body composition measures body fat percentage; balance maintains position in space; reaction time processes information and initiates action; agility changes direction suddenly while moving; power generates maximum force quickly; and speed gets the body moving rapidly.
Active Warm Ups Before Activity
This document discusses shoulder stretching for competitive swimmers. It notes that traditional stretching before exercise has been found to decrease muscle performance and balance, and may not reduce injury risk. For swimmers, the shoulder is inherently unstable, relying on dynamic and static stabilizers. Traditional stretches target the static stabilizers and could contribute to instability. An active on-deck warm-up is recommended instead, consisting of 5 dynamic exercises to warm up tissues in an elevated position without jeopardizing shoulder stability. Stretching several targeted muscle groups is still advised, but should be done separately from practice or competition to maintain shoulder range of motion and prevent imbalances.
Werstling case study
This document provides a case study for a 28-year-old male wrestler weighing 71kg who is in the early pre-season phase. It outlines his athletic goals of improving upper and lower body strength and power. It analyzes his biomechanics, movement patterns, physiological demands, injury risks, and current testing results. It proposes a macrocycle consisting of an off-season hypertrophy phase focusing on muscle growth, a pre-season strength phase emphasizing maximal strength right before competition, and an in-season maintenance phase to preserve strength during competition while preventing overtraining. Workouts are prescribed for each phase focusing on exercises like squats, cleans, and presses using various set/rep schemes and intensities.
Fitness tools and trends
This document discusses and compares various popular training tools and trends, including their pros and cons. It addresses Olympic lifting, powerlifting, functional training, conditioning, core training, and corrective exercises. For each, it explores what they are, their purported benefits, and potential concerns or lack of evidence supporting some claims. Throughout, it applies a skeptical lens and questions the underlying assumptions and marketing behind some approaches.
UNIT - 9 - BIOMECHANICS AND SPORTS
This document provides an overview of biomechanics and its importance and applications in sports. It discusses key biomechanical concepts like types of movements (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction), axes, planes, and Newton's laws of motion. It also covers projectile motion and factors affecting trajectory, friction and its advantages/disadvantages, and the major muscles involved in running, jumping, and throwing. The document is intended as a reference for a physical education class on biomechanics and sports.
Aagaard, p. 1996
1) The study investigated the effects of three different strength training regimes on knee extensor and flexor strength in elite soccer players.
2) Only the high resistance training (4 sets, 8 reps at 8RM) induced increases in isokinetic muscle strength.
3) Concentric strength gains occurred at the training velocity, while eccentric strength gains occurred across all velocities tested.
4) The high resistance training augmented the capacity of the hamstrings to provide knee stability during fast extension.
MS:ABSTRACT
Both groups participated in an 8-week training program involving weight training and sprint/plyometric exercises. Both groups improved similarly in strength, power, and rate of force development. However, the group training with the MERIDIAN Elyte shoe showed greater improvements in vertical jump height and 60-yard dash time compared to the group training with the Nike shoe. The MERIDIAN Elyte shoe also resulted in a lower incidence of pain and injury compared to previous studies. The results suggest that the MERIDIAN Elyte shoe may enhance certain performance measures during sprint/plyometric training over 8 weeks.
Static vs dynamic
Static stretching involves holding a muscle in a stretched position to increase flexibility, while dynamic stretching uses controlled movements to stretch muscles before activity. The document compares the benefits and drawbacks of each type. Static stretching may improve flexibility long-term but negatively impact performance, while dynamic stretching enhances performance but its long-term effects are unclear. The best approach depends on factors like age, sport, injury history, and the specific muscles targeted.
The relationship between different types of strength and flexibility on verti...
The study aimed to determine the relationship between isometric and isokinetic strength and jump height, as well as the relationship between flexibility and jump height. Strength and flexibility measures were taken for 20 participants and correlated with vertical jump height. Significant positive correlations were found between strength measures, such as relative peak torque and average power, and jump height. However, no correlation was found between range of motion and jump height. The hypotheses that strength and flexibility are related to jump height were supported.
Upper Extremity Balance
1. The document discusses upper extremity balance and stability training, focusing on proprioception, core stability, and their relationship to shoulder stability.
2. It provides an overview of exercises to improve range of motion, strength, proprioception, core stability, and progressions for both open and closed kinetic chain exercises.
3. The author recommends programs incorporate exercises for rotator cuff and periscapular muscles, as well as closed kinetic chain exercises and functional training, while limiting unstable surface training.
Nikos Malliaropoulos - Rehabilitation of hamstring injuries
Nikos Malliaropoulos
Director of the Athletics National Sports Medicine Centre Thessaloniki Greece. Consultant SEM Physician Barts and The London Clinical Senior Lecturer QMUL CSEM.
-
The rehabilitation of Hamstring injuries - Can we be more injury specific?
(6th MuscleTech Network Workshop)
14th October, Barcelona
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The Efficacy of Exercise on Arthritis
The document discusses the effects of exercise on arthritis. It finds that a dynamic exercise program (DEP) including cycling, running, and resistance training can significantly improve functionality, health profiles, and aerobic capacity for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) after one month. For osteoarthritis (OA) patients, a DEP involving resistance band exercises improved walking, flexibility, strength, and reduced arthritic pain after three months. The studies show that regular exercise through DEP can help manage arthritis and improve quality of life.
BIO-MECHANICS
This document provides an introduction to biomechanics. It defines biomechanics as the study of the structure and function of biological systems through the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics applies mechanical principles to understand the human body. The document outlines the key concepts in mechanics including kinematics, kinetics, and simple machines. It discusses areas of biomechanics like developmental, exercise, and rehabilitation biomechanics. Examples of levers in the body and their application to sports are also provided.
Sssssssssssss
This document discusses different components of health and sports related fitness: speed, stamina, strength, flexibility, and skill related fitness. Stamina can be divided into cardiovascular and muscular stamina. Strength includes dynamic, explosive, and static types. Flexibility refers to the range of motion around joints. Skill related fitness encompasses agility, balance, coordination, power, and reaction time.
Kinesiology intro 1
Human movement can be analyzed from the perspectives of mechanics, anatomy, and physiology. Biomechanics studies the mechanics of movement, musculoskeletal anatomy analyzes the bones and muscles involved in movement, and neuromuscular physiology examines how the nervous system controls muscles during movement. Movement is analyzed for safety to avoid harm, effectiveness in meeting performance goals, and efficiency in achieving the goal with least effort. Therapists and trainers focus on restoring function while movement professionals focus on performance. Skills are described, evaluated, and corrected based on relevant anatomical and mechanical principles.
The Effects of Heel Lift Height on Back Squat Performance
1) The study examined the effects of different heel lift heights (0.64 cm, 1.27 cm, 2.54 cm, 3.18 cm) on back squat performance and biomechanics in one male participant.
2) Preliminary results found that trunk lean was lowest at heel heights above 0.64 cm, suggesting weightlifting shoes with heels over 0.64 cm may reduce risk of back injury during squats.
3) Increasing heel height reduced ankle range of motion but increased peak ankle flexion, indicating a more vertical shank position conducive to proper squat form. Knee displacement did not significantly change with heel height.
strength PDHPE
There are three main types of resistance training: isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic. Isometric training involves contracting muscles without movement through static positions. Isotonic training uses weights and allows muscle movement through a range of motion with constant resistance. Isokinetic training uses machines to provide resistance equal to the force exerted through a full range of motion at a controlled speed. Each method has advantages like targeting specific muscles or joints and disadvantages such as limited range of motion or expensive equipment requirements.
Muscle activation during various hamstring exercises
The main findings of this investigation demonstrate that
there are significant differences in activation within muscles
when comparing all exercises. Although one might expect
similar activation for a given muscle for activities of similar
kinematics, such as the prone leg curl and glute-ham raise,
this is not the case with the data herein
Components of fitness
The document outlines the key components of physical fitness, which it divides into health-related and skill-related components. The health-related components include cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, power, and speed. The skill-related components include agility, balance, coordination, and reaction time. It also discusses nutrition and body composition as additional components of overall physical fitness.
Sports biomechaniscs
The document discusses the definition and applications of sports biomechanics. It explains that biomechanics analyzes human movement in sports to improve performance and reduce injuries. It covers biomechanical principles like forces, torques, momentum and Newton's laws of motion. Examples are given of biomechanics in running, cycling, cricket bowling and other sports. The goal of biomechanics is to identify optimal techniques, assess muscle loading, and analyze equipment to enhance sports performance while reducing risks of injury.
Pulling Exercises: Analyzing the Deadlift
This document discusses different styles of deadlifts, including conventional and sumo. It analyzes the biomechanics of each style and finds they are surprisingly similar, though conventional deadlifts involve greater range of motion in the hips, knees and shanks. Muscle recruitment is also largely the same between styles. Deadlifting places significant stress on the lower back but the back can adapt over time, increasing bone mineral content and resistance to compression. A variety of pulling exercises are mentioned that work the lower back in different ways.
1. components of fitness
The document discusses the ten components of physical fitness: flexibility, strength, speed, power, aerobic capacity, muscular endurance, agility, balance, coordination, and body composition. It provides brief definitions and explanations of each component, describing flexibility as the ability of muscles to stretch, strength as the force muscles can generate, and aerobic capacity as the ability of the heart and lungs to deliver oxygen to muscles for extended periods.
The components of fitness powerpoint
The document outlines the key components of physical fitness: cardiorespiratory endurance refers to efficiently delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste; muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle can exert; muscular endurance is repeatedly exerting sub-maximal force over time; flexibility is moving joints through their full range of motion; body composition measures body fat percentage; balance maintains position in space; reaction time processes information and initiates action; agility changes direction suddenly while moving; power generates maximum force quickly; and speed gets the body moving rapidly.
Active Warm Ups Before Activity
This document discusses shoulder stretching for competitive swimmers. It notes that traditional stretching before exercise has been found to decrease muscle performance and balance, and may not reduce injury risk. For swimmers, the shoulder is inherently unstable, relying on dynamic and static stabilizers. Traditional stretches target the static stabilizers and could contribute to instability. An active on-deck warm-up is recommended instead, consisting of 5 dynamic exercises to warm up tissues in an elevated position without jeopardizing shoulder stability. Stretching several targeted muscle groups is still advised, but should be done separately from practice or competition to maintain shoulder range of motion and prevent imbalances.
Werstling case study
This document provides a case study for a 28-year-old male wrestler weighing 71kg who is in the early pre-season phase. It outlines his athletic goals of improving upper and lower body strength and power. It analyzes his biomechanics, movement patterns, physiological demands, injury risks, and current testing results. It proposes a macrocycle consisting of an off-season hypertrophy phase focusing on muscle growth, a pre-season strength phase emphasizing maximal strength right before competition, and an in-season maintenance phase to preserve strength during competition while preventing overtraining. Workouts are prescribed for each phase focusing on exercises like squats, cleans, and presses using various set/rep schemes and intensities.
Fitness tools and trends
This document discusses and compares various popular training tools and trends, including their pros and cons. It addresses Olympic lifting, powerlifting, functional training, conditioning, core training, and corrective exercises. For each, it explores what they are, their purported benefits, and potential concerns or lack of evidence supporting some claims. Throughout, it applies a skeptical lens and questions the underlying assumptions and marketing behind some approaches.
UNIT - 9 - BIOMECHANICS AND SPORTS
This document provides an overview of biomechanics and its importance and applications in sports. It discusses key biomechanical concepts like types of movements (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction), axes, planes, and Newton's laws of motion. It also covers projectile motion and factors affecting trajectory, friction and its advantages/disadvantages, and the major muscles involved in running, jumping, and throwing. The document is intended as a reference for a physical education class on biomechanics and sports.
Aagaard, p. 1996
1) The study investigated the effects of three different strength training regimes on knee extensor and flexor strength in elite soccer players.
2) Only the high resistance training (4 sets, 8 reps at 8RM) induced increases in isokinetic muscle strength.
3) Concentric strength gains occurred at the training velocity, while eccentric strength gains occurred across all velocities tested.
4) The high resistance training augmented the capacity of the hamstrings to provide knee stability during fast extension.
MS:ABSTRACT
Both groups participated in an 8-week training program involving weight training and sprint/plyometric exercises. Both groups improved similarly in strength, power, and rate of force development. However, the group training with the MERIDIAN Elyte shoe showed greater improvements in vertical jump height and 60-yard dash time compared to the group training with the Nike shoe. The MERIDIAN Elyte shoe also resulted in a lower incidence of pain and injury compared to previous studies. The results suggest that the MERIDIAN Elyte shoe may enhance certain performance measures during sprint/plyometric training over 8 weeks.
Static vs dynamic
Static stretching involves holding a muscle in a stretched position to increase flexibility, while dynamic stretching uses controlled movements to stretch muscles before activity. The document compares the benefits and drawbacks of each type. Static stretching may improve flexibility long-term but negatively impact performance, while dynamic stretching enhances performance but its long-term effects are unclear. The best approach depends on factors like age, sport, injury history, and the specific muscles targeted.
The relationship between different types of strength and flexibility on verti...
The study aimed to determine the relationship between isometric and isokinetic strength and jump height, as well as the relationship between flexibility and jump height. Strength and flexibility measures were taken for 20 participants and correlated with vertical jump height. Significant positive correlations were found between strength measures, such as relative peak torque and average power, and jump height. However, no correlation was found between range of motion and jump height. The hypotheses that strength and flexibility are related to jump height were supported.
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1. The document discusses upper extremity balance and stability training, focusing on proprioception, core stability, and their relationship to shoulder stability.
2. It provides an overview of exercises to improve range of motion, strength, proprioception, core stability, and progressions for both open and closed kinetic chain exercises.
3. The author recommends programs incorporate exercises for rotator cuff and periscapular muscles, as well as closed kinetic chain exercises and functional training, while limiting unstable surface training.
Nikos Malliaropoulos - Rehabilitation of hamstring injuries
Nikos Malliaropoulos
Director of the Athletics National Sports Medicine Centre Thessaloniki Greece. Consultant SEM Physician Barts and The London Clinical Senior Lecturer QMUL CSEM.
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(6th MuscleTech Network Workshop)
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Hamstring activation
The hamstring muscle group is the most frequently injured, representing
approximately 12 to 24% of all athletic injuries.1,2 These injuries may be due to
disproportionate training performed for the quadriceps,3 with hamstring strains
occurring more frequently in those who demonstrated hamstring weakness, and
lower hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratios.2 Thus, hamstring strength is impor-
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Clin Sports Med 23 (2004) 531–544Biomechanics and developmen.docx
Clin Sports Med 23 (2004) 531–544
Biomechanics and development of the elbow in
the young throwing athlete
Mark R. Hutchinson, MD*, Shawn Wynn, MD
Sports Medicine and Human Performance Center, Department of Orthopaedics,
University of Illinois at Chicago, 270 MSB, M/C 844, 835 South Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
Biomechanics is a complex study of function and demands, including struc-
ture, motor power and acceleration, and angular forces and loads. Regarding the
elbow, the study of biomechanics includes: the flexion/extension motion;
pronation/supination motion; motor power and acceleration related to the biceps,
brachialis, triceps, brachioradialis, supinator, and pronator teres muscles; struc-
tural shapes and interactions of the distal humerus/proximal radius/proximal ulna;
and the forces related to a variety of demands, ranging from lifting to throwing.
The biomechanics of throwing is particularly complex, and relies not only on the
function of an isolated segment such as the elbow, but on the performance and
function of an entire kinetic chain of segments, including the foot-ground surface,
hip and core power and rotation, scapular mobility and stability, shoulder motion
and function, and hand and wrist position at ball release. The throwing motion
has been studied in youth, adolescent, and adult pitchers at all levels of com-
petition [1–14]; however, most biomechanical studies have been performed
on the skeletally mature athlete, with closed physes, with years of throwing
experience, and usually involved in competition at some level. There is less
biomechanical information available on the developing child at different stages of
growth, physeal age, and throwing levels.
The complexity of the study of biomechanics is magnified in the skeletally
immature athlete, due to the dynamic changes occurring during the devel-
opmental phases of youth. The forces and torques of throwing with open physes
have been associated with adaptational changes in the growing bone. As long
bones lengthen with physeal growth, moment arms are altered, changing any
force calculation. The maturing neuromuscular system is progressing with in-
0278-5919/04/$ – see front matter D 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.csm.2004.06.005
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M.R. Hutchinson).
M.R. Hutchinson, S. Wynn / Clin Sports Med 23 (2004) 531–544532
creased muscle mass and power. The pace of muscular maturation mirrors, but is
not directly correlated to, advancing maturity of the neurologic system that
controls coordination, proprioception, quickness, and control. Each segment of
the kinetic chain matures at a different pace, requiring the young thrower to make
continuous, subconscious modifications to account for the changes and still
successfully perform the task or demand. Indeed, although young throwers may
develop the normal sequence of throwing—including windup, cocking, accel-
er.
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Lecture on the anatomy and biomechanics of lumbar spine and how to strengthen to improve performance and prevent injury.
Position Stand
This document provides a position stand on the use of instability training for core musculature. It defines the core as the axial skeleton and attached soft tissues. Core stability relies on appropriate muscle activation and intra-abdominal pressure, with abdominal bracing shown to be more effective than hollowing. While instability training can increase muscle activation, it can decrease force, power, velocity and range of motion. The position is that instability training has a role within periodized programs for variety, rehabilitation, and non-athletes but is not recommended as the primary training mode for athletes due to its negative effects on performance factors.
Current Issues in Sports Medicine: The Knee
Visuals from presentation delivered by Rob Naber, PT, OCS, AT,C at the Spring 2006 West Valley College Sports Medicine Symposium
Current concept in scientific and clinical rationale behind exercises for gh ...
The article provides an overview of the biomechanical and clinical implications of rehabilitation exercises for the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints. It reviews the function and biomechanics of specific muscles, and examines common rehabilitation exercises through the lens of electromyography and biomechanics research. The goal is to help clinicians develop safe and effective exercise programs by understanding how exercises target specific muscles and how pathology may alter muscle firing patterns. Exercises that minimize deltoid activity relative to rotator cuff muscles, avoid positions linked to impingement risk, and recruit key muscles at various angles are discussed to optimize rehabilitation.
Asca flexibility dimensions
A presentation to the American Swim Coaches Assn on the facets of flexibility that are often overlooked.
STRENGTHENING IN UMN LESION.pptx
Strengthening in upper motor neuron lesions is an important part of rehabilitation of the neurological disorders. Your understanding of strengthening in UMN lesions will be clarified by this presentation, which explains how strengthening in musculoskeletal and neurological illnesses differs.
Strength in running
HFS clinics is a company dedicated to providing the highest standards in physiotherapy and podiatry care with clinics based in Liverpool street, Harley Street, West Hampstead and Crosswall in London. All clinicians are highly trained and specialise in the assessment and treatment of musculoskeletal and sports injuries. We are registered with all major private medical insurance companies
Levers.pptx
IN BIOMECHANICS, LEVERS ARE THE MAINSTAY OF THE MOVEMENT. THE LEVERS ARE CLASSIFIED AS FIRST ORDER, SECOND ORDER AND THIRD ORDER LEVERS RESPECTIVELY. OF THESE SECOND ORDER LEVER IS OF MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE AND THIRD ORDER LEVER IS OF MECHANICAL DISADVANTAGE.
Biomechanics of hip and thr
This document discusses the biomechanics of the hip joint. It begins by defining biomechanics as the science examining forces acting on biological structures. It then describes the hip as both mobile and stable due to its strong bones, powerful muscles, and ligaments. The document goes on to discuss topics such as the femoral neck angle, acetabular version, muscles, joint reaction forces, gait biomechanics, and the effects of conditions like osteoarthritis. It concludes by covering the history and principles of hip biomechanics in total hip arthroplasty, including how procedures aim to decrease joint reaction forces.
Shoulder Muscle Activity of Badminton players in an overhead smash. A compari...
Shoulder Muscle Activity of Badminton players in an overhead smash. A comparison before and after fatigue.
Nanyang Polytechnic
Physiotherapy
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More from Scot Morrison
Blood flow restriction lecture
BFR training uses occlusion to restrict blood flow during exercise, allowing for gains in strength and hypertrophy with lower training volumes and loads compared to traditional high load training. It works by increasing metabolic stress and fast twitch fiber recruitment within the occluded muscles. While not as effective for strength gains as high load training, it provides equivalent hypertrophy results. BFR can benefit bone health and muscle preservation after injuries. Safety concerns include DVT risk, but risks are low if proper guidelines are followed, such as using 40-80% of limb occlusion pressure and avoiding use in high risk populations.
Ch21 (473 487)
The document discusses aerobic endurance exercise training. It outlines the physiological adaptations to training in the respiratory, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. These include increased oxygen exchange, blood flow, mitochondrial density and capillarization. It also discusses factors related to performance, methods for designing training programs including mode, intensity, frequency and duration. Different training types are described like long slow distance, intervals and their benefits. The importance of periodizing training over seasons is highlighted.
Ch20 (451 472)
Speed requires explosive force applied to movement. Agility requires changing direction and speed rapidly through forceful eccentric and concentric muscle actions. Speed-endurance maintains high speed over time through repeated high acceleration bouts. Proper training focuses on increasing impulse and rate of force production, and improving eccentric strength. It utilizes primary exercises with proper technique at increasing intensities, and secondary resisted and assisted methods, within programs manipulating variables like interval, intensity, and recovery period.
Ch19 (403 450)
The document discusses plyometric training and exercises. It begins by explaining the stretch-shortening cycle, which combines mechanical and neurophysiological mechanisms to increase force production. It then provides illustrations and descriptions of various lower-body, upper-body, trunk, and full-body plyometric drills and exercises that can be incorporated into a plyometric training program. Safety considerations for plyometric training are also mentioned.
Ch18 (377 402)
The document outlines 7 steps for resistance training: 1) needs analysis, 2) exercise selection, 3) training frequency, 4) exercise order, 5) training load and repetitions, 6) volume, and 7) rest periods. It provides details on how to determine appropriate exercises, loads, sets, repetitions, rest periods and progression based on the athlete's needs and training goals such as strength, power or hypertrophy.
Ch15 (278 290)
This document outlines parameters of athletic performance that can be measured, including energy systems, strength, power, endurance, agility, speed, flexibility, body composition, and anthropometry. It describes selected test protocols to measure anaerobic/maximum muscular power, anaerobic capacity, agility, flexibility, and body composition. These include vertical jump tests, 300-yard shuttle runs, Edgren side step tests, sit-and-reach tests, and skinfold measurements. The document also discusses statistical evaluation of test data and developing athletic profiles.
Ch14 (264 277)
This chapter discusses principles of test selection and administration for assessing athletic abilities. It covers reasons for testing like talent identification and goal setting. Key terms are defined, like test, validity and reliability. Validity is the most important characteristic and measures how well a test evaluates what it intends to. Reliability ensures consistent results. Factors like specificity, experience and environment influence test selection. Proper administration includes staff training, organization, preparation and safety precautions, especially in heat. A table provides temperature limits for exercise in different heat-humidity conditions. Tests are sequenced from non-fatiguing to fatiguing to avoid confounding results. Clear, simple instructions impact reliability.
Ch7 (119 138)
The document discusses the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and their responses to exercise. It outlines the anatomy and physiology of the heart, blood vessels, lungs and respiratory control centers. It then describes how acute aerobic and resistance exercise affect cardiovascular and respiratory functions like cardiac output, heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen uptake. Long-term, aerobic exercise training enhances maximum cardiac output and oxygen uptake while lowering resting heart rate. Resistance training does not improve oxygen uptake but may increase capillaries with low-intensity, high-volume training.
Ch8 (139 164)
The document discusses the physiological adaptations that occur from anaerobic and aerobic training programs. It provides details on:
- The primary energy systems (phosphagen and glycolytic) targeted by anaerobic training.
- Comparisons of adaptations from resistance versus aerobic endurance training, such as increases in muscle strength/endurance, aerobic power, fiber type changes.
- Hormonal responses to exercise can increase 10-20 times at rest and are influenced by changes in clearance rates, blood volume shifts, and receptor interactions.
- Aerobic training adaptations include reduced body fat, increased VO2 max, mitochondrial/capillary density increases, and enzyme activity changes.
Ch5 (74 99)
The document discusses the three biological energy systems - phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative - that replenish ATP in human skeletal muscle. The phosphagen system provides ATP for short, high-intensity activities. The glycolytic system breaks down carbohydrates to produce ATP for high-intensity activities of short to medium duration. The oxidative system requires oxygen to provide ATP for low-intensity, long duration activities. The primary energy system used depends on the intensity and duration of exercise.
Ch2 (19 30)
This chapter discusses neuromuscular anatomy and adaptations to exercise conditioning. It covers motor unit recruitment patterns, proprioception, and the major adaptations to resistance versus aerobic endurance training. Motor units are composed of muscle fibers that determine functional capacity. The force output of a muscle can be varied by changing the number or frequency of activated motor units. Proprioceptors provide information to maintain muscle tone and coordinate movement. Resistance training specifically increases muscle size, strength, and anaerobic capacity while aerobic training increases aerobic capacity.
Ch1 (3 18)
The document discusses muscle physiology, including the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. It explains that calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum upon neural stimulation causes myofibril tension development. Muscle contraction occurs through calcium-dependent myosin cross-bridge cycling with actin filaments. Fast-twitch muscle fibers can produce higher forces than slow-twitch fibers, especially at higher velocities. Force production is determined by the number of attached cross-bridges between actin and myosin filaments.
Ch22 (488 503)
The document discusses periodization, which involves shifting training priorities over time from non-sport activities with high volume and low intensity, to sport-specific activities with low volume and high intensity. This prevents overtraining and optimizes performance. Periodization models include linear and undulating/nonlinear approaches. The preparatory period focuses on hypertrophy, endurance, and strength, while the competition period emphasizes maintaining strength during games. An example macrocycle is provided for an athlete's preseason, in-season, postseason, and off-season periods and goals.
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The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
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TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy Survey
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In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
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The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
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Overview
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Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
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2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
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3. What is ArgoCD?
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11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
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12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
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5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up Slides
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
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What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
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Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
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"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena Syrota
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Apps Break Data
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
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Ch3 (31 57)
- 1. 3 C H A P T E R The Biomechanics of Resistance Exercise Everett Harman
- 2. Chapter Outline The musculoskeletal system Human strength and power Sources of resistance to muscle contraction Joint biomechanics: concerns in lifting Movement analysis and exercise prescription
- 3. Muscle Pulling Force Manifested As a Pushing Force
- 4. Muscle Pulling Force Manifested As a Pulling Force
- 5. Front View of Adult Male Human Skeleton
- 6. Rear View of Adult Male Human Skeleton
- 8. Front View of Adult Male Human Skeletal Musculature
- 9. Rear View of Adult Male Human Skeletal Musculature
- 10. A Lever
- 11. A First-Class Lever (The Forearm)
- 12. A Second-Class Lever (The Foot)
- 13. A Third-Class Lever (The Forearm)
- 14. Changes in Mechanical Advantage: Knee Extension and Flexion
- 15. Changes in Mechanical Advantage: Elbow Flexion
- 16. Changes in Mechanical Advantage: During Weightlifting
- 17. M ost of the skeletal muscles operate at a considerable mechanical disadvantage. Thus, during sports and other physical activities, forces in the muscles and tendons are much higher than those exerted by the hands or feet on external objects or the ground.
- 18. Variations in Tendon Insertion
- 19. Anatomical Planes of the Human Body
- 21. Interaction Between Actin and Myosin Filaments
- 22. Resistive Torque: Free Weight
- 23. Resistive Torque: Weight Stack
- 24. W hen a weight is held in a static position or when it is moved at a constant velocity, it exerts constant resistance, only in the downward direction. However, upward or lateral acceleration of the weight requires additional force.
- 25. Supporting the Vertebral Column During Lifting: The Fluid Ball
- 26. R esistance training is quite safe compared with other sports and fitness activities. Prudence can keep injuries to a minimum. Basic safety principles include good lifting form, appropriate resistance, accommodation to injuries, balance, and variety.
- 27. S pecificity is a major consideration when designing an exercise program to improve performance in a particular sport activity. The sport movement must be analyzed qualitatively or quantitatively to determine the specific joint movements that contribute to the whole-body movement. Exercises that use similar joint movements are then emphasized in the resistance training program.